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这里不讲高深理论,只说直观感受。哈希表的目的就是为了根据数据的部分内容(关键字),直接计算出存放完整数据的内存地址。
试想一下,如果从链表中根据关键字查找一个元素,那么就需要遍历才能得到这个元素的内存地址,如果链表长度很大,查找就需要更多的时间.
- void* list_find_by_key(list,key)
- {
- for(p=list;p!=NULL; p=p->next){
- if(p->key == key){
- return p;
- }
- return p;
- }
- }
为了解决根据关键字快速找到元素的存放地址,哈希表应运而生。它通过某种算法(哈希函数)直接根据关键字计算出元素的存放地址,由于无需遍历,所以效率很高。
- void* hash_table_find_by_key(table, key)
- {
- void* p = hash(key);
- return p;
- }
当然,上面的伪代码忽略了一个重要的事实:那就是不同的关键字可能产生出同样的hash值。
- hash("张三") = 23;
- hash("李四") = 30;
- hash("王五") = 23;
这种情况称为“冲突”,为了解决这个问题,有两种方法:一是链式扩展;二是开放寻址。这里只讲第一种:链式扩展。
也就是把具有相同hash值的元素放到一起,形成一个链表。这样在插入和寻找数据的时候就需要进一步判断。
- void* hash_table_find_by_key(table, key)
- {
- void* list = hash(key);
- return list_find_by_key(list, key);
- }
需要注意的是,只要hash函数合适,这里的链表通常都长度不大,所以查找效率依然很高。
下图是一个哈希表运行时内存布局:
实际工作中,大多数情况下,关键字都是字符串的形式,而大多数教科书上却使用整数关键字来举例,这非常脱离实际。为此,本人决定使用纯C语言开发一个哈希表结构,供大家参考。主要特点:
- #pragma once
- typedef struct HashTable HashTable;
-
- #ifdef __cplusplus
- extern "C" {
- #endif
-
- /* new an instance of HashTable */
- HashTable* hash_table_new();
-
- /*
- delete an instance of HashTable,
- all values are removed auotmatically.
- */
- void hash_table_delete(HashTable* ht);
-
- /*
- add or update a value to ht,
- free_value(if not NULL) is called automatically when the value is removed.
- return 0 if success, -1 if error occurred.
- */
- #define hash_table_put(ht,key,value) hash_table_put2(ht,key,value,NULL);
- int hash_table_put2(HashTable* ht, char* key, void* value, void(*free_value)(void*));
-
- /* get a value indexed by key, return NULL if not found. */
- void* hash_table_get(HashTable* ht, char* key);
-
- /* remove a value indexed by key */
- void hash_table_rm(HashTable* ht, char* key);
-
- #ifdef __cplusplus
- }
- #endif
- #include "HashTable.h"
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
-
- #define TABLE_SIZE (1024*1024)
-
- /* element of the hash table's chain list */
- struct kv
- {
- struct kv* next;
- char* key;
- void* value;
- void(*free_value)(void*);
- };
-
- /* HashTable */
- struct HashTable
- {
- struct kv ** table;
- };
-
- /* constructor of struct kv */
- static void init_kv(struct kv* kv)
- {
- kv->next = NULL;
- kv->key = NULL;
- kv->value = NULL;
- kv->free_value = NULL;
- }
- /* destructor of struct kv */
- static void free_kv(struct kv* kv)
- {
- if (kv) {
- if (kv->free_value) {
- kv->free_value(kv->value);
- }
- free(kv->key);
- kv->key = NULL;
- free(kv);
- }
- }
- /* the classic Times33 hash function */
- static unsigned int hash_33(char* key)
- {
- unsigned int hash = 0;
- while (*key) {
- hash = (hash << 5) + hash + *key++;
- }
- return hash;
- }
-
- /* new a HashTable instance */
- HashTable* hash_table_new()
- {
- HashTable* ht = malloc(sizeof(HashTable));
- if (NULL == ht) {
- hash_table_delete(ht);
- return NULL;
- }
- ht->table = malloc(sizeof(struct kv*) * TABLE_SIZE);
- if (NULL == ht->table) {
- hash_table_delete(ht);
- return NULL;
- }
- memset(ht->table, 0, sizeof(struct kv*) * TABLE_SIZE);
-
- return ht;
- }
- /* delete a HashTable instance */
- void hash_table_delete(HashTable* ht)
- {
- if (ht) {
- if (ht->table) {
