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MQTT(消息队列遥测传输协议),是一种基于发布/订阅(publish/subscribe)模式的通讯协议,该协议构建于TCP/IP协议上。MQTT最大优点在于,可以以极少的代码和有限的带宽,为连接远程设备提供实时可靠的消息服务。MQTT 协议的应用场景包括物联网、移动应用、车联网、智能家居、即时聊天等。
使用发布/订阅消息模式。
对负载内容屏蔽的消息传输。
使用TCP/IP提供网络连接。
有三种消息发布服务质量:
“至多一次”,消息发布完全依赖底层TCP/IP网络。会发生消息丢失或重复。这一级别可用于如下情况,环境传感器数据,丢失一次读记录无所谓,因为不久后还会有第二次发送。这一种方式主要普通APP的推送,倘若你的智能设备在消息推送时未联网,推送过去没收到,再次联网也就收不到了。
“至少一次”,确保消息到达,但消息重复可能会发生。
“只有一次”,确保消息到达一次。在一些要求比较严格的计费系统中,可以使用此级别。在计费系统中,消息重复或丢失会导致不正确的结果。这种最高质量的消息发布服务还可以用于即时通讯类的APP的推送,确保用户收到且只会收到一次。
小型传输,开销很小(固定长度的头部是2字节),协议交换最小化,以降低网络流量。
使用Last Will和Testament特性通知有关各方客户端异常中断的机制。
Last Will:即遗言机制,用于通知同一主题下的其他设备发送遗言的设备已经断开了连接。
Testament:遗嘱机制,功能类似于Last Will。
1.订阅(Subscription)
订阅包含主题筛选器(Topic Filter)和最大服务质量(QoS)。订阅会与一个会话(Session)关联。一个会话可以包含多个订阅。每一个会话中的每个订阅都有一个不同的主题筛选器。
2.会话(Session)
每个客户端与服务器建立连接后就是一个会话,客户端和服务器之间有状态交互。会话存在于一个网络之间,也可能在客户端和服务器之间跨越多个连续的网络连接。
3.主题名(Topic Name)
连接到一个应用程序消息的标签,该标签与服务器的订阅相匹配。服务器会将消息发送给订阅所匹配标签的每个客户端。
4.主题筛选器(Topic Filter)
一个对主题名通配符筛选器,在订阅表达式中使用,表示订阅所匹配到的多个主题。
5.负载(Payload)
消息订阅者所具体接收的内容。
使用 EMQX CLOUD 进行mqtt服务的部署
部署教程:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Bx4y1K7hN/
使用Serverless版本每月有免费额度
npm i mqtt
完整代码已上传至github
https://github.com/void00013/8.mqtt_vue3_test/tree/main
请自行下载依赖后运行
// Home.vue <template> <div class="home-container"> <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;"> <div class="emq-title"> Configuration </div> <el-form ref="configForm" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="connection"> <el-row :gutter="20"> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="host" label="Host"> <el-row :gutter="10"> <el-col :span="7"> <el-select v-model="connection.protocol" @change="handleProtocolChange"> <el-option label="ws://" value="ws"></el-option> <el-option label="wss://" value="wss"></el-option> </el-select> </el-col> <el-col :span="17"> <el-input v-model="connection.host"></el-input> </el-col> </el-row> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="port" label="Port"> <el-input v-model.number="connection.port" type="number" placeholder="8083/8084"></el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="endpoint" label="Mountpoint"> <el-input v-model="connection.endpoint" placeholder="/mqtt"></el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="clientId" label="Client ID"> <el-input v-model="connection.clientId"> </el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="username" label="Username"> <el-input v-model="connection.username"></el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="password" label="Password"> <el-input v-model="connection.password"></el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="24"> <el-button type="success" size="small" class="conn-btn" style="margin-right: 20px;" :disabled="client.connected" @click="createConnection" :loading="connecting"> {{ client.connected ? 'Connected' : 'Connect' }} </el-button> <el-button v-if="client.connected" type="danger" size="small" class="conn-btn" @click="destroyConnection"> Disconnect </el-button> </el-col> </el-row> </el-form> </el-card> <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;"> <div class="emq-title"> Subscribe </div> <el-form ref="subscription" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="subscription"> <el-row :gutter="20"> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="topic" label="Topic"> <el-input v-model="subscription.topic"></el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="qos" label="QoS"> <el-select v-model="subscription.qos"> <el-option v-for="qos in qosList" :key="qos" :label="qos" :value="qos"></el-option> </el-select> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="subscribe-btn" @click="doSubscribe"> {{ subscribeSuccess ? 'Subscribed' : 'Subscribe' }} </el-button> <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="subscribe-btn" style="margin-left:20px" @click="doUnSubscribe" v-if="subscribeSuccess"> Unsubscribe </el-button> </el-col> </el-row> </el-form> </el-card> <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;"> <div class="emq-title"> Publish </div> <el-form ref="publish" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="publish"> <el-row :gutter="20"> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="topic" label="Topic"> <el-input v-model="publish.topic"></el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="payload" label="Payload"> <el-input v-model="publish.payload"></el-input> </el-form-item> </el-col> <el-col :span="8"> <el-form-item prop="qos" label="QoS"> <el-select v-model="publish.qos"> <el-option v-for="qos in qosList" :key="qos" :label="qos" :value="qos"></el-option> </el-select> </el-form-item> </el-col> </el-row> </el-form> <el-col :span="24"> <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="publish-btn" @click="doPublish"> Publish </el-button> </el-col> </el-card> <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;"> <div class="emq-title"> Receive </div> <el-col :span="24"> <el-input type="textarea" :rows="3" style="margin-bottom: 15px" v-model="receiveNews" readOnly></el-input> </el-col> </el-card> </div> </template> <script> import mqtt from 'mqtt' export default { name: 'Home', data() { return { connection: { protocol: 'wss', host: '你的mqtt服务器地址', // server less服务器只有两种协议:mqtts: 8883; wss: 8084 port: 8084, endpoint: '/mqtt', clean: true, connectTimeout: 30 * 1000, // ms reconnectPeriod: 4000, // ms clientId: 'emqx_vue_' + Math.random().toString(16).substring(2, 8), // auth username: 'void', password: '123', }, subscription: { topic: 'topic/mqttx', qos: 0, }, publish: { topic: 'topic/browser', qos: 0, payload: '{ "msg": "Hello, I am browser." }', }, receiveNews: '', qosList: [0, 1, 2], client: { connected: false, }, subscribeSuccess: false, connecting: false, retryTimes: 0, } }, methods: { initData() { this.client = { connected: false, } this.retryTimes = 0 this.connecting = false this.subscribeSuccess = false }, handleOnReConnect() { this.retryTimes += 1 if (this.retryTimes > 5) { try { this.client.end() this.initData() this.$message.error('Connection maxReconnectTimes limit, stop retry') } catch (error) { this.$message.error(error.toString()) } } }, createConnection() { try { this.connecting = true const { protocol, host, port, endpoint, ...options } = this.connection const connectUrl = `${protocol}://${host}:${port}${endpoint}` this.client = mqtt.connect(connectUrl, options) if (this.client.on) { this.client.on('connect', () => { this.connecting = false console.log('Connection succeeded!') }) this.client.on('reconnect', this.handleOnReConnect) this.client.on('error', (error) => { console.log('Connection failed', error) }) this.client.on('message', (topic, message) => { this.receiveNews = this.receiveNews.concat(message) console.log(`Received message ${message} from topic ${topic}`) }) } } catch (error) { this.connecting = false console.log('mqtt.connect error', error) } }, // subscribe topic doSubscribe() { const { topic, qos } = this.subscription this.client.subscribe(topic, { qos }, (error, res) => { if (error) { console.log('Subscribe to topics error', error) return } this.subscribeSuccess = true console.log('Subscribe to topics res', res) }) }, // unsubscribe topic doUnSubscribe() { const { topic } = this.subscription this.client.unsubscribe(topic, (error) => { if (error) { console.log('Unsubscribe error', error) } }) }, // publish message doPublish() { const { topic, qos, payload } = this.publish this.client.publish(topic, payload, { qos }, (error) => { if (error) { console.log('Publish error', error) } }) }, // disconnect destroyConnection() { if (this.client.connected) { try { this.client.end(false, () => { this.initData() console.log('Successfully disconnected!') }) } catch (error) { console.log('Disconnect failed', error.toString()) } } }, handleProtocolChange(value) { this.connection.port = value === 'wss' ? '8084' : '8083' }, }, } </script> <style lang="scss"> @import url('../assets/style/home.scss'); .home-container { max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; .conn-btn { color: #fff; background-color: #00b173; font-size: 14px; } .publish-btn { margin-bottom: 20px; float: right; } .el-button--success { background-color: #34c388 !important; border-color: #34c388 !important; font-size: 14px !important; } .el-button--danger { background-color: #f5222d !important; border-color: #f5222d !important; } .el-form-item { &.is-error { .el-input__inner, .el-textarea__inner { box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(245, 34, 45, 0.2); } } &.is-success { .el-input__inner, .el-textarea__inner { border-color: #34c388 !important; } } } } </style>
// home.scss body { background-color: #f0f2f5; padding: 0; margin: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65); font-size: 14px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol; } .emq-title { font-size: 16px; color: #333333; font-weight: bolder; margin-bottom: 15px; &.h3 { font-size: 14px; } &[size='small'] { font-size: 14px; } .sub-title { font-weight: normal; display: block; font-size: 12px; color: #8f9297; margin-top: 12px; } &.required-title { &:before { content: '*'; color: #f5222d; margin-right: 4px; } } } .el-select { width: 100%; } .subscribe-btn { margin-top: 42px !important; } .publish-btn { margin-bottom: 30px; }
官方提供了vue、react、java、python等各种语言的代码案例,如有需要请自行查看
https://github.com/emqx/MQTT-Client-Examples/tree/master
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