当前位置:   article > 正文

Linux系统基础操作管理_lux系统

lux系统

一、系统基础操作规范

1.第一个规范

输出命令信息需要在命令提示符之后输入

命令提示符:

[root@oldboy ~]#
  • 1

root 表示当前登录系统用户名称

oldboy 表示当前系统主机名称

~ 表示当前所进入的系统目录路径

# 表示当前登录系统用户的权限

# 为root 管理员权限

$ 为非管理员权限

2.第二个规范

命令输入格式

(1)第一个输入格式:命令 回车

e.g.

[root@oldboy ~]# ls
  • 1

(2)第二个输入格式:命令(空格)[-]参数

e.g.

ip 查看网络信息

[root@oldboy ~]# ip address(参数) show(参数)
  • 1
[root@oldboy ~]# ip route(参数) show(参数)
  • 1

(3)第三个输入格式:命令(空格)[-]参数(空格)对象

e.g.

[root@oldboy ~]# cat -n /etc/hosts
  • 1

二、系统基础网络配置

1.查看网络信息

ip 查看网络信息

(1)查看系统IP地址信息

[root@oldboy ~]# ip address show
  • 1

(2)查看指定网卡信息

[root@oldboy ~]# ip address show eth0
  • 1

(3)查看指定网卡信息(简写)

[root@oldboy ~]# ip a s eth0
  • 1

2.修改网卡信息

图形界面修改网卡

[root@oldboy ~]#nmtui
  • 1
255.255.255.0/24 C类地址
255.255.0.0/16 B类地址
255.0.0.0/8 A类地址
255.192.0.0/10 A类地址子网掩码
255.255.192.0/18 B类地址子网掩码
255.255.255.252/30 C类地址子网掩码

3.重启网卡服务

[root@oldboy ~]# systemctl restart network
  • 1

三、系统远程连接管理

1.第一个步骤:配置好操作系统网络信息

2.第二个步骤:确认系统中远程服务是否启动

[root@oldboy ~]#systemctl status sshd
  • 1

3.第三个步骤:客户端安装远程软件

XShell软件设置:

文件-默认会话属性

(1)终端:终端类型:linux

            缓冲区大小:200000(最大值)
  • 1

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-H3sLv3rY-1654492271967)(image/3d838214934fdbbbbbb89002f3f050e0_8N1oFPWseE.png)]

(2)外观:字体大小:18

          勾选使用闪烁的光标

          速度:500millisec
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-pYrFlkiN-1654492271969)(image/ab6417281b49957ba17a2728c6dbf2a2_M8UNlUxcLd.png)]

(3)高级-日志记录:勾选连接时开始日志记录

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-c3vUwYNo-1654492271969)(image/391bcb1329afe802ff88330931423c2e_hX7DhVDz0A.png)]

四、系统基础命令介绍

1.系统运行管理命令

(1)系统关机命令

延迟关机(默认延迟1分钟)

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -h
  • 1

延迟10分钟关机

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -h 10
  • 1

立即关机

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -h now
  • 1

或者

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -h 0
  • 1

问题:如何指定在某个时间点(零点)关机?

(2)系统重启命令

延迟重启(默认延迟1分钟)

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -r
  • 1

延迟10分钟重启

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -r 10
  • 1

立即重启

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -r now
  • 1

或者

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -r 0
  • 1

(3)取消关机/重启命令

[root@oldboy ~]#shutdown -c
  • 1

2.系统命令帮助方式

(1)man

e.g.

[root@oldboy ~]# man cat
CAT(1)                                              User Commands                                              CAT(1)
NAME
       cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output
SYNOPSIS
       cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
       Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.
       -A, --show-all
              equivalent to -vET
       -b, --number-nonblank
              number nonempty output lines, overrides -n
       -e     equivalent to -vE
       -E, --show-ends
              display $ at end of each line
       -n, --number
              number all output lines
       -s, --squeeze-blank
              suppress repeated empty output lines
       -t     equivalent to -vT
       -T, --show-tabs
              display TAB characters as ^I
       -u     (ignored)
       -v, --show-nonprinting
              use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB
       --help display this help and exit
       --version
              output version information and exit
       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
EXAMPLES
       cat f - g
              Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents.
       cat    Copy standard input to standard output.
       GNU   coreutils   online   help:  <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>  Report  cat  translation  bugs  to
       <http://translationproject.org/team/>
AUTHOR
       Written by Torbjorn Granlund and Richard M. Stallman.
COPYRIGHT
       Copyright  ©  2013  Free  Software  Foundation,  Inc.   License  GPLv3+:  GNU   GPL   version   3   or   later
       <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is  free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.  There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent per‐
       mitted by law.
SEE ALSO
       tac(1)
       The full documentation for cat is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If the info and cat programs  are  properly
       installed at your site, the command
              info coreutils 'cat invocation'
       should give you access to the complete manual.
GNU coreutils 8.22                                    April 2018
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49

(2)–help/ --h /-h

e.g.

