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使用GDAL工具对OrbView-3数据进行正射校正_colorinterp=gray

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一、简介

本文将探讨使用GDAL来对OrbView-3卫星影像进行正射校正。

卫星图像来自免费的OrbView-3航天器,可以通过OrbView-3来了解更多信息。然而,在最原始的数据中,卫星图像是用没有地理位置的Tiff格式存储的。这里就不做详细的介绍了,就是原始的数据不是GeoTIFF格式,就是普通的TIFF格式。但是,下载的原始数据中同时包含了用于正射校正所有必要的元数据。如何利用它进行正射校正,将在稍后进行说明。

二、软件和数据

准备要进行正射校正的卫星图像:

  1. 免费软件,全部是GDAL的工具,用到的有gdalwarpgdalbuildvrtgdal_translate。要获得该软件,你可以去这个去链接下载。
  2. Orb-View3的卫星图像。可以先从这个链接查找大概的区域。
  3. 用于正射校正的DEM数据(数字高程模型)。

目前可用于正射校正的DEM数据有:SRTMASTER GDEM,这两种DEM的下载地址分别是:

  • SRTMhttp://gis-lab.info/data/srtm-tif/
  • ASTER GDEMhttp://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/index.jsp

为了演示使用GDAL进行正射校正,选择使用的数据集(图像和DEM)是白俄罗斯共和国库尔斯克地区(点击各自的链接会到各自的示例数据目录)。

库尔斯克地区的数据集,包括:

 

文件名

说明

1

3V050401P0000692211A520018202082M_001639429.ZIP

OrbView-3w卫星数据包

2

3v050401p0000692211a520018202082m_001639429_ortho.img

ERDAS IMAGINE的正射校正结果的格式

3

3v050401p0000692211a520018202082m_001639429_ortho.img.aux.xml

辅助文件

4

3v050401p0000692211a520018202082m_001639429_ortho.rrd

金字塔文件

5

dem.tfw

DEM坐标

6

dem.tif

DEM

7

dem.tif.aux.xml

DEM辅助数据

8

dem.tif.ovr

DEM金字塔

9

dem.tif.xml

DEM辅助数据

10

kursk_ortho.7z

使用GDAL正射校正结果

11

kursk_ortho_envi_orbview.7z

使用ENVI正射校正结果

白俄罗斯共和国的数据集,包括:

 

文件名

描述

1

3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.zip

OrbView-3w卫星数据包

2

aster_gdem.tif

Aster的DEM数据

3

ov3-check.7z

地面实测的GPS点

4

result_envi.tif

ENVI-EX正射结果

5

result_gdal.7z

GDAL正射结果

6

result_gdal_geoid_corrected.7z

经过大地水准面修正的GDAL正射结果

7

tracks.7z

地面实测GPS点轨迹

三、准备正射校正必要的数据

在这篇文章中,所有的例子中使用的数据是上面白俄罗斯共和国一组数据。

首先,考虑OrbView-3的数据是ZIP压缩格式(3V050909P0000897861A520004700712M_001631680.ZIP)。所以先要对其进行解压:

UNIX系统:

  1. $ ls -13V050909P0000897861A520004700712M_001631680*  
$ ls -13V050909P0000897861A520004700712M_001631680*
Windows系统:
  1. >dir * /B  
>dir * /B

执行完上面的命令,会输出:

  1. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.dbf  
  2. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.prj  
  3. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.shp  
  4. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.shx  
  5. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.att  
  6. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.dbf  
  7. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.eph  
  8. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.jgw  
  9. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.jpg  
  10. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.prj  
  11. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.pvl  
  12. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_rpc.txt  
  13. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.shp  
  14. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.shx  
  15. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.dbf  
  16. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.prj  
  17. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.shp  
  18. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.shx  
  19. 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif  
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.dbf
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.prj
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.shp
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_aoi.shx
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.att
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.dbf
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.eph
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.jgw
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.jpg
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.prj
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.pvl
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_rpc.txt
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.shp
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.shx
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.dbf
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.prj
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.shp
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_src.shx
3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif

在解压之后我们可以看到,里面有Shapefile格式的落图文件以及jpg格式的快视图数据,一个存储实际数据的TIFF文件,卫星参数参数文件,RPC系数文件(scene_rpc.txt)以及其他的一些描述文件。

如果直接用QGIS打开TIFF文件,由于TIFF文件没有投影信息,所以显示的坐标是行列号。可以用gdalinfo工具来查看详细信息:

