赞
踩
目录
CREATE TABLE 表名(
列名 列数据类型,
列名 列数据类型);
- mysql> create table stable(
- -> name char(10),
- -> id int);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
常用数据类型
(1)查看数据库中的表
- mysql> show tables from SLB;
- +---------------+
- | Tables_in_SLB |
- +---------------+
- | stable |
- | t1 |
- | t2 |
- | t3 |
- | t4 |
- +---------------+
- 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)查看表结构
#describe 表名
#show columns from 表名
- mysql> describe SLB.stable;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
- | id | int | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> show columns from SLB.stable;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
- | id | int | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
(3)垂直显示表中各列信息
- mysql> show create table SLB.stable\G;
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: stable
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `stable` (
- `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
- `id` int DEFAULT NULL
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
drop table 表名
- mysql> drop table stable;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> show tables;
- +---------------+
- | Tables_in_SLB |
- +---------------+
- | t1 |
- | t2 |
- | t3 |
- | t4 |
- +---------------+
- 4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
(1)修改列类型:ALTER table 表名 modify 列名 列数据类型
- mysql> desc t1;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | id | int | YES | | NULL | |
- | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> ALTER table t1 modify id char(20);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
- Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
- mysql> desc t1;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | id | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)修改列名:ALTER table t1 change 原列名 新列名 列数据类型
- mysql> ALTER table t1 change id stuid char(20);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-
- mysql> desc t1;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | stuid | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
create table 新表名 like 被复制表名(源表)
- mysql> desc stable;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | id | int | YES | | NULL | |
- | name | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- mysql> create table t1 like stable;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
-
- mysql> desc t1;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | id | int | YES | | NULL | |
- | name | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
create table 新表名 select * from 被复制表名(源表)
- mysql> create table t2 select * from stable;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-
- mysql>
- mysql> desc t2;
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- | id | int | YES | | NULL | |
- | name | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
- +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
约束主要用于保证数据库的完整性,表中数据有相互依赖时,可以保护相关的数据不被删除。
(1)根据约束数据列的限制:单列约束(每个约束只能约束一列),多列约束(每个约束可以约束多列数据)
(2)根据约束的作用范围:列级约束(作用在一个列上,直接跟在列的后面 ),表级约束(作用在多个列上,不与列写一起,需要单独定义 )
表级约束示例:
alter table 表名 add constraint 约束名 约束类型(约束的列名)
(3)常见约束
注意:
六种常见约束适用于列级约束,唯一、主键、外键、检查适用于表级约束
NOT NULL:非空约束,规定某个字段不能为空
UNIQUE:唯一约束,规定某个字段在整个表中是唯一的,不允许数据重复
注意:唯一约束是为了确保所在的字段或者字段组合不出现重复值;唯一约束的字段允许出现多个NULL;同一张表内可建多个唯一约束;唯一约束可由多列组合而成;新建唯一约束时MySQL会为之建立对应的索引;如果不设置唯一约束名,该唯一约束默认与列名相同;删除唯一约束时使用“aletr table 表名 drop index 唯一约束名;”来删除。
PRIMARY KEY:主键约束,是非空且唯一的
注意:一个表只允许一个主键,创建主键时也会创建相应的索引。删除主键约束时使用“alter table 表名 drop primary key;”来删除
FOREIGN KEY:外键约束,建立主表与从表的约束关系
注意:从表外键列的值必须在主表参照列值的范围内,或者为空(也可以加非空约束,强制不允许为空);当主表的记录被从表参照时,主表记录不允许被删除; 外键参照的只能是主表主键或者唯一键,保证子表记录可以准确定位到被参照的记录;删除外键时使用“aletr table 从表名 drop foreign key CONSTRAINT显示的名称;”
CHECK:检查约束
DEFAULT:默认值约束
(1)非空约束
注意:取消约束时使用alter命令更改列时不指定约束即可
- mysql> create table t3( id int, name char(20) not null);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
- mysql> show create table SLB.t3\G;
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: t3
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` (
- `id` int DEFAULT NULL,
- `name` char(20) NOT NULL
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(2)唯一约束
- mysql> create table t4(
- -> id int unique,
- -> name char(20));
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> show create table SLB.t4\G;
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: t4
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t4` (
- `id` int DEFAULT NULL,
- `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
- UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(3)主键约束
- mysql> create table t5(
- -> id int primary key,
- -> name char(10) unique);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> show create table SLB.t5\G;
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: t5
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t5` (
- `id` int NOT NULL,
- `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
- PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
- UNIQUE KEY `name` (`name`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
- 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
auto_increment :自动增长,为新的行产生唯一的标识,一个表只能有一个auto_increment,且该属性必须是主键的一部分,auto_increment的属性可以是任何整数类型
mysql>create table auto(id int primary key auto_increment);
(4)外键约束
foreign key(外键列名) references (主表参照列)
- mysql> create table t6(
- -> id int primary key,
- -> name char(20));
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
-
- mysql> create table t7(
- -> t7id int primary key,
- -> name char(20),
- -> t7tableid int,
- -> foreign key(t7tableid) references t6(id)
- -> );
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
-
- mysql> show create table t7\G;
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: t7
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t7` (
- `t7id` int NOT NULL,
- `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
- `t7tableid` int DEFAULT NULL,
- PRIMARY KEY (`t7id`),
- KEY `t7tableid` (`t7tableid`),
- CONSTRAINT `t7_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`t7tableid`) REFERENCES `t6` (`id`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
- 1 row in set (0.04 sec)
-
- #t7表的t7tableid和t6表的id进行关联
-
- #删除外键约束
- mysql> alter table t7 drop foreign key t7_ibfk_1;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
t6主表中的id为1
t7从表中不允许修改主表设定的id
从表删除外键后即可修改
(5)检查约束
这列数据只允许等于设定的内容
- mysql> create table t8(
- -> gender char(10) check(gender in ('男','女')));
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> show create table SLB.t8\G;
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: t8
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t8` (
- `gender` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
- CONSTRAINT `t8_chk_1` CHECK ((`gender` in (_utf8mb4'男',_utf8mb4'女')))
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(6)默认值约束
- mysql> create table t9(
- -> id int unique default 1);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> show create table SLB.t9\G;
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: t9
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t9` (
- `id` int DEFAULT '1',
- UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Copyright © 2003-2013 www.wpsshop.cn 版权所有,并保留所有权利。