[root@oldboy ~]# cat --help
用法:cat [选项]... [文件]...
将[文件]或标准输入组合输出到标准输出。
  -A, --show-all           等于-vET
  -b, --number-nonblank    对非空输出行编号
  -e                       等于-vE
  -E, --show-ends          在每行结束处显示"$"
  -n, --number             对输出的所有行编号
  -s, --squeeze-blank      不输出多行空行
  -t                       与-vT 等价
  -T, --show-tabs          将跳格字符显示为^I
  -u                       (被忽略)
  -v, --show-nonprinting   使用^ 和M- 引用,除了LFD和 TAB 之外
      --help                显示此帮助信息并退出
      --version                显示版本信息并退出
如果没有指定文件,或者文件为"-",则从标准输入读取。
示例:
  cat f - g  先输出f 的内容,然后输出标准输入的内容,最后输出g 的内容。
  cat        将标准输入的内容复制到标准输出。
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
请向<http://translationproject.org/team/zh_CN.html> 报告cat 的翻译错误
要获取完整文档,请运行:info coreutils 'cat invocation'
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22

(3)help(只能查看内置命令)

系统中的命令分为两种类型:

① 内置命令:系统自带的命令,包含以下命令:

bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, complete, compopt, continue,declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history,jobs, kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt,source, suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait

② 外置命令:需要安装第三方软件包才能使用的命令

e.g.

[root@oldboy ~]# help cd
cd: cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir]
    Change the shell working directory.
   
    Change the current directory to DIR.  The default DIR is the value of the
    HOME shell variable.
   
    The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing
    DIR.  Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).
    A null directory name is the same as the current directory.  If DIR begins
    with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.
   
    If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set,
    the word is assumed to be  a variable name.  If that variable has a value,
    its value is used for DIR.
   
    Options:
        -L        force symbolic links to be followed
        -P        use the physical directory structure without following symbolic
            links
        -e        if the -P option is supplied, and the current working directory
            cannot be determined successfully, exit with a non-zero status
   
    The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified.
   
    Exit Status:
    Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when
    -P is used; non-zero otherwise.
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28

3.系统目录相关命令

(1)创建新的目录

mkdir - make directories 创建目录

语法结构:

mkdir [OPTION]… DIRECTORY…

e.g.

创建一个目录

[root@oldboy ~]# mkdir /data
  • 1

创建多个连续的目录

[root@oldboy ~]# mkdir /data{01..50}}
  • 1

创建多个等差为2的目录

[root@oldboy ~]# mkdir /data/oldboy{01..10..2}
  • 1

创建多个无序列顺序的目录

[root@oldboy ~]# mkdir {conf,log,data}
  • 1

创建多级目录

-p no error if existing, make parent directories as needed/如果想创建的目录已经存在,以及当创建一个目录,需要创建父级目录的时候,不要显示错误提示

[root@oldboy ~]# mkdir -p /data/oldboy/oldgirl/oldbaby/olddog
[root@oldboy data]# tree /data/oldboy
/data/oldboy
└── oldgirl
└── oldbaby
└── olddog
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

(2)删除空目录

rmdir - remove empty directories 删除空目录

语法结构:

rmdir [OPTION]… DIRECTORY…

e.g.

[root@oldboy ~]# rmdir /data/oldboy01
  • 1

(3)切换目录

cd - Change the shell working directory 切换工作目录

语法结构:

cd [OPTION]… DIRECTORY…

e.g.

绝对路径切换目录:从根开始切换目录

[root@oldboy etc]# cd /data/oldboy
  • 1

相对路径切换目录:从当前路径开始切换目录

[root@oldboy oldboy]# cd oldgirl/
  • 1

返回上一级目录

[root@oldboy oldgirl]# cd ..或者cd../
  • 1

返回指定的上级目录

[root@oldboy olddog]# cd ../../../
  • 1

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-G4H6iDSz-1654492271970)(image/1e1e5063e09b784f884113498279fbc8_fVcABQbiIL.png)]

目录之间的互相切换:切换到上次所在目录

[root@oldboy olddog]# cd -
  • 1

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-VjcrNTWT-1654492271970)(image/ee59d85e1e389062595b36485ce01776_gHTO8EO9IF.png)]

快速返回家目录

[root@oldboy olddog]# cd ~
  • 1

或者

[root@oldboy olddog]# cd ~
  • 1

(4)查看所在目录路径

pwd - Print the full filename of the current working directory

[root@oldboy ~]# pwd
/root
  • 1
  • 2

(5)查看目录中的数据信息

ls - list directory contents

语法结构:

ls [OPTION]… [FILE]…

e.g.

