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经常有新手小白在学习完 Python 的基础知识之后,不知道该如何进一步提升编码水平,那么此时找一些友好的网站来练习爬虫可能是一个比较好的方法,因为高级爬虫本身就需要掌握很多知识点,以爬虫作为切入点,既可以掌握巩固 Python 知识,也可能在未来学习接触到更多其他方面的知识,比如分布式,多线程等等,何乐而不为呢!
下面我们介绍几个非常简单入门的爬虫项目,相信不会再出现那种直接劝退的现象啦!
豆瓣作为国民级网站,在爬虫方面也非常友好,几乎没有设置任何反爬措施,以此网站来练手实在是在适合不过了。
我们以如下地址为例子
https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/
可以看到这里需要进行翻页处理,通过观察发现,评论的URL如下:
https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=0&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=l
每次翻一页,start都会增长20,由此可以写代码如下
- def get_praise():
- praise_list = []
- for i in range(0, 2000, 20):
- url = 'https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=%s&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=h' % str(i)
- req = requests.get(url).text
- content = BeautifulSoup(req, "html.parser")
- check_point = content.title.string
- if check_point != r"没有访问权限":
- comment = content.find_all("span", attrs={"class": "short"})
- for k in comment:
- praise_list.append(k.string)
- else:
- break
- return
使用range函数,步长设置为20,同时通过title等于“没有访问权限”来作为翻页的终点。
下面继续分析评论等级
豆瓣的评论是分为三个等级的,这里分别获取,方便后面的继续分析
- def get_ordinary():
- ordinary_list = []
- for i in range(0, 2000, 20):
- url = 'https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=%s&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=m' % str(i)
- req = requests.get(url).text
- content = BeautifulSoup(req, "html.parser")
- check_point = content.title.string
- if check_point != r"没有访问权限":
- comment = content.find_all("span", attrs={"class": "short"})
- for k in comment:
- ordinary_list.append(k.string)
- else:
- break
- return
-
- def get_lowest():
- lowest_list = []
- for i in range(0, 2000, 20):
- url = 'https://movie.douban.com/subject/3878007/comments?start=%s&limit=20&sort=new_score&status=P&percent_type=l' % str(i)
- req = requests.get(url).text
- content = BeautifulSoup(req, "html.parser")
- check_point = content.title.string
- if check_point != r"没有访问权限":
- comment = content.find_all("span", attrs={"class": "short"})
- for k in comment:
- lowest_list.append(k.string)
- else:
- break
- return
其实可以看到,这里的三段区别主要在请求URL那里,分别对应豆瓣的好评,一般和差评。
最后把得到的数据保存到文件里
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- print("Get Praise Comment")
- praise_data = get_praise()
- print("Get Ordinary Comment")
- ordinary_data = get_ordinary()
- print("Get Lowest Comment")
- lowest_data = get_lowest()
- print("Save Praise Comment")
- praise_pd = pd.DataFrame(columns=['praise_comment'], data=praise_data)
- praise_pd.to_csv('praise.csv', encoding='utf-8')
- print("Save Ordinary Comment")
- ordinary_pd = pd.DataFrame(columns=['ordinary_comment'], data=ordinary_data)
- ordinary_pd.to_csv('ordinary.csv', encoding='utf-8')
- print("Save Lowest Comment")
- lowest_pd = pd.DataFrame(columns=['lowest_comment'], data=lowest_data)
- lowest_pd.to_csv('lowest.csv', encoding='utf-8')
- print("THE END!!!")