- int i = 0;
- for (i = 0; i<TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
- struct kv* p = ht->table[i];
- struct kv* q = NULL;
- while (p) {
- q = p->next;
- free_kv(p);
- p = q;
- }
- }
- free(ht->table);
- ht->table = NULL;
- }
- free(ht);
- }
- }
-
- /* insert or update a value indexed by key */
- int hash_table_put2(HashTable* ht, char* key, void* value, void(*free_value)(void*))
- {
- int i = hash_33(key) % TABLE_SIZE;
- struct kv* p = ht->table[i];
- struct kv* prep = p;
-
- while (p) { /* if key is already stroed, update its value */
- if (strcmp(p->key, key) == 0) {
- if (p->free_value) {
- p->free_value(p->value);
- }
- p->value = value;
- p->free_value = free_value;
- break;
- }
- prep = p;
- p = p->next;
- }
-
- if (p == NULL) {/* if key has not been stored, then add it */
- char* kstr = malloc(strlen(key) + 1);
- if (kstr == NULL) {
- return -1;
- }
- struct kv * kv = malloc(sizeof(struct kv));
- if (NULL == kv) {
- free(kstr);
- kstr = NULL;
- return -1;
- }
- init_kv(kv);
- kv->next = NULL;
- strcpy(kstr, key);
- kv->key = kstr;
- kv->value = value;
- kv->free_value = free_value;
-
- if (prep == NULL) {
- ht->table[i] = kv;
- }
- else {
- prep->next = kv;
- }
- }
- return 0;
- }
-
- /* get a value indexed by key */
- void* hash_table_get(HashTable* ht, char* key)
- {
- int i = hash_33(key) % TABLE_SIZE;
- struct kv* p = ht->table[i];
- while (p) {
- if (strcmp(key, p->key) == 0) {
- return p->value;
- }
- p = p->next;
- }
- return NULL;
- }
-
- /* remove a value indexed by key */
- void hash_table_rm(HashTable* ht, char* key)
- {
- int i = hash_33(key) % TABLE_SIZE;
-
- struct kv* p = ht->table[i];
- struct kv* prep = p;
- while (p) {
- if (strcmp(key, p->key) == 0) {
- free_kv(p);
- if (p == prep) {
- ht->table[i] = NULL;
- }
- else {
- prep->next = p->next;
- }
- }
- prep = p;
- p = p->next;
- }
- }
下面是测试程序源码,基于C++。
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
-
- #include "HashTable.h"
-
- // 要放入哈希表中的结构体
- struct Student
- {
- int age;
- float score;
- char name[32];
- char data[1024 * 1024* 10];
- };
-
- // 结构体内存释放函数
- static void free_student(void* stu)
- {
- free(stu);
- }
-
- // 显示学生信息的函数
- static void show_student(struct Student* p)
- {
- printf("姓名:%s, 年龄:%d, 学分:%.2f\n", p->name, p->age, p->score);
- }
-
- int main()
- {
- // 新建一个HashTable实例
- HashTable* ht = hash_table_new();
- if (NULL == ht) {
- return -1;
- }
-
- // 向哈希表中加入多个学生结构体
- for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
- struct Student * stu = (struct Student*)malloc(sizeof(struct Student));
- stu->age = 18 + rand()%5;
- stu->score = 50.0f + rand() % 100;
- sprintf(stu->name, "同学%d", i);
- hash_table_put2(ht, stu->name, stu, free_student);
- }
-
- // 根据学生姓名查找学生结构
- for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
- char name[32];
- sprintf(name, "同学%d", i);
- struct Student * stu = (struct Student*)hash_table_get(ht, name);
- show_student(stu);
- }
-
- // 销毁哈希表实例
- hash_table_delete(ht);
- return 0;
- }
--------------------- 本文来自 smstong 的CSDN 博客 ,全文地址请点击:https://blog.csdn.net/smstong/article/details/51145786?utm_source=copy
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