绝对路径方式查看目录信息

[root@oldboy /]# ls /data/oldboy
oldgirl
  • 1
  • 2

相对路径方式查看目录信息

[root@oldboy data]# ls oldboy
oldgirl
  • 1
  • 2

查看当前路径下的所有数据信息

[root@oldboy oldboy]# ls
oldgirl
  • 1
  • 2

查看指定文件是否存在

* - 匹配任意字符

[root@oldboy oldboy]# ls /etc/hosts
/etc/hosts
[root@oldboy oldboy]# ls /etc/host*
/etc/host.conf  /etc/hostname  /etc/hosts  /etc/hosts.allow  /etc/hosts.deny
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

查看文件详细属性信息

[root@oldboy oldboy]# ls -l /etc/hosts
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 158 67 2013 /etc/hosts
[root@oldboy oldboy]# ll /etc/hosts
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 158 67 2013 /etc/hosts
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

查看指定目录详细属性信息

[root@oldboy oldboy]# ls -ld /etc/
drwxr-xr-x. 80 root root 8192 324 16:10 /etc/
  • 1
  • 2

查看最新修改的文件信息(按照时间排序显示数据信息)

-t 按正向时间排序 历史数据显示在最下面

-r 反向排序

-tr 按反向时间排序 最新数据显示在最下面

[root@oldboy oldboy]# ll -tr /data/
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 326 09:49 oldboy01
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 21 325 17:19 oldboy
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:10 data
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:10 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:10 log
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:07 oldboy09
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:07 oldboy03
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:07 oldboy05
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:07 oldboy07
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11

-S 按文件大小排序查看文件信息

-r 反向排序

[root@oldboy oldboy]# ll -S /data/
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 21 325 17:19 oldboy
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:10 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:10 data
[root@oldboy oldboy]# ll -Sr /data/
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:10 data
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 325 17:10 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 21 325 17:19 oldboy
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9

-lh 以人类可读方式显示文件大小信息

[root@oldboy ~]# ll -h /etc/services
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 655K 67 2013 /etc/services
  • 1
  • 2

4.系统文件相关命令

(1)创建文件信息

touch - change file timestamps

语法结构:

touch [OPTION]… FILE…

e.g.

创建空文件信息

[root@oldboy data]# touch oldgirl.txt 
  • 1

(2)编辑文件信息

1) echo - display a line of text

语法结构:

echo [SHORT-OPTION]… [STRING]…

echo LONG-OPTION

e.g.

输出hello

[root@oldboy data]# echo hello
hello
  • 1
  • 2

e.g.

echo “文件信息” > /data/oldboy.txt 标准输出重定向**(会清空文件内原有的内容)**

[root@oldboy data]# echo oldboyedu > oldboy.txt
[root@oldboy data]# cat oldboy.txt
oldboyedu
[root@oldboy data]# echo oldgriledu > oldboy.txt
[root@oldboy data]# cat oldboy.txt
oldgriledu
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

echo “文件信息” >>/data/oldboy.txt 标准追加输出重定向**(在文件原有内容重启一行写入新内容)**

[root@oldboy data]# echo oldbaby >> oldboy.txt
[root@oldboy data]# cat oldboy.txt
oldgriledu
oldbaby
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

清空文件原有内容

[root@oldboy data]# > oldboy.txt
[root@oldboy data]# cat oldboy.txt
  • 1
  • 2

e.g.

[root@oldboy data]# > oldboy.txt
[root@oldboy data]# cat oldboy.txt
  • 1
  • 2

e.g.

实现多个用户之间传输会话

[root@oldboy data]# ps -ef
sshd: root@pts/0 root登录的会话进程
sshd: root@pts/1 oldboy登录的会话进程
[root@oldboy data]# echo "oldboy你在做什么"> /dev/pts/1
oldboy你在做什么
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
2) cat 编辑多行内容到文件中
[root@oldboy data]# cat >>oldboy.txt << EOF
> 1
> 2
> 3
> EOF
[root@oldboy data]# cat oldboy.txt
1
2
3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9

cat xxx文件 > xxx文件 将某文件中的文本内容覆盖输出到另外一个文件(此文件可以原本不存在)中

[root@oldboy ~]# ll /tmp/
总用量 0
drwx------. 3 root root 17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
[root@oldboy ~]# cat /etc/services > /tmp/oldboy.txt
[root@oldboy ~]# ll /tmp/
总用量 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 419 17:19 oldboy.txt
drwx------. 3 root root 17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8

cat xxx文件 >> xxx文件 将某文件中的文本内容追加输出到另外一个文件(此文件可以原本存在)原有的文本内容后面

[root@oldboy ~]# cat /etc/services >> /tmp/oldboy.txt
[root@oldboy ~]# ll /tmp/
总用量 1728
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1340586 419 17:19 oldboy.txt
drwx------. 3 root root 17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

