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linux基础(二)Centos7下的python3【含修改默认指向3.6】_centos7自带python3,6

centos7自带python3,6


前言

因为centos7自带python2.7版本,在大部分开发过程中,我们需要使用到python3进行测试,于是下载安装python3,近乎是一种刚需,至于是否设置默认python指向python3,则看个人习惯~
提示:以下是正文内容基于个人实践~


一、测试环境

基于VMware的虚拟机,Centos7.4
提示:实机效果跟虚拟机基本一致~


二、具体步骤

1.查看已安装python版本

[root@localhost ~]# python -V
-----------------
| python 2.7.5	|
-----------------
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2.测试默认python

[root@localhost ~]# python
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug  4 2017, 00:39:18) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 
>>>exit()   #退出python
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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3.安装python3

提示:python3安装方法很多种,wget、rpm、yum等等,本文通过常用的wget与yum进行示例~

3.1wget编译安装方式

3.1.1下载python3安装
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y wget  #wget用来从指定的URL中下载文件
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.1/Python-3.6.1.tgz

#本文下载的是官网的3.6.1,截止发布URL仍是正确的,如需其他版本替换成相对应版本极了
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--2022-04-30 09:03:22--  https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.1/Python-3.6.1.tgz
Resolving www.python.org (www.python.org)... 199.232.44.223, 2a04:4e42:48::223
Connecting to www.python.org (www.python.org)|199.232.44.223|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 22540566 (21M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘Python-3.6.1.tgz’
4% [=>                                                   ]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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提示:wget下载这个得看脸,要是有其他稳定来源咱也...

3.1.2.yum安装相关依赖包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel bzip2-devel expat-devel gdbm-devel readline-devel zlib-devel gcc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Installed:
  bzip2-devel.x86_64 0:1.0.6-13.el7                   expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.0-14.el7_9             
  gcc.x86_64 0:4.8.5-44.el7                           gdbm-devel.x86_64 0:1.10-8.el7                  
  openssl-devel.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9              readline-devel.x86_64 0:6.2-11.el7              
  zlib-devel.x86_64 0:1.2.7-19.el7_9                 

Dependency Installed:
  cpp.x86_64 0:4.8.5-44.el7                        glibc-devel.x86_64 0:2.17-325.el7_9                 
  glibc-headers.x86_64 0:2.17-325.el7_9            kernel-headers.x86_64 0:3.10.0-1160.62.1.el7        
  keyutils-libs-devel.x86_64 0:1.5.8-3.el7         krb5-devel.x86_64 0:1.15.1-51.el7_9                 
  libcom_err-devel.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7          libkadm5.x86_64 0:1.15.1-51.el7_9                   
  libmpc.x86_64 0:1.0.1-3.el7                      libselinux-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7                
  libsepol-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-10.el7               libverto-devel.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7                 
  mpfr.x86_64 0:3.1.1-4.el7                        ncurses-devel.x86_64 0:5.9-14.20130511.el7_4        
  pcre-devel.x86_64 0:8.32-17.el7                 

Dependency Updated:
  e2fsprogs.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7                   e2fsprogs-libs.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7             
  expat.x86_64 0:2.1.0-14.el7_9                      glibc.x86_64 0:2.17-325.el7_9                     
  glibc-common.x86_64 0:2.17-325.el7_9               krb5-libs.x86_64 0:1.15.1-51.el7_9                
  libcom_err.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7                  libgcc.x86_64 0:4.8.5-44.el7                      
  libgomp.x86_64 0:4.8.5-44.el7                      libselinux.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7                    
  libselinux-python.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7              libselinux-utils.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7              
  libsepol.x86_64 0:2.5-10.el7                       libss.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7                      
  ncurses.x86_64 0:5.9-14.20130511.el7_4             ncurses-base.noarch 0:5.9-14.20130511.el7_4       
  ncurses-libs.x86_64 0:5.9-14.20130511.el7_4        openssl.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9                  
  openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9              readline.x86_64 0:6.2-11.el7                      
  zlib.x86_64 0:1.2.7-19.el7_9                      