  UNIX系统:

  1. $ gdalinfo 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif  
$ gdalinfo 3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif
Windows系统:

  1. >C:\warmerda\bld\bin>gdalinfo.exe3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif  
>C:\warmerda\bld\bin>gdalinfo.exe3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif

          执行完上面的命令,会输出:

  1. Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF  
  2. Files: E:\GDAL正射\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif  
  3.        E:\GDAL正射\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_rpc.txt  
  4. Size is 8016, 25600  
  5. Coordinate System is `'  
  6. Metadata:  
  7.   TIFFTAG_MAXSAMPLEVALUE=2047  
  8.   TIFFTAG_MINSAMPLEVALUE=0  
  9. Image Structure Metadata:  
  10.   INTERLEAVE=BAND  
  11. RPC Metadata:  
  12.   HEIGHT_OFF= +0179.000 meters  
  13.   HEIGHT_SCALE= +0300.000 meters  
  14.   LAT_OFF= +55.02030000 degrees  
  15.   LAT_SCALE= +00.12380000 degrees  
  16.   LINE_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -5.006651300000000E-04  -1.457830900000000E-03  +6.037474400000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  
  17.   LINE_NUM_COEFF= -2.104832000000000E-03  -1.642616000000000E-02  -1.027459000000000E+00  +4.182002500000000E-03  -1.902795200000000E-03  +1.614313300000000E-05  +4.786355800000000E-04  -2.127866900000000E-04  +6.958830700000000E-03  -2.260572200000000E-06  -2.225955200000000E-07  -3.746937200000000E-07  +4.648645700000000E-04  -1.801288800000000E-08  +5.140758300000000E-06  +7.566147900000000E-04  -5.452440900000000E-07  +1.394079900000000E-07  -1.828159600000000E-05  +2.421558100000000E-09  
  18.   LINE_OFF= +012800.00 pixels  
  19.   LINE_SCALE= +012800.00 pixels  
  20.   LONG_OFF= +027.04780000 degrees  
  21.   LONG_SCALE= +000.06850000 degrees  
  22.   SAMP_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -6.035266200000000E-04  +6.161647000000000E-03  +6.386015900000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  
  23.   SAMP_NUM_COEFF= +3.145351000000000E-04  +1.023427000000000E+00  -3.439455200000000E-03  +1.730013100000000E-02  +5.102439600000000E-03  +1.245288300000000E-03  -1.578704500000000E-03  -2.939111200000000E-03  -2.317010900000000E-04  +2.847267800000000E-05  +2.422610700000000E-05  +6.633964600000000E-06  -1.694999000000000E-03  +6.913555700000000E-07  +1.531221300000000E-04  +1.486522300000000E-05  +1.555096200000000E-07  -5.617327200000000E-06  -2.950330800000000E-05  +1.262439900000000E-08  
  24.   SAMP_OFF= +004008.00 pixels  
  25.   SAMP_SCALE= +004008.00 pixels  
  26. Corner Coordinates:  
  27. Upper Left  (   0.0,    0.0)  
  28. Lower Left  (   0.0,25600.0)  
  29. Upper Right ( 8016.0,    0.0)  
  30. Lower Right ( 8016.0,25600.0)  
  31. Center      ( 4008.0,12800.0)  
  32. Band 1 Block=8016x1Type=UInt16, ColorInterp=Gray  
Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF
Files: E:\GDAL正射\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif
       E:\GDAL正射\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_rpc.txt
Size is 8016, 25600
Coordinate System is `'
Metadata:
  TIFFTAG_MAXSAMPLEVALUE=2047
  TIFFTAG_MINSAMPLEVALUE=0
Image Structure Metadata:
  INTERLEAVE=BAND
RPC Metadata:
  HEIGHT_OFF= +0179.000 meters
  HEIGHT_SCALE= +0300.000 meters
  LAT_OFF= +55.02030000 degrees
  LAT_SCALE= +00.12380000 degrees
  LINE_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -5.006651300000000E-04  -1.457830900000000E-03  +6.037474400000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00
  LINE_NUM_COEFF= -2.104832000000000E-03  -1.642616000000000E-02  -1.027459000000000E+00  +4.182002500000000E-03  -1.902795200000000E-03  +1.614313300000000E-05  +4.786355800000000E-04  -2.127866900000000E-04  +6.958830700000000E-03  -2.260572200000000E-06  -2.225955200000000E-07  -3.746937200000000E-07  +4.648645700000000E-04  -1.801288800000000E-08  +5.140758300000000E-06  +7.566147900000000E-04  -5.452440900000000E-07  +1.394079900000000E-07  -1.828159600000000E-05  +2.421558100000000E-09
  LINE_OFF= +012800.00 pixels
  LINE_SCALE= +012800.00 pixels
  LONG_OFF= +027.04780000 degrees
  LONG_SCALE= +000.06850000 degrees
  SAMP_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -6.035266200000000E-04  +6.161647000000000E-03  +6.386015900000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00
  SAMP_NUM_COEFF= +3.145351000000000E-04  +1.023427000000000E+00  -3.439455200000000E-03  +1.730013100000000E-02  +5.102439600000000E-03  +1.245288300000000E-03  -1.578704500000000E-03  -2.939111200000000E-03  -2.317010900000000E-04  +2.847267800000000E-05  +2.422610700000000E-05  +6.633964600000000E-06  -1.694999000000000E-03  +6.913555700000000E-07  +1.531221300000000E-04  +1.486522300000000E-05  +1.555096200000000E-07  -5.617327200000000E-06  -2.950330800000000E-05  +1.262439900000000E-08
  SAMP_OFF= +004008.00 pixels
  SAMP_SCALE= +004008.00 pixels
Corner Coordinates:
Upper Left  (   0.0,    0.0)
Lower Left  (   0.0,25600.0)
Upper Right ( 8016.0,    0.0)
Lower Right ( 8016.0,25600.0)
Center      ( 4008.0,12800.0)
Band 1 Block=8016x1Type=UInt16, ColorInterp=Gray