(3)查看文件内容

1) cat 一次性查看文件所有内容
2) less 逐行逐页查看文件内容 可以标记显示查找的内容推荐使用此命令

回车 逐行查看文件内容

空格 逐页查看文件内容

3) more 逐行逐页查看文件内容(显示百分比查看进度)

n 逐行查看文件内容

空格 逐页查看文件内容

4) head 只看文件的前几行内容(默认只看前10行内容)

head -n n表示看前几行

[root@oldboy ~]# cat /tmp/oldgirl.txt
01.老男孩学科:Linux
02.老男孩学科:Python
03.老男孩学科:网络安全
04.老男孩学科:dba
05.老男孩学科:新媒体
[root@oldboy ~]# head -2 /tmp/oldgirl.txt
01.老男孩学科:Linux
02.老男孩学科:Python
[root@oldboy ~]# head /tmp/oldboy.txt
# /etc/services:
# $Id: services,v 1.55 2013/04/14 ovasik Exp $
#
# Network services, Internet style
# IANA services version: last updated 2013-04-10
#
# Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known
# port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries
# even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations.
# Updated from RFC 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October 1994). Not all ports
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
5) tail 只看文件的后几行内容(默认只看后10行内容)
tail -n   n表示看后几行
  • 1
[root@oldboy ~]# cat /tmp/oldgirl.txt
01.老男孩学科:Linux
02.老男孩学科:Python
03.老男孩学科:网络安全
04.老男孩学科:dba
05.老男孩学科:新媒体
[root@oldboy ~]# tail -2 /tmp/oldgirl.txt
04.老男孩学科:dba
05.老男孩学科:新媒体
[root@oldboy ~]# tail /tmp/oldboy.txt
3gpp-cbsp 48049/tcp # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv 48128/tcp # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv 48128/udp # Image Systems Network Services
blp5 48129/tcp # Bloomberg locator
blp5 48129/udp # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw 48556/tcp # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw 48556/udp # com-bardac-dw
iqobject 48619/tcp # iqobject
iqobject 48619/udp # iqobject
matahari 49000/tcp # Matahari Broker
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20

(4)文件备份(拷贝)操作

cp - copy files and directories

语法结构:

cp [OPTION]… [-T] SOURCE DEST

cp [OPTION]… SOURCE… DIRECTORY

cp [OPTION]… -t DIRECTORY SOURCE…

e.g.

备份(拷贝)文件

[root@oldboy data]# cp /data/oldboy.txt /backup/
  • 1

备份(拷贝)文件并重命名(建议结合日期命名)

[root@oldboy data]# cp /data/oldboy.txt /backup/oldboy.txt-11月11日
  • 1

备份(拷贝)目录

[root@oldboy data]# cp -r /data/ /backup/
[root@oldboy data]# ll /backup/
总用量 12
drwxr-xr-x. 62 root root 4096 424 10:30 data
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

备份(拷贝)目录并重命名

[root@oldboy data]# cp -r /data/ /backup/data_11月11日
[root@oldboy data]# ll /backup/
总用量 16
drwxr-xr-x. 62 root root 4096 424 10:30 data
drwxr-xr-x. 62 root root 4096 424 10:33 data_11月11日
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

(5)文件移动操作

mv - move (rename) files

SYNOPSIS

   mv \[OPTION]... \[-T] SOURCE DEST

   mv \[OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

   mv \[OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

e.g.

移动文件到指定目录

[root@oldboy data]# touch /etc/oldboy.conf
[root@oldboy data]# mv /etc/oldboy.conf /data/
[root@oldboy data]# ll /etc/oldboy.conf
ls: 无法访问/etc/oldboy.conf: 没有那个文件或目录
[root@oldboy data]# ll /data/
总用量 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root         root          0 424 10:45 oldboy.conf
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7

移动文件到指定目录并重命名

[root@oldboy data]# mv /data/oldboy.conf /tmp/oldgirl.conf
[root@oldboy data]# ll /tmp/
总用量 1316
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1340586 419 17:19 oldboy.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       0 424 10:45 oldgirl.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     145 419 18:14 oldgirl.txt
drwx------. 3 root root      17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7

文件重命名

[root@oldboy data]# mv /tmp/oldgirl.conf /tmp/oldboy.conf
[root@oldboy data]# ll /tmp/
总用量 1316
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root     102 424 10:33 bak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       0 424 10:45 oldboy.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1340586 419 17:19 oldboy.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     145 419 18:14 oldgirl.txt
drwx------. 3 root root      17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8

e.g.

