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MySQL数据库备份mysqldump_mysqldump备份数据库
作者：AllinToyou | 2024-05-17 07:30:17
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mysqldump备份数据库
MySQL数据库备份mysqldump
前言
MySQL是一个广泛使用的开源关系型数据库管理系统，可用于存储和管理数据。为了保护数据，我们需要定期备份数据库，以便在数据丢失或损坏时可以恢复数据。在本文中，我将介绍如何使用mysqldump命令来备份MySQL数据库。
一、关于备份
热备份和冷备份
热备份是指在MySQL服务器运行时进行备份，这种备份方式不会中断MySQL服务器的正常运行。备份过程中，MySQL服务器仍然可以读写数据库。这种备份方式比较简单，适合数据量不是很大的情况。
冷备份是指在MySQL服务器停止运行时进行备份，这种备份方式需要将MySQL服务器停止运行一段时间，等待备份完成后再启动MySQL服务器。这种备份方式适合数据量较大的情况，因为备份时间较长，备份过程中MySQL服务器无法读写数据库。
一般来说，MySQL备份建议使用多种备份方式相结合，比如使用热备份进行备份，使用冷备份进行灾备。
MySQL备份种类
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完全备份（Full Backup）：包含数据表、索引、触发器、存储过程、视图、数据文件等所有内容。
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增量备份（Incremental Backup）：只包含最近一次完全备份之后修改过的数据，可以快速恢复最新的数据。
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差异备份（Differential Backup）：与增量备份类似，只包含最近一次完全备份之后修改过的数据，但可以通过两个差异备份之间的差异进行恢复，更加高效。
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压缩备份（Compressed Backup）：通过对数据进行压缩，减少备份文件的大小，便于存储和传输。
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远程备份（Remote Backup）：通过网络传输数据到远程服务器，可以实现数据的分布式备份和恢复。
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磁盘备份（Disk Backup）：将MySQL数据库文件和配置文件备份到磁盘上，可以实现快速恢复数据，但恢复速度相对较慢。
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文件备份（File Backup）：将MySQL数据库文件和配置文件备份到文件中，可以通过网络传输到其他服务器进行恢复。
不同的备份种类适用于不同的场景，需要根据实际情况进行选择。
二、mysqldump使用步骤
通常情况下， mysqldump 是 MySQL 内置的备份工具，可以用来备份和导出MySQL数据库。该工具通过生成一个包含数据库中所有表和表结构的SQL脚本文件，从而实现了数据备份和导出的功能。该脚本文件可以被用来还原MySQL数据库，或者在不同的MySQL服务器之间进行迁移。
常见参数
mysqldump是MySQL的备份工具，可以将MySQL数据库的结构和数据备份到指定的文件中。使用mysqldump备份MySQL数据库非常方便，以下是一些常用的mysqldump命令和选项：
mysqldump命令用于备份MySQL数据库，语法如下
mysqldump [OPTIONS] DATABASE [TABLE [TABLE ...]] > DUMPFILE
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其中，DATABASE是要备份的数据库名，TABLE是要备份的表名，多个表名之间用空格分隔，–skip-opt选项可以忽略优化选项，–all-databases选项可以备份所有数据库。
常用选项：
* b：备份二进制日志文件。
* h HOST：备份数据库所在主机的主机名或IP地址。
* u USERNAME：备份数据库所用的用户名。
* p PASSWORD：备份数据库所用的密码。
* r：将备份文件复制到指定的位置。
* t：只备份指定的数据表，而不备份数据表的其他信息，例如索引、触发器等。
* n：只备份表结构，而不备份表的数据。
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备份完成后，可以使用mysql命令加上用户名和密码连接到备份的数据库，查看备份文件中包含的内容，例如：
mysql -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD DATABASE
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创建备份文件
使用以下命令创建一个名为 backup.sql 的备份文件：
mysqldump -u root -p your_database_name > backup.sql
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其中，root 是 MySQL 的超级用户，your\_database\_name 是要备份的数据库名称。\> backup.sql 是将备份文件写入 backup.sql 文件中。
执行备份命令
如果你需要备份多个数据库或者多个表，可以在 mysqldump 命令中指定相应的选项。以下是备份多个数据库的命令示例：
mysqldump -u root -p -B your_database_name1 your_database_name2 > backup.sql
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其中，\-B 选项表示备份多个数据库。
检查备份文件
备份完成后，可以在 backup.sql 文件中查看备份文件的内容。
恢复数据
使用以下命令恢复备份文件中的数据：
mysql -u root -p your_database_name < backup.sql
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其中，root 是 MySQL 的超级用户，your\_database\_name 是要恢复的数据库名称。< backup.sql 是从备份文件中读取数据。
注意：在执行恢复命令前，一定要确保已经创建了相应的数据库和表。以上就是使用 mysqldump 进行数据备份和恢复的基本教程。
mysqldump --help
[root@mysql5_7 ~]# mysqldump --help mysqldump Ver 10.13 Distrib 5.7.43, for Linux (x86_64) Copyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Dumping structure and contents of MySQL databases and tables. Usage: mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables] OR mysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...] OR mysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS] Default options are read from the following files in the given order: /etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf /usr/etc/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf The following groups are read: mysqldump client The following options may be given as the first argument: --print-defaults Print the program argument list and exit. --no-defaults Don't read default options from any option file, except for login file. --defaults-file=# Only read default options from the given file #. --defaults-extra-file=# Read this file after the global files are read. --defaults-group-suffix=# Also read groups with concat(group, suffix) --login-path=# Read this path from the login file. -A, --all-databases Dump all the databases. This will be same as --databases with all databases selected. -Y, --all-tablespaces Dump all the tablespaces. -y, --no-tablespaces Do not dump any tablespace information. --add-drop-database Add a DROP DATABASE before each create. --add-drop-table Add a DROP TABLE before each create. (Defaults to on; use --skip-add-drop-table