这里使用jieba来分词,使用wordcloud库制作词云,还是分成三类,同时去掉了一些干扰词,比如“一部”、“一个”、“故事”和一些其他名词,操作都不是很难,直接上代码
- import jieba
- import pandas as pd
- from wordcloud import WordCloud
- import numpy as np
- from PIL import Image
-
- font = r'C:\Windows\Fonts\FZSTK.TTF'
- STOPWORDS = set(map(str.strip, open('stopwords.txt').readlines()))
-
-
- def wordcloud_praise():
- df = pd.read_csv('praise.csv', usecols=[1])
- df_list = df.values.tolist()
- comment_after = jieba.cut(str(df_list), cut_all=False)
- words = ' '.join(comment_after)
- img = Image.open('haiwang8.jpg')
- img_array = np.array(img)
- wc = WordCloud(width=2000, height=1800, background_color='white', font_path=font, mask=img_array, stopwords=STOPWORDS)
- wc.generate(words)
- wc.to_file('praise.png')
-
-
- def wordcloud_ordinary():
- df = pd.read_csv('ordinary.csv', usecols=[1])
- df_list = df.values.tolist()
- comment_after = jieba.cut(str(df_list), cut_all=False)
- words = ' '.join(comment_after)
- img = Image.open('haiwang8.jpg')
- img_array = np.array(img)
- wc = WordCloud(width=2000, height=1800, background_color='white', font_path=font, mask=img_array, stopwords=STOPWORDS)
- wc.generate(words)
- wc.to_file('ordinary.png')
-
-
- def wordcloud_lowest():
- df = pd.read_csv('lowest.csv', usecols=[1])
- df_list = df.values.tolist()
- comment_after = jieba.cut(str(df_list), cut_all=False)
- words = ' '.join(comment_after)
- img = Image.open('haiwang7.jpg')
- img_array = np.array(img)
- wc = WordCloud(width=2000, height=1800, background_color='white', font_path=font, mask=img_array, stopwords=STOPWORDS)
- wc.generate(words)
- wc.to_file('lowest.png')
-
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- print("Save praise wordcloud")
- wordcloud_praise()
- print("Save ordinary wordcloud")
- wordcloud_ordinary()
- print("Save lowest wordcloud")
- wordcloud_lowest()
- print("THE END!!!")
对于海报的爬取,其实也十分类似,直接给出代码
- import requests
- import json
-
-
- def deal_pic(url, name):
- pic = requests.get(url)
- with open(name + '.jpg', 'wb') as f:
- f.write(pic.content)
-
-
- def get_poster():
- for i in range(0, 10000, 20):
- url = 'https://movie.douban.com/j/new_search_subjects?sort=U&range=0,10&tags=电影&start=%s&genres=爱情' % i
- req = requests.get(url).text
- req_dict = json.loads(req)
- for j in req_dict['data']:
- name = j['title']
- poster_url = j['cover']
- print(name, poster_url)
- deal_pic(poster_url, name)
-
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- get_poster()
这是一个国外的电影影评网站,也比较适合新手练习,网址如下
https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game_of_thrones
我们就以权力的游戏作为爬取例子
- import requests
- from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
- from pyecharts.charts import Line
- import pyecharts.options as opts
- from wordcloud import WordCloud
- import jieba
-
-
- baseurl = 'https://www.rottentomatoes.com'
-
-
- def get_total_season_content():
- url = 'https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game_of_thrones'
- response = requests.get(url).text
- content = BeautifulSoup(response, "html.parser")
- season_list = []
- div_list = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'bottom_divider media seasonItem '})
- for i in div_list:
- suburl = i.find('a')['href']
- season = i.find('a').text
- rotten = i.find('span', attrs={'class': 'meter-value'}).text
- consensus = i.find('div', attrs={'class': 'consensus'}).text.strip()
- season_list.append([season, suburl, rotten, consensus])
- return season_list
-
-
- def get_season_content(url):
- # url = 'https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/game_of_thrones/s08#audience_reviews'
- response = requests.get(url).text
- content = BeautifulSoup(response, "html.parser")
- episode_list = []
- div_list = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'bottom_divider'})
- for i in div_list:
- suburl = i.find('a')['href']
- fresh = i.find('span', attrs={'class': 'tMeterScore'}).text.strip()
- episode_list.append([suburl, fresh])
- return episode_list[:5]
-
-