移动目录到其他目录

[root@oldboy data]# mv /backup/ /data/
[root@oldboy data]# ll /data/
总用量 4
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root         root         102 424 10:33 backup
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

移动目录到其他目录并重命名

[root@oldboy data]# mv /data/backup/ /tmp/bak
[root@oldboy data]# ll /tmp/
总用量 1316
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root     102 424 10:33 bak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1340586 419 17:19 oldboy.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       0 424 10:45 oldgirl.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     145 419 18:14 oldgirl.txt
drwx------. 3 root root      17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8

目录重命名

[root@oldboy data]# mv /tmp/bak/ /tmp/backup
[root@oldboy data]# ll /tmp/
总用量 1316
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root     102 424 10:33 backup
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       0 424 10:45 oldboy.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1340586 419 17:19 oldboy.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     145 419 18:14 oldgirl.txt
drwx------. 3 root root      17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8

(6)删除系统数据信息

rm - remove files or directories**(慎用!删除前一定要反复确认好再做个备份后再删除)**

语法结构:

rm [OPTION]… FILE…

e.g.

删除文件

[root@oldboy data]# cd /tmp/
[root@oldboy tmp]# ll
总用量 1316
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root     102 424 10:33 backup
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       0 424 10:45 oldboy.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1340586 419 17:19 oldboy.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     145 419 18:14 oldgirl.txt
drwx------. 3 root root      17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
[root@oldboy tmp]# rm -f oldboy.conf oldboy.txt oldgirl.txt 
[root@oldboy tmp]# ll
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 102 424 10:33 backup
drwx------. 3 root root  17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13

e.g.

删除目录

[root@oldboy tmp]# ll /tmp/
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 102 424 10:33 backup
drwx------. 3 root root  17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
[root@oldboy tmp]# rm -rf /tmp/backup/
[root@oldboy tmp]# ll
总用量 0
drwx------. 3 root root 17 49 11:01 systemd-private-ce58ab41ce4f45acb1dc61af92aebf46-chronyd.service-4na0Qq
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8

根目录千万不要被rm命令删除,否则无法恢复

[root@oldboy tmp]# rm -rf /
rm: 在"/" 进行递归操作十分危险
rm: 使用 --no-preserve-root 选项跳过安全模式
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

5.命令快捷操作方式

ctrl+a 快速移动光标到行首

ctrl+e 快速移动光标到行尾

ctrl+←或→ 将光标按照单词快速移动

ctrl+k 将光标之后的内容全部删除(其实是剪切)

ctrl+u 将光标之前的内容全部删除(其实是剪切)

ctrl+w 将光标之前的字符串(光标与上一个空格之间的内容)删除(其实是剪切)

ctrl+y 将剪切或复制的内容粘贴到光标处

ctrl+c 取消当前命令/终止当前运行的程序过程

ctrl+z 暂停当前运行的程序过程

恢复暂停的程序进程

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-VvGxqsfB-1654492271971)(image/eb400c754bfe51c411180e06cbec8c83_fHmQ5DodYZ.png)]

tab 对操作命令或处理对象进行补全操作

↑或↓ 调取曾经执行过的历史命令

ctrl+l 清屏操作

ctrl+s 进入远程连接锁屏状态

ctrl+q 退出远程连接锁屏状态

esc+. 快速调取上一个命令最后的对象信息

6.系统编辑命令

(1)vi/vim 表示编辑文本信息

语法格式:vi/vim 文件

(2)vi/vim的三种模式:

命令模式:可以进行一些快捷操作(进入文件的默认模式)

编辑模式:可以编辑文件内容信息

底行模式:可以完成特殊命令操作

1) 第一个历程:命令模式到编辑模式

命令模式 → i I a A o O s S C → 编辑模式

i 在光标当前位置直接进入编辑模式

I 将光标移动到行首后进入编辑模式

a 将光标从当前位置向后移动一位进入编辑模式

A 将光标移动到行尾后进入编辑模式

o 在光标所在行下方插入一行后进入编辑模式

O 在光标所在行上方插入一行后进入编辑模式

s 删除光标所在位置的内容并进入编辑模式

S 删除光标所在行的内并进入编辑模式

C 删除光标所在位置及后面的内容并进入编辑模式

编辑模式 → esc → 命令模式

2) 第二个历程:命令模式到底行模式
命令模式 → : / ? → 底行模式
后面可以输入vi/vim特有的命令信息

/ 表示可以进入信息检索状态 n 由上到下进行检索 N 由下到上进行检索

? 表示可以进入信息检索状态 n 由下到上进行检索 N 由上到下进行检索

底行模式 → esc → 命令模式

3) 第三个历程:编辑模式到命令模式

编辑模式 → esc → 命令模式 → : / ? → 底行模式

4) 第四个历程:底行模式到命令模式

底行模式 → esc → 命令模式 → i I a A o O s S C→ 编辑模式

(3)编辑文件内容:vi/vim基本用法

命令模式 → i → 编辑模式 → esc 命令模式 → : → 底行模式 → :wq 保存退出 :q 退出 → 命令行

(4)命令模式

1)快速移动光标:

G 将光标快速移动到最后一行

gg 将光标快速移动到第一行

nG或者ngg 将光标快速移动到指定行(n代表行号)

$ 将光标快速移动到行尾

^或者0 将光标快速移动到行首

2)快速编辑内容:

yy 复制光标所在行的一整行内容

nyy 复制光标所在行及以下n-1行的内容

p 粘贴复制或剪切的内容

np 粘贴n份复制或剪切的内容

dd 删除(其实是剪切)光标所在行的内容

ndd 删除(其实是剪切)光标所在行及以下n-1行内容

nG 删除光标所在行到结尾的所有内容

u 撤销编辑操作内容

ctrl+r 恢复撤销操作内容

r 将光标所在位置内容直接做替换编辑操作

R 进入替换模式(按Esc退出)

3)底行操作方法:

:set nu 显示文件行号信息

:set nonu 取消显示行号信息

:set list 显示行尾指示符,用于判断每行结尾是否存在空格,有的话可以删掉

:nohl 取消高亮显示

:s#被替换的内容#替换之后的内容#g 替换光标所在行的指定内容

:%s#被替换的内容#替换之后的内容#g 全部文本内容都做替换指定内容的操作

:ns#被替换的内容#替换之后的内容#g 替换第n行的指定内容

:n,ms#被替换的内容#替换之后的内容#g 从n行开始到m行结束替换指定内容

:n,$s#被替换的内容#替换之后的内容#g 从n行开始到最后一行替换指定内容

s substitution 替换信息

g global 全局

### 替换信息与被替换信息的分隔符,也可以使用/或者@等符号

e.g.

取消注释信息 :2,3s/#//g 分隔符之间没有内容则是将要替换的内容删除

4)vi/vim编辑文件时需要注意的问题:
①编辑文件时,一定要确认编辑文件所在的路径是否存在,如果不存在则无法保存编辑的文件内容
② 不能对目录进行编辑
③ 编辑出现异常,恢复文件内容的方法: vim -r 文件

vim -r 恢复文件内容的底层逻辑:

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-UlfuvVoj-1654492271972)(image/6b3c8b2e610897ce6d1e649eab746654_OoOmg1wq9i.png)]

5)vim批量编辑文件多行信息技巧
①批量删除信息:

将光标移动到指定位置-ctrl+v-上下/左右移动光标选中要编辑的多行内容-d 将光标选中的内容删除

②批量添加信息:

将光标移动到指定位置-ctrl+v-上下/左右移动光标选中要编辑的多行内容-shift+i-编辑内容-ESC 对多行进行统一编辑

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-eWJej3MA-1654492271973)(image/image_8h7fw0ftBU.png)]

五、系统基础优化知识

优化的范围:安全方面的优化、性能方面的优化、网络通讯的优化、业务服务的优化

1.系统主机名称优化

(1)方式一:hostname 临时修改

hostname - show or set the system’s host name

显示或者设置系统主机名称

查看目前主机名称

[root@oldboy /]# hostname
oldboy.com
  • 1
  • 2

设置临时主机名(重新建立远程会话生效,但系统重启后失效)

[root@oldboy ~]# hostname BJ-oldboy-muban
  • 1

断开会话连接并重新连接会话后

Connecting to 10.6.132.40:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request.
Last login: Thu May 19 13:52:44 2022 from 10.6.136.196
[root@BJ-oldboy-muban ~]# 
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7

重启系统后

[root@BJ-oldboy-muban ~]# reboot
PolicyKit daemon disconnected from the bus.
We are no longer a registered authentication agent.
Connection closing...Socket close.

Connection closed by foreign host.

Disconnected from remote host(test.com_10.6.132.40) at 13:55:39.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[F:\~]$ 
Reconnecting in 3 seconds. Press any key to exit local shell.
...

Connecting to 10.6.132.40:22...
.....................Could not connect to '10.6.132.40' (port 22): Connection failed.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[F:\~]$ .