to disable.) --add-drop-trigger Add a DROP TRIGGER before each create. --add-locks Add locks around INSERT statements. (Defaults to on; use --skip-add-locks to disable.) --allow-keywords Allow creation of column names that are keywords. --apply-slave-statements Adds 'STOP SLAVE' prior to 'CHANGE MASTER' and 'START SLAVE' to bottom of dump. --bind-address=name IP address to bind to. --character-sets-dir=name Directory for character set files. -i, --comments Write additional information. (Defaults to on; use --skip-comments to disable.) --compatible=name Change the dump to be compatible with a given mode. By default tables are dumped in a format optimized for MySQL. Legal modes are: ansi, mysql323, mysql40, postgresql, oracle, mssql, db2, maxdb, no_key_options, no_table_options, no_field_options. One can use several modes separated by commas. Note: Requires MySQL server version 4.1.0 or higher. This option is ignored with earlier server versions. --compact Give less verbose output (useful for debugging). Disables structure comments and header/footer constructs. Enables options --skip-add-drop-table --skip-add-locks --skip-comments --skip-disable-keys --skip-set-charset. -c, --complete-insert Use complete insert statements. -C, --compress Use compression in server/client protocol. -a, --create-options Include all MySQL specific create options. (Defaults to on; use --skip-create-options to disable.) -B, --databases Dump several databases. Note the difference in usage; in this case no tables are given. All name arguments are regarded as database names. 'USE db_name;' will be included in the output. -#, --debug[=#] This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit. --debug-check This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit. --debug-info This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit. --default-character-set=name Set the default character set. --delete-master-logs Delete logs on master after backup. This automatically enables --master-data. -K, --disable-keys '/*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name DISABLE KEYS */; and '/*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name ENABLE KEYS */; will be put in the output. (Defaults to on; use --skip-disable-keys to disable.) --dump-slave[=#] This causes the binary log position and filename of the master to be appended to the dumped data output. Setting the value to 1, will printit as a CHANGE MASTER command in the dumped data output; if equal to 2, that command will be prefixed with a comment symbol. This option will turn --lock-all-tables on, unless --single-transaction is specified too (in which case a global read lock is only taken a short time at the beginning of the dump - don't forget to read about --single-transaction below). In all cases any action on logs will happen at the exact moment of the dump.Option automatically turns --lock-tables off. -E, --events Dump events. -e, --extended-insert Use multiple-row INSERT syntax that include several VALUES lists. (Defaults to on; use --skip-extended-insert to disable.) --fields-terminated-by=name Fields in the output file are terminated by the given string. --fields-enclosed-by=name Fields in the output file are enclosed by the given character. --fields-optionally-enclosed-by=name Fields in the output file are optionally enclosed by the given character. --fields-escaped-by=name Fields in the output file are escaped by the given character. -F, --flush-logs Flush logs file in server before starting dump. Note that if you dump many databases at once (using the option --databases= or --all-databases), the logs will be flushed for each database dumped. The exception is when using --lock-all-tables or --master-data: in this case the logs will be flushed only once, corresponding to the moment all tables are locked. So if you want your dump and the log flush to happen at the same exact moment you should use --lock-all-tables or --master-data with --flush-logs. --flush-privileges Emit a FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement after dumping the mysql database. This option should be used any time the dump contains the mysql database and any other database that depends on the data in the mysql database for proper restore. -f, --force Continue even if we get an SQL error. -?, --help Display this help message and exit. --hex-blob Dump binary strings (BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB) in hexadecimal format. -h, --host=name Connect to host. --ignore-error=name A comma-separated list of error numbers to be ignored if encountered during