Complete!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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3.1.3.进入安装目录安装python3
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zxvf Python-3.6.1.tgz
[root@localhost ~]# cd Python-3.6.1/
[root@localhost ~]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/
----------------------------------------------
creating Modules/Setup
creating Modules/Setup.local
creating Makefile
---------------------------------------------

[root@localhost ~]# make
[root@localhost ~]# make altinstall
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3.1.4.测试python3
[root@localhost ~]# python3.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Python 3.6.1 (default, Apr 30 2022, 09:19:51) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3.2.yum直接安装方式

3.2.1.yum安装python3

提示:yum安装是基于你centos的yum源,可以通过添加诸如阿里源、163源等进行拓充~

[root@localhost ~]# yum list python3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Available Packages
python3.i686             3.6.8-18.el7                           updates
python3.x86_64           3.6.8-18.el7                           updates
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y python3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Installed:
  python3.x86_64 0:3.6.8-18.el7                                                                        
  
Dependency Installed:
  libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.4-0.16.el7    python3-libs.x86_64 0:3.6.8-18.el7 
  python3-pip.noarch 0:9.0.3-8.el7    python3-setuptools.noarch 0:39.2.0-10.el7
  
Complete!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3.2.2.测试python3
[root@localhost ~]# python3 -V
---------------------------------
Python 3.6.8
---------------------------------
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4.修改python链接路径

通过上文下载,我们进行python测试,发现…

[root@localhost ~]# python
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug  4 2017, 00:39:18) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 
>>>exit()   #退出python
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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其实这是我们只是下载了python3,但是并没有指定默认使用python3
提示:下文修改python默认因人而异,习惯问题!!!
因为把默认python路径改成指向python3而不是python2,是个人习惯问题(其实就是懒!!!)
所以如果你大部分时候用的python2,就没有必要修改了,以后需要python3再使用python3指向就好~

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/bin
[root@localhost bin]# mv python python.backup  #移除原来的python指向
[root@localhost bin]# ln -s /usr/local/bin/python3.6 /usr/bin/python   #将python指向成python3.6
[root@localhost bin]# python  #测试python的指向
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Python 3.6.1 (default, Apr 30 2022, 09:19:51) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 
>>>exit()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

[root@localhost bin]# python2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug  4 2017, 00:39:18) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 
>>> exit()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

[root@localhost bin]# python3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Python 3.6.8 (default, Nov 16 2020, 16:55:22) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 
>>> exit()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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提示:为啥俺的python3是3.6.8,因为俺装了三个版本的python~

[root@localhost bin]# python2 -V
--------------------------------------
|Python 2.7.5                        |
--------------------------------------

[root@localhost bin]# python3 -V
--------------------------------------
|Python 3.6.8                        |
--------------------------------------

[root@localhost bin]# python3.6 -V
--------------------------------------
|Python 3.6.1                        |
--------------------------------------
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根据实际需求修改具体指向即可~

5.重点!!!修改yum脚本中对python的依赖

yum很多依赖的是python2,我猜这也是为啥centos7自带python2的原因
所以!!!重点!!!

[root@localhost bin]# cd /usr/bin
[root@localhost bin]# ll yum*
-------------------------------------------------
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 801 Aug  5  2017 yum

#相关文件都需要更改,这里不只一个!!!(因为是新装未使用且为虚拟机,这里只有一个)
--------------------------------------------------
[root@localhost bin]# vi yum
[root@localhost bin]# cat yum
-----------------------------
#!/usr/bin/python
......
-----------------------------

#将相关文件头中的python指向修改成python2【因为你现在python默认指向python3!!!】
-----------------------------
#!/usr/bin/python2
......
-----------------------------
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在这里插入图片描述

[root@localhost bin]# vim /usr/libexec/urlgrabber-ext-down
#同上,将/usr/bin/python改为/usr/bin/python2
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三、补充

6.(可有可无).py在linux上的执行

6.1【直接】python版本 xxx.py

[root@localhost ~]# python test2.py
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适用于一次性非后台持续运行的测试