            正如预期的那样,该文件不包含数据的投影和坐标。但是,GDAL读取了数据有理多项式系数(RPC)。如果想知道更多的信息,可以在使用RPC正射 卫星影像正射校正的   “ RPC   “,以及在 相应的论坛主题 找到更多的信息【这三个链接的内容比较丰富,尤其是关于RPC的介绍的比较详细,当然也是俄语的】。

如果使用gdalinfo发现输出的元数据中没有RPC信息,请确保你的GDAL版本,至少要GDAL1.8.1以上的版本。【这段谷歌翻译的受不了,一点点都看不懂啥意思,只好自己猜了,囧……】应该可以从文件3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.pvl中得到图像的四角经纬度坐标,该坐标系是WGS 84 / UTM区35NEPSG:32635

接下来获取必要的数据就是地形数据,下面以SRTM数据作为例子。获取DEM数据的步骤如下:

  1. SRTM数据选择选项填写待校正影像所在区域的行和列的数目。
  2. 下载http://gis-lab.info/data/srtm-tif选定的压缩文件。
  3.  解压缩(UNIX系统命令),Windows下自己肯定会解压吧。

  1. for i in srtm*zip; doyes|unzip $i; done  
for i in srtm*zip; doyes|unzip $i; done

4.  将所有文件SRTM的GeoTIFF格式转换成一个单一的虚拟文件。使用的工具是gdalbuildvrt。命令是(第一行是UNIX命令,第二行是Windows命令):

  1. $gdalbuildvrt srtm.vrt SRTMTIF  
  2. >gdalbuildvrt.exe srtm.vrtSRTM TIF  
$gdalbuildvrt srtm.vrt SRTMTIF
>gdalbuildvrt.exe srtm.vrtSRTM TIF

如果要下载ASTER的DEM文件,访问 ASTER GDEM网站 ,进行搜索查找。选择“选择分块shape文件”,下载文件覆盖scene.shp,下载并解压。一般下载的文件名称类似ASTGTM2_N55E026_dem.tif这样的,对于一个区域,可能需要多块数据。可以使用gdal_merge.py把所有的tif文件合并为一个GeoTIFF格式的文件,命令如下:

  1. $ Gda​​l_merge.py-ODEM_merged.tif ASTGTM2_N5 [45] E02 [67] / * _dem.tif  
  2. > python gdal_merge.py -ODEM_merged.tif ASTGTM2_N5 [45] E02 [67] / * _dem.tif  
  3.    
  4. 0 ... 10 ... 20 ... 30 ... 40... 50 ... 60 ... 70 ... 80 ... 90 ... 100 - done.  
$ Gda​​l_merge.py-ODEM_merged.tif ASTGTM2_N5 [45] E02 [67] / * _dem.tif
> python gdal_merge.py -ODEM_merged.tif ASTGTM2_N5 [45] E02 [67] / * _dem.tif
 
0 ... 10 ... 20 ... 30 ... 40... 50 ... 60 ... 70 ... 80 ... 90 ... 100 - done.