dump. --ignore-table=name Do not dump the specified table. To specify more than one table to ignore, use the directive multiple times, once for each table. Each table must be specified with both database and table names, e.g., --ignore-table=database.table. --include-master-host-port Adds 'MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>' to 'CHANGE MASTER TO..' in dump produced with --dump-slave. --insert-ignore Insert rows with INSERT IGNORE. --lines-terminated-by=name Lines in the output file are terminated by the given string. -x, --lock-all-tables Locks all tables across all databases. This is achieved by taking a global read lock for the duration of the whole dump. Automatically turns --single-transaction and --lock-tables off. -l, --lock-tables Lock all tables for read. (Defaults to on; use --skip-lock-tables to disable.) --log-error=name Append warnings and errors to given file. --master-data[=#] This causes the binary log position and filename to be appended to the output. If equal to 1, will print it as a CHANGE MASTER command; if equal to 2, that command will be prefixed with a comment symbol. This option will turn --lock-all-tables on, unless --single-transaction is specified too (in which case a global read lock is only taken a short time at the beginning of the dump; don't forget to read about --single-transaction below). In all cases, any action on logs will happen at the exact moment of the dump. Option automatically turns --lock-tables off. --max-allowed-packet=# The maximum packet length to send to or receive from server. --net-buffer-length=# The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication. --no-autocommit Wrap tables with autocommit/commit statements. -n, --no-create-db Suppress the CREATE DATABASE ... IF EXISTS statement that normally is output for each dumped database if --all-databases or --databases is given. -t, --no-create-info Don't write table creation info. -d, --no-data No row information. -N, --no-set-names Same as --skip-set-charset. --opt Same as --add-drop-table, --add-locks, --create-options, --quick, --extended-insert, --lock-tables, --set-charset, and --disable-keys. Enabled by default, disable with --skip-opt. --order-by-primary Sorts each table's rows by primary key, or first unique key, if such a key exists. Useful when dumping a MyISAM table to be loaded into an InnoDB table, but will make the dump itself take considerably longer. -p, --password[=name] Password to use when connecting to server. If password is not given it's solicited on the tty. -P, --port=# Port number to use for connection. --protocol=name The protocol to use for connection (tcp, socket, pipe, memory). -q, --quick Don't buffer query, dump directly to stdout. (Defaults to on; use --skip-quick to disable.) -Q, --quote-names Quote table and column names with backticks (`). (Defaults to on; use --skip-quote-names to disable.) --replace Use REPLACE INTO instead of INSERT INTO. -r, --result-file=name Direct output to a given file. This option should be used in systems (e.g., DOS, Windows) that use carriage-return linefeed pairs (\r\n) to separate text lines. This option ensures that only a single newline is used. -R, --routines Dump stored routines (functions and procedures). --set-charset Add 'SET NAMES default_character_set' to the output. (Defaults to on; use --skip-set-charset to disable.) --set-gtid-purged[=name] Add 'SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED' to the output. Possible values for this option are ON, OFF and AUTO. If ON is used and GTIDs are not enabled on the server, an error is generated. If OFF is used, this option does nothing. If AUTO is used and GTIDs are enabled on the server, 'SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED' is added to the output. If GTIDs are disabled, AUTO does nothing. If no value is supplied then the default (AUTO) value will be considered. --single-transaction Creates a consistent snapshot by dumping all tables in a single transaction. Works ONLY for tables stored in storage engines which support multiversioning (currently only InnoDB does); the dump is NOT guaranteed to be consistent for other storage engines. While a --single-transaction dump is in process, to ensure a valid dump file (correct table contents and binary log position), no other connection should use the following statements: ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE, as consistent snapshot is not isolated from them. Option automatically turns off --lock-tables. --dump-date Put a dump date to the end of the output. (Defaults to on; use --skip-dump-date to disable.) --skip-mysql-schema Skip adding DROP DATABASE for mysql schema. --skip-opt Disable --opt. Disables --add-drop-table, --add-locks, --create-options, --quick, --extended-insert, --lock-tables, --set-charset, and --disable-keys. -S, --socket=name The socket file to use for connection. --secure-auth Refuse client connecting to server if it uses old (pre-4.1.1) protocol. Deprecated. Always TRUE --ssl-mode=name SSL connection mode. --ssl Deprecated. Use --ssl-mode instead. (Defaults to on; use --skip-ssl to disable.) --ssl-verify-server-cert Deprecated. Use --ssl-mode=VERIFY_IDENTITY instead. --ssl-ca=name CA file in PEM format. --ssl-capath=name CA directory. --ssl-cert=name X509 cert in PEM format. --ssl-cipher=name SSL cipher to use. --ssl-key=name X509 key in PEM format. --ssl-crl=name Certificate revocation list. --ssl-crlpath=name Certificate revocation list path. --tls-version=name TLS version to use, permitted values are: TLSv1, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2 --server-public-key-path=name File path to the server public RSA key in PEM format. --get-server-public-key Get server public key -T, --tab=name Create tab-separated textfile for each table to given path. (Create .sql and .txt files.) NOTE: This only works if mysqldump is run on the same machine as the mysqld server. --tables Overrides option --databases (-B). --triggers Dump triggers for each dumped table. (Defaults to on; use --skip-triggers to disable.) --tz-utc SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' at top of dump to allow dumping of TIMESTAMP data when a server has data in different time zones or data is being moved between servers with different time zones. (Defaults to on; use --skip-tz-utc to disable.) -u, --user=name User for login if not current user. -v, --verbose Print info about the various stages. -V, --version Output version information and exit. -w, --where=name Dump only selected records. Quotes are mandatory. -X, --xml Dump a database as well formed XML. --plugin-dir=name Directory for client-side plugins. --default-auth=name Default authentication client-side plugin to use. --enable-cleartext-plugin Enable/disable the clear text authentication plugin. Variables (--variable-name=value) and boolean options {FALSE|TRUE} Value (after reading options) --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- all-databases FALSE all-tablespaces FALSE no-tablespaces FALSE add-drop-database FALSE add-drop-table TRUE add-drop-trigger FALSE add-locks TRUE allow-keywords FALSE apply-slave-statements FALSE bind-address (No default value) character-sets-dir (No default value) comments TRUE compatible (No default value) compact FALSE complete-insert FALSE compress FALSE create-options TRUE databases FALSE default-character-set utf8 delete-master-logs FALSE disable-keys TRUE dump-slave 0 events FALSE extended-insert TRUE fields-terminated-by (No default value) fields-enclosed-by (No default value) fields-optionally-enclosed-by (No default value) fields-escaped-by (No default value) flush-logs FALSE flush-privileges FALSE force FALSE hex-blob FALSE host (No default value) ignore-error (No default value) include-master-host-port FALSE insert-ignore FALSE lines-terminated-by (No default value) lock-all-tables FALSE lock-tables TRUE log-error (No default value) master-data 0 max-allowed-packet 25165824 net-buffer-length 1046528 no-autocommit FALSE no-create-db FALSE no-create-info FALSE no-data FALSE order-by-primary FALSE port 0 quick TRUE quote-names TRUE replace FALSE routines FALSE set-charset TRUE single-transaction FALSE dump-date TRUE skip-mysql-schema FALSE socket (No default value) secure-auth TRUE ssl TRUE ssl-verify-server-cert FALSE ssl-ca (No default value) ssl-capath (No default value) ssl-cert (No default value) ssl-cipher (No default value) ssl-key (No default value) ssl-crl (No default value) ssl-crlpath (No default value) tls-version (No default value) server-public-key-path (No default value) get-server-public-key FALSE tab (No default value) triggers TRUE tz-utc TRUE user (No default value) verbose FALSE where (No default value) plugin-dir (No default value) default-auth (No default value) enable-cleartext-plugin FALSE
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总结
本文介绍了使用mysqldump命令备份MySQL数据库的方法和步骤。mysqldump是MySQL的备份工具，可以备份整个MySQL数据库或者单个表。备份种类包括完全备份、增量备份、差异备份、压缩备份、远程备份、磁盘备份和文件备份。文章详细介绍了安装mysqldump、创建备份文件、执行备份命令、检查备份文件和恢复数据的步骤。备份完成后，可以查看备份文件的内容，并使用mysql命令恢复备份文件中的数据。文章最后总结了使用mysqldump备份和恢复MySQL数据库的基本教程。
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