6.2【增加权限】chmod + X xxx.py 后 ./xxx.py

[root@localhost ~]# chmod 755 test2.py
[root@localhost ~]# ./test2.py
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优点:给.py文件设置了权限
缺点:默认指定python执行【如未修改python默认指向,则未python2运行】

6.3【增加权限】chmod + X xxx.py 后 nohup python版本 -u xxxx.py > 日志.log 2>&1 &

[root@localhost ~]# chmod 755 test2.py
[root@localhost ~]# nohup python3.6 -u test2.py > out_test2.log 2>&1 &
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最为推荐,可在后台持续运行,错误会写进日志

7.(可有可无)暂停.py文件的后台运行【kill (端口号)】

[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep python3.6
root      3701  1949  3 11:01 pts/0    00:00:00 python3.6 -u test2.py
root      3741  1949  0 11:01 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto python3.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#假设test2.py是正在运行的某监控.py,现在要暂停它

[root@localhost ~]# kill 3701
[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep python3.6
root      4064  1949  0 11:03 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto python3.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#已经被kill掉,kill的时候要注意端口号
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四、常见问题

1.pip版本过低

1.1通过get-pip进行安装

[root@localhost ~]# wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.6/get-pip.py
#截止发布文章,该get-pip地址仍存在,如需其他python版本的pip升级,直接找https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/这个网址下的get-pip运行即可
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--2022-04-30 21:55:01--  https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.6/get-pip.py
Resolving bootstrap.pypa.io (bootstrap.pypa.io)...151.101.0.175, 151.101.64.175 ...

2022-04-30 21:55:07 (374 KB/s) - ‘get-pip.py’ saved [2159061/2159061]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[root@localhost ~]# python get-pip.py
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Collecting pip<22.0
  Downloading pip-21.3.1-py3-none-any.whl (1.7 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 1.7 MB 510 kB/s            

Successfully installed pip-21.3.1 wheel-0.37.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------
#注意:!!!下载了哪个版本的get-pip,就用对应的python版本去执行
#我这里python已修改成默认指向python3.6!!!

[root@localhost ~]# pip -V
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
pip 21.3.1 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.2通过python进行升级

[root@localhost bin]# python -m pip install --upgrade pip -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple
#这里指定了国内的源,下载会比国外源快
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Collecting pip
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/a4/6d/6463d49a933f03ae820f8b/pip-21.3.1-py3-none-any.whl (1.7MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.7MB 985kB/s 
Installing collected packages: pip
  Found existing installation: pip 9.0.1
    Uninstalling pip-9.0.1:
      Successfully uninstalled pip-9.0.1
Successfully installed pip-21.3.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

[root@localhost bin]# pip -V
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
pip 21.3.1 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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提示:先用whereis pip找下对应pip在哪个版本python,再使用对应版本进行升级!!!

2.编码错误

这个错误在日常运行可能都会遇到,原因是编码方式对中文的支持

2.1SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character ‘\xe5’ in file 1.py on line 2, but no encoding declared

解决方式:
在文件内容开头添加:# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-   
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2.2UnicodeEncodeError: ‘gbk’ codec can’t encode character ‘\xbb’ in position 227741: illegal multibyte sequence

原因:
这是python3的print()函数自身有限制,不能完全打印所有的unicode字符。
--------------------------------------------------------------

解决方式:
改变标准输出的默认编码,添加如下代码
import io
import sys
sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='utf-8')
如遇乱码(推测是utf-8的兼容性问题),则修改成:
sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030')  
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提示:以上报错不知道linux是否会出现,这些是之前在win10做python开发时出现的问题!


总结

推荐几个国内源

pip install [包名] -i [pip源]
--------------------------------------------------
清华大学 :https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
阿里云:http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中国科学技术大学 :http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
华中科技大学:http://pypi.hustunique.com/
豆瓣源:http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
腾讯源:http://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/pypi/simple
华为镜像源:https://repo.huaweicloud.com/repository/pypi/simple/
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一入深似海,白了少年头

天上飘来一串神奇的Base64编码:
bXpwMDExMEAxNjMuY29t
VVJMOjgxLjY5LjQuMjI5
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啥都没有,就这样,摆烂~

如有错误欢迎指正,谢谢(●’◡’●)

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