- mylist = [['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e01', '92%'],
- ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e02', '88%'],
- ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e03', '74%'],
- ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e04', '58%'],
- ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e05', '48%'],
- ['/tv/game_of_thrones/s08/e06', '49%']]
-
-
- def get_episode_detail(episode):
- # episode = mylist
- e_list = []
- for i in episode:
- url = baseurl + i[0]
- # print(url)
- response = requests.get(url).text
- content = BeautifulSoup(response, "html.parser")
- critic_consensus = content.find('p', attrs={'class': 'critic_consensus superPageFontColor'}).text.strip().replace(' ', '').replace('\n', '')
- review_list_left = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'quote_bubble top_critic pull-left cl '})
- review_list_right = content.find_all('div', attrs={'class': 'quote_bubble top_critic pull-right '})
- review_list = []
- for i_left in review_list_left:
- left_review = i_left.find('div', attrs={'class': 'media-body'}).find('p').text.strip()
- review_list.append(left_review)
- for i_right in review_list_right:
- right_review = i_right.find('div', attrs={'class': 'media-body'}).find('p').text.strip()
- review_list.append(right_review)
- e_list.append([critic_consensus, review_list])
- print(e_list)
-
-
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- total_season_content = get_total_season_content()
-
我这里选取的是如下网站
http://db.18183.com/
- import requests
- from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-
-
- def get_hero_url():
- print('start to get hero urls')
- url = 'http://db.18183.com/'
- url_list = []
- res = requests.get(url + 'wzry').text
- content = BeautifulSoup(res, "html.parser")
- ul = content.find('ul', attrs={'class': "mod-iconlist"})
- hero_url = ul.find_all('a')
- for i in hero_url:
- url_list.append(i['href'])
- print('finish get hero urls')
- return url_list
-
-
- def get_details(url):
- print('start to get details')
- base_url = 'http://db.18183.com/'
- detail_list = []
- for i in url:
- # print(i)
- res = requests.get(base_url + i).text
- content = BeautifulSoup(res, "html.parser")
- name_box = content.find('div', attrs={'class': 'name-box'})
- name = name_box.h1.text
- hero_attr = content.find('div', attrs={'class': 'attr-list'})
- attr_star = hero_attr.find_all('span')
- survivability = attr_star[0]['class'][1].split('-')[1]
- attack_damage = attr_star[1]['class'][1].split('-')[1]
- skill_effect = attr_star[2]['class'][1].split('-')[1]
- getting_started = attr_star[3]['class'][1].split('-')[1]
- details = content.find('div', attrs={'class': 'otherinfo-datapanel'})
- # print(details)
- attrs = details.find_all('p')
- attr_list = []
- for attr in attrs:
- attr_list.append(attr.text.split(':')[1].strip())
- detail_list.append([name, survivability, attack_damage,
- skill_effect, getting_started, attr_list])
- print('finish get details')
- return detail_list
-
-
- def save_tocsv(details):
- print('start save to csv')
- with open('all_hero_init_attr_new.csv', 'w', encoding='gb18030') as f:
- f.write('英雄名字,生存能力,攻击伤害,技能效果,上手难度,最大生命,最大法力,物理攻击,'
- '法术攻击,物理防御,物理减伤率,法术防御,法术减伤率,移速,物理护甲穿透,法术护甲穿透,攻速加成,暴击几率,'
- '暴击效果,物理吸血,法术吸血,冷却缩减,攻击范围,韧性,生命回复,法力回复\n')
- for i in details:
- try:
- rowcsv = '{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{}'.format(
- i[0], i[1], i[2], i[3], i[4], i[5][0], i[5][1], i[5][2], i[5][3], i[5][4], i[5][5],
- i[5][6], i[5][7], i[5][8], i[5][9], i[5][10], i[5][11], i[5][12], i[5][13], i[5][14], i[5][15],
- i[5][16], i[5][17], i[5][18], i[5][19], i[5][20]
- )
- f.write(rowcsv)
- f.write('\n')
- except:
- continue
- print('finish save to csv')
-
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- get_hero_url()
- hero_url = get_hero_url()
- details = get_details(hero_url)
- save_tocsv(details)
好了,今天先分享这三个网站,咱们后面再慢慢分享更多好的练手网站与实战代码!
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