四、  正射校正

对OrbView-3卫星影像进​​行正射校正使用下面的命令:

  1. > gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0-overwrite -t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif"  
> gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0-overwrite -t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif"

点击这个链接,可以查看gdalwarp工具的详细参数和帮助。如果该命令执行失败,首先检查GDAL是否安装成功,然后检查GDAL版本是否支持RPC校正,如果这两个都正常,结果还是失败,那么就是设置的图像输出坐标系有关系。

解决上面的第一个方法就是减少指定的参数​。除了指定使用RPC校正之后,其余均使用默认参数,如下:

  1. $ gdalwarp -rpc3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif test.tif  
  2. Warning 1:TIFFReadDirectory:Unknown field with tag 34000 (0x84d0) encountered  
  3. Creating output file that is12925P x 23537L.  
  4. Warning 1:TIFFReadDirectory:Unknown field with tag 34000 (0x84d0) encountered  
  5. Processing input file3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif.  
  6. 0...10...20...30...40...50...60...70...80...90...100- done.  
$ gdalwarp -rpc3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif test.tif
Warning 1:TIFFReadDirectory:Unknown field with tag 34000 (0x84d0) encountered
Creating output file that is12925P x 23537L.
Warning 1:TIFFReadDirectory:Unknown field with tag 34000 (0x84d0) encountered
Processing input file3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif.
0...10...20...30...40...50...60...70...80...90...100- done.

      然后使用gdalinfo查看输出的结果,命令以及输出信息如下:

  1. $ gdalinfo test.tif  
  2. Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF  
  3. Files: test.tif  
  4.        test_rpc.txt  
  5. Size is 12925, 23537  
  6. Coordinate System is:  
  7. GEOGCS["WGS 84",  
  8.     DATUM["WGS_1984",  
  9.         SPHEROID["WGS84",6378137,298.257223563,  
  10.            AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],  
  11.         AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],  
  12.     PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],  
  13.    UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],  
  14.    AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]  
  15. Origin =(26.981501010426538,55.143013345911761)  
  16. Pixel Size =(0.000010399352347,-0.000010399352347)  
  17. Metadata:  
  18.   AREA_OR_POINT=Area  
  19. Image Structure Metadata:  
  20.   INTERLEAVE=BAND  
  21. Corner Coordinates:  
  22. Upper Left  ( 26.9815010,  55.1430133) (26d58'53.40"E, 55d 8'34.85"N)  
  23. Lower Left  ( 26.9815010,  54.8982438) (26d58'53.40"E, 54d53'53.68"N)  
  24. Upper Right (  27.1159126, 55.1430133) ( 27d 6'57.29"E, 55d 8'34.85"N)  
  25. Lower Right (  27.1159126, 54.8982438) ( 27d 6'57.29"E, 54d53'53.68"N)  
  26. Center      ( 27.0487068,  55.0206286) ( 27d2'55.34"E, 55d 1'14.26"N)  
  27. Band 1 Block=12925x1Type=UInt16, ColorInterp=Gray  
$ gdalinfo test.tif
Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF
Files: test.tif
       test_rpc.txt
Size is 12925, 23537
Coordinate System is:
GEOGCS["WGS 84",
    DATUM["WGS_1984",
        SPHEROID["WGS84",6378137,298.257223563,
           AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],
    PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],
   UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
   AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]
Origin =(26.981501010426538,55.143013345911761)
Pixel Size =(0.000010399352347,-0.000010399352347)
Metadata:
  AREA_OR_POINT=Area
Image Structure Metadata:
  INTERLEAVE=BAND
Corner Coordinates:
Upper Left  ( 26.9815010,  55.1430133) (26d58'53.40"E, 55d 8'34.85"N)
Lower Left  ( 26.9815010,  54.8982438) (26d58'53.40"E, 54d53'53.68"N)
Upper Right (  27.1159126, 55.1430133) ( 27d 6'57.29"E, 55d 8'34.85"N)
Lower Right (  27.1159126, 54.8982438) ( 27d 6'57.29"E, 54d53'53.68"N)
Center      ( 27.0487068,  55.0206286) ( 27d2'55.34"E, 55d 1'14.26"N)
Band 1 Block=12925x1Type=UInt16, ColorInterp=Gray

      第二个方法是指定图像的坐标系和四个角点的坐标。查看图像的四个角点坐标,可以在文件scene.pvl中进行查找。然后使用gdal_translate工具进行转换处理,命令如下:

  1. > gdal_translate -a_srsepsg:32635 -gcp 0.5 0.5 498793 6.11075e+006 173.385 -gcp 8015.5 0.5 5073456.11027e+006 187.386 -gcp 8015.5 25599.5 507347 6.08351e+006 204.881  
  2. -gcp 0.5 25599.5 4987586.08385e+006 213.12D:\temp\rb\3V050909P0000897861A520004700712M_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif  
  3. D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tif  
  4. Input file size is 8016,25600                               
  5. 0...10...20...30...40...50...60...70...80...90...100- done.  
  6.    
  7. > copyD:\temp\rb\3V050909P0000897861A520004700712M_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_rpc.txt  
  8. D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org_rpc.txt  
> gdal_translate -a_srsepsg:32635 -gcp 0.5 0.5 498793 6.11075e+006 173.385 -gcp 8015.5 0.5 5073456.11027e+006 187.386 -gcp 8015.5 25599.5 507347 6.08351e+006 204.881
-gcp 0.5 25599.5 4987586.08385e+006 213.12D:\temp\rb\3V050909P0000897861A520004700712M_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.tif
D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tif
Input file size is 8016,25600                             
0...10...20...30...40...50...60...70...80...90...100- done.
 
> copyD:\temp\rb\3V050909P0000897861A520004700712M_001631680\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680_rpc.txt
D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org_rpc.txt

       然后再使用gdalinfo查看输出文件中的信息:

  1. > gdalinfoD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tif  
  2. Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF                                                             
  3. Files:D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tif           
  4.       D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org_rpc.txt     
  5. Size is 8016, 25600                                                               
  6. Coordinate System is `'                                                             
  7. GCP Projection =                                                                 
  8. PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTMzone 35N",                                   
  9.     GEOGCS["WGS 84",                                              
  10.         DATUM["WGS_1984",                                          
  11.             SPHEROID["WGS84",6378137,298.257223563,             
  12.                AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],                          
  13.            AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],                              
  14.         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],                                      
  15.        UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],                           
  16.        AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],                                  
  17.    PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],                              
  18.     PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],                                 
  19.    PARAMETER["central_meridian",27],                                
  20.    PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],                                
  21.    PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],                               
  22.    PARAMETER["false_northing",0],                                   
  23.     UNIT["metre",1,                                                   
  24.        AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],                                  
  25.    AUTHORITY["EPSG","32635"]]                                     
  26. GCP[  0]: Id=1, Info=                                                  
  27.           (0.5,0.5) ->(498793,6110750,173.385)                           
  28. GCP[  1]: Id=2, Info=                                                     
  29.           (8015.5,0.5) ->(507345,6110270,187.386)                        
  30. GCP[  2]: Id=3, Info=                                                     
  31.           (8015.5,25599.5) ->(507347,6083510,204.881)                    
  32. GCP[  3]: Id=4, Info=                                                                                     (0.5,25599.5)-> (498758,6083850,213.12)                                           Metadata:                                                                                     
  33.   AREA_OR_POINT=Area                                                                      
  34.   TIFFTAG_MAXSAMPLEVALUE=2047                                                          
  35.   TIFFTAG_MINSAMPLEVALUE=0                                                              
  36. Image StructureMetadata:                                                                      
  37.   INTERLEAVE=BAND                                                                         
  38. RPC Metadata:                                                                                
  39.   HEIGHT_OFF= +0179.000 meters                                                             
  40.   HEIGHT_SCALE= +0300.000 meters                                                           
  41.   LAT_OFF= +55.02030000 degrees                                                             
  42.   LAT_SCALE= +00.12380000 degrees                                                          
  43.   LINE_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -5.006651300000000E-04  -1.457830900000000E-03  +6.037474400000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00                 
  44.   LINE_NUM_COEFF= -2.104832000000000E-03  -1.642616000000000E-02  -1.027459000000000E+00  +4.182002500000000E-03  -1.902795200000000E-03  +1.614313300000000E-05 +4.786355800000000E-04  -2.127866900000000E-04  +6.958830700000000E-03  -2.260572200000000E-06  -2.225955200000000E-07  -3.746937200000000E-07  +4.648645700000000E-04  -1.801288800000000E-08+5.140758300000000E-06 +7.566147900000000E-04 -5.452440900000000E-07 +1.394079900000000E-07 -1.828159600000000E-05 +2.421558100000000E-09                   
  45.   LINE_OFF= +012800.00 pixels                                                                 
  46.   LINE_SCALE= +012800.00 pixels                                                          
  47.   LONG_OFF= +027.04780000 degrees                                                          
  48.   LONG_SCALE= +000.06850000 degrees                                                        
  49.   SAMP_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -6.035266200000000E-04  +6.161647000000000E-03  +6.386015900000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00+0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00                 
  50.   SAMP_NUM_COEFF= +3.145351000000000E-04  +1.023427000000000E+00  -3.439455200000000E-03  +1.730013100000000E-02  +5.102439600000000E-03  +1.245288300000000E-03-1.578704500000000E-03 -2.939111200000000E-03 -2.317010900000000E-04 +2.847267800000000E-05 +2.422610700000000E-05 +6.633964600000000E-06 -1.694999000000000E-03 +6.913555700000000E-07 +1.531221300000000E-04  +1.486522300000000E-05  +1.555096200000000E-07  -5.617327200000000E-06  -2.950330800000000E-05  +1.262439900000000E-08                    
  51.   SAMP_OFF= +004008.00 pixels                                                               
  52.   SAMP_SCALE= +004008.00 pixels                                                             
  53. Corner Coordinates:                                                                             
  54. Upper Left  (   0.0,    0.0)                                                                   
  55. Lower Left  (   0.0,25600.0)                                                                   
  56. Upper Right ( 8016.0,    0.0)                                                                   
  57. Lower Right (8016.0,25600.0)                                                                   
  58. Center      ( 4008.0,12800.0)                                                                   
  59. Band 1 Block=8016x1Type=UInt16, ColorInterp=Gray  
> gdalinfoD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tif
Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF                                                           
Files:D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tif         
      D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org_rpc.txt   
Size is 8016, 25600                                                             
Coordinate System is `'                                                           
GCP Projection =                                                               
PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTMzone 35N",                                 
    GEOGCS["WGS 84",                                            
        DATUM["WGS_1984",                                        
            SPHEROID["WGS84",6378137,298.257223563,           
               AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],                        
           AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],                            
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],                                    
       UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],                         
       AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],                                
   PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],                            
    PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],                               
   PARAMETER["central_meridian",27],                              
   PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],                              
   PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],                             
   PARAMETER["false_northing",0],                                 
    UNIT["metre",1,                                                 
       AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],                                
   AUTHORITY["EPSG","32635"]]                                   
GCP[  0]: Id=1, Info=                                                
          (0.5,0.5) ->(498793,6110750,173.385)                         
GCP[  1]: Id=2, Info=                                                   
          (8015.5,0.5) ->(507345,6110270,187.386)                      
GCP[  2]: Id=3, Info=                                                   
          (8015.5,25599.5) ->(507347,6083510,204.881)                  
GCP[  3]: Id=4, Info=                                                                                     (0.5,25599.5)-> (498758,6083850,213.12)                                           Metadata:                                                                                   
  AREA_OR_POINT=Area                                                                    
  TIFFTAG_MAXSAMPLEVALUE=2047                                                        
  TIFFTAG_MINSAMPLEVALUE=0                                                            
Image StructureMetadata:                                                                    
  INTERLEAVE=BAND                                                                       
RPC Metadata:                                                                              
  HEIGHT_OFF= +0179.000 meters                                                           
  HEIGHT_SCALE= +0300.000 meters                                                         
  LAT_OFF= +55.02030000 degrees                                                           
  LAT_SCALE= +00.12380000 degrees                                                        
  LINE_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -5.006651300000000E-04  -1.457830900000000E-03  +6.037474400000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00               
  LINE_NUM_COEFF= -2.104832000000000E-03  -1.642616000000000E-02  -1.027459000000000E+00  +4.182002500000000E-03  -1.902795200000000E-03  +1.614313300000000E-05 +4.786355800000000E-04  -2.127866900000000E-04  +6.958830700000000E-03  -2.260572200000000E-06  -2.225955200000000E-07  -3.746937200000000E-07  +4.648645700000000E-04  -1.801288800000000E-08+5.140758300000000E-06 +7.566147900000000E-04 -5.452440900000000E-07 +1.394079900000000E-07 -1.828159600000000E-05 +2.421558100000000E-09                 
  LINE_OFF= +012800.00 pixels                                                               
  LINE_SCALE= +012800.00 pixels                                                        
  LONG_OFF= +027.04780000 degrees                                                        
  LONG_SCALE= +000.06850000 degrees                                                      
  SAMP_DEN_COEFF= +1.000000000000000E+00  -6.035266200000000E-04  +6.161647000000000E-03  +6.386015900000000E-04  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00+0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00 +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00  +0.000000000000000E+00               
  SAMP_NUM_COEFF= +3.145351000000000E-04  +1.023427000000000E+00  -3.439455200000000E-03  +1.730013100000000E-02  +5.102439600000000E-03  +1.245288300000000E-03-1.578704500000000E-03 -2.939111200000000E-03 -2.317010900000000E-04 +2.847267800000000E-05 +2.422610700000000E-05 +6.633964600000000E-06 -1.694999000000000E-03 +6.913555700000000E-07 +1.531221300000000E-04  +1.486522300000000E-05  +1.555096200000000E-07  -5.617327200000000E-06  -2.950330800000000E-05  +1.262439900000000E-08                  
  SAMP_OFF= +004008.00 pixels                                                             
  SAMP_SCALE= +004008.00 pixels                                                           
Corner Coordinates:                                                                           
Upper Left  (   0.0,    0.0)                                                                 
Lower Left  (   0.0,25600.0)                                                                 
Upper Right ( 8016.0,    0.0)                                                                 
Lower Right (8016.0,25600.0)                                                                 
Center      ( 4008.0,12800.0)                                                                 
Band 1 Block=8016x1Type=UInt16, ColorInterp=Gray

现在,您可以重复执行该正射校正命令,得到新的图像文件。

  1. > gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0-overwrite -t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif"  
  2.  D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tifD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.rec.tif  
 > gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0-overwrite -t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif"
  D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tifD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.rec.tif

RPC模型使用的坐标系是WGS84和数字高程数据(DEM),使用相对的大地水准面,这个值与真正的大地水准有一定的高差,而在正射校正是需要解决这种差异。如何确定这个高程差,一般使用的是采取图像的中心点的图像坐标(27D 2'550.34“Ë,55D 1'140.26”Ñ),并上传到这个在线 资源, 或者这个在线 资源 (此计算可以借助的网上资源,也可以使用的软件,如,proj4等)进行计算得到。此处的结果是 22.0157米 ,在EGM96模型上。

对于使用消除大地水准面高差进行正射校正的命令如下:

  1. > gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0-overwrite -t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif" -to"RPC_HEIGHT=22.0157"  
  2.   D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tifD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.rec2.tif  
> gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0-overwrite -t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif" -to"RPC_HEIGHT=22.0157"
  D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tifD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.rec2.tif

如果要将结果转换到另一个坐标系统,只需将t_srs参数这是为需要的坐标系即可。如果这时gdalwarp执行失败,很有可能就缺少DEM数据导致,下载相邻的DEM数据试试。

五、 结论

为了评估使用GDAL正射校正的进度,这里利用商业软件ENVI EX同GDAL进行对比。如下图,这里是一个图像在同一地点的,绿色的点是GPS轨迹。


在上图中,我们可以看到,当没有使用大地水准面进行正射校正的道路有些偏移。而使用大地水准面的高差进行正射的结果同时用软件ENVI EX的结果是相同的。

使用GDAL进行正射校正会出现下图中的横向锯齿问题,但是使用程序wxGIS处理的结果不会出现这样的情况,wxGIS也是基于GDAL库。为了消除这个问题,在命令行上,你需要添加选项-et 0.0。示例命令:

  1. > gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0 -overwrite-t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -et 0.0 -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif" -to"RPC_HEIGHT=22.0157"  
  2.  D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tifD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.rec2.tif  
 > gdalwarp -dstnodata 0 -srcnodata 0 -overwrite-t_srs epsg:32635 -wo "INIT_DEST=NO_DATA" -et 0.0 -rpc -to"RPC_DEM=D:\temp\rb\DEM_merged.tif" -to"RPC_HEIGHT=22.0157"
  D:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.org.tifD:\temp\rb\3v050909p0000897861a520004700712m_001631680.rec2.tif

下面是另外一组GPS轨迹与处理结果叠加以及GDAL处理的横向锯齿问题。


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