Connecting to 10.6.132.40:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request.
Last login: Thu May 19 13:53:57 2022 from 10.6.136.196
[root@oldboy ~]# 
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27

(2)方式二:hostnamectl 永久修改

查看系统信息

[root@oldboy ~]# hostnamectl 
   Static hostname: oldboy.com
         Icon name: computer-vm
           Chassis: vm
        Machine ID: 698c5e1565f444408f54ee9fd0a0a282
           Boot ID: 46a92bc23a994018a3832ad14be17589
    Virtualization: vmware
  Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
       CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
            Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64
      Architecture: x86-64
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11

修改主机名称

[root@oldboy ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname BJ-oldboy-muban
[root@oldboy ~]# hostnamectl
   Static hostname: bj-oldboy-muban
   Pretty hostname: BJ-oldboy-muban
         Icon name: computer-vm
           Chassis: vm
        Machine ID: 698c5e1565f444408f54ee9fd0a0a282
           Boot ID: 46a92bc23a994018a3832ad14be17589
    Virtualization: vmware
  Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
       CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
            Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64
      Architecture: x86-64
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13

断开会话连接并重新连接会话后

Connection closed.

Disconnected from remote host(test.com_10.6.132.40) at 14:12:07.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[F:\~]$ 

Connecting to 10.6.132.40:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request.
Last login: Thu May 19 13:56:03 2022 from 10.6.136.196
[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# 
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14

重启系统后

[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# reboot
Connection closing...Socket close.

Connection closed by foreign host.

Disconnected from remote host(test.com_10.6.132.40) at 14:14:16.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[F:\~]$ 
Reconnecting in 3 seconds. Press any key to exit local shell.
...

Connecting to 10.6.132.40:22...
...............Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request.
Last login: Thu May 19 14:12:17 2022 from 10.6.136.196
[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# 
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19

(3)方式三:实现主机名称解析配置

修改/etc/hosts文件,增加IP地址和对应的主机名称实现主机名称解析

vim /etc/hosts

10.6.132.42 BJ-oldboy-db

意义1:可以更方便的基于主机名称访问和连接主机

意义2:简化服务配置文件改动操作,服务器网络环境变化后,只需要修改/etc/hosts文件内解析IP地址即可,无需将每一个服务的配置文件中关于IP地址的信息进行修改

[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
10.6.132.42    BJ-oldboy-db
[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# ping BJ-oldboy-db
PING BJ-oldboy-db (10.6.132.42) 56(84) bytes of data.
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=5 Destination Host Unreachable
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=6 Destination Host Unreachable
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=7 Destination Host Unreachable
From bj-oldboy-muban (10.6.132.40) icmp_seq=8 Destination Host Unreachable
^C
--- BJ-oldboy-db ping statistics ---
10 packets transmitted, 0 received, +8 errors, 100% packet loss, time 16152ms
pipe 5

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19

(4)补充:不同用户虚拟主机互访方式

被访问虚拟软件(比如VMware Workstation)中设置NAT映射

编辑-虚拟网络编辑器-VMnet8-NAT模式-NAT设置-添加-主机端口:9000(设置一个数字大一点的没有使用的端口号)-类型:TCP-虚拟主机IP地址:被访问虚拟主机的IP-虚拟机端口:22

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-UKegIYjH-1654492271974)(image/image_I7u3TD-kSn.png)]

2.系统提示符优化

(1)知识点:系统变量概念

变量:x=10 x+y=20 求y等于多少,其中x,y就是变量

e.g.

IP_info(变量)=10.6.132.40(变量的值)

(2)变量设置方法:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# echo $IP_info

[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# IP_info=10.6.132.40
[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# echo $IP_info 
10.6.132.40

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

(3)调取变量的方法:echo $变量

[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# echo $IP_info 
10.6.132.40
  • 1
  • 2

(4)设置变量的意义:可以根据变量值的变化自动加载变化的信息

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# vim test.sh
#!/bin/bash
Info=edu
echo oldboyInfo.com
echo oldgirledu.cn
echo oldbabyInfo.net
echo olddogedu.gov
echo ${Info}heqing.cn
[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# sh test.sh 
oldboyedu.com
oldgirledu.cn
oldbabyedu.net
olddogedu.gov
eduheqing.cn
[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# vim test.sh 
#!/bin/bash
Info=123
echo oldboy$Info.com
echo oldgirledu.cn
echo oldbaby$Info.net
echo olddogedu.gov
echo ${Info}heqing.cn
[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]# sh test.sh 
oldboy123.com
oldgirledu.cn
oldbaby123.net
olddogedu.gov
123heqing.cn
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28

(5)变量的分类:

1)自定义变量:

需要自行设置规划

没有特殊功能意义

只在当前用户生效

变量名称没有特殊规范,只要不是数字或符号开头就可以

2)系统环境变量:

系统默认自带

对系统的功能有影响

系统全局用户生效

环境变量都是大写字母表示

(6)临时优化提示符:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban ~]#PS1='[\u@\h \t \W]\$'
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:02:59 ~]#

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

(7)永久优化提示符:

vim /etc/profile

在最后一行添加PS1='[\u@\h \t \W]\$'后保存退出

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:24:55 ~]#echo $PS1
[\u@\h \t \W]\$
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:25:01 ~]#vim /etc/profile
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.
pathmunge () {
    case ":${PATH}:" in
        *:"$1":*)
            ;;
        *)
            if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
                PATH=$PATH:$1
            else
                PATH=$1:$PATH
            fi
    esac
}


if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then
    if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then
        # ksh workaround
        EUID=`/usr/bin/id -u`
"/etc/profile" 76L, 1819C                                                                             1,1          顶端
else
    export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
fi

export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL

# By default, we want umask to get set. This sets it for login shell
# Current threshold for system reserved uid/gids is 200
# You could check uidgid reservation validity in
# /usr/share/doc/setup-*/uidgid file
if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`/usr/bin/id -gn`" = "`/usr/bin/id -un`" ]; then
    umask 002
else
    umask 022
fi

for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh /etc/profile.d/sh.local ; do
    if [ -r "$i" ]; then
        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then
            . "$i"
        else
            . "$i" >/dev/null
        fi
    fi
done

unset i
unset -f pathmunge
PS1='[\u@\h \t \W]\$'
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60

(8)调整系统提示符颜色

1)vim /etc/profile

在最后一行添加PS1='[[\e[34;1m]\u[\e[0m]@[\e[32;1m]\h[\e[0m] [\e[33;1m]\t[\e[0m] [\e[31;1m]\W[\e[0m]]$'后保存退出

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:51:36 yum.repos.d]# vim /etc/profile
  
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

pathmunge () {
    case ":${PATH}:" in
        *:"$1":*)
            ;;
        *)
            if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
                PATH=$PATH:$1
            else
                PATH=$1:$PATH
            fi
    esac
}


if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then
    if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then
        # ksh workaround
        EUID=`/usr/bin/id -u`
        UID=`/usr/bin/id -ru`
    fi
    USER="`/usr/bin/id -un`"
    LOGNAME=$USER
    MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER"
fi

# Path manipulation
if [ "$EUID" = "0" ]; then
    pathmunge /usr/sbin
    pathmunge /usr/local/sbin
else
    pathmunge /usr/local/sbin after
    pathmunge /usr/sbin after
fi

HOSTNAME=`/usr/bin/hostname 2>/dev/null`
HISTSIZE=1000
if [ "$HISTCONTROL" = "ignorespace" ] ; then
    export HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
else
    export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
fi

export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL

# By default, we want umask to get set. This sets it for login shell
    umask 002
else
    umask 022
fi

for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh /etc/profile.d/sh.local ; do
    if [ -r "$i" ]; then
        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then
            . "$i"
        else
            . "$i" >/dev/null
        fi
    fi
done

unset i
unset -f pathmunge

User_color='\[\e[34;1m\]'
Hostname_color='\[\e[32;1m\]'
Time_color='\[\e[33;1m\]'
Path_color='\[\e[31;1m\]'
End_color='\[\e[0m\]'

PS1='[\[\e[34;1m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[32;1m\]\h\[\e[0m\] \[\e[33;1m\]\t\[\e[0m\] \[\e[31;1m\]\W\[\e[0m\]]\$'

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83

\[\e[32;1m\] 开始设置颜色

\e[0m
结束设置颜色

30:灰色 31:橙色 32:绿色 33:黄色 34:蓝色 35:粉色 36:青色 37:白色

2)使用变量设置系统提示符颜色

vim /etc/profile

在最后一行添加PS1="[KaTeX parse error: Can't use function '\u' in math mode at position 14: {User\_color}\̲u̲{End_color}@KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \h at position 18: …ostname\_color}\̲h̲{End_color} KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \t at position 14: {Time\_color}\̲t̲{End_color} KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \W at position 14: {Path\_color}\̲W̲{End_color}]\\$"后保存退出

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:44:16 yum.repos.d]# vim /etc/profile
    umask 002
else
    umask 022
fi

for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh /etc/profile.d/sh.local ; do
    if [ -r "$i" ]; then
        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then
            . "$i"
        else
            . "$i" >/dev/null
        fi
    fi
done

unset i
unset -f pathmunge

User_color='\[\e[34;1m\]'
Hostname_color='\[\e[32;1m\]'
Time_color='\[\e[33;1m\]'
Path_color='\[\e[31;1m\]'
End_color='\[\e[0m\]'

PS1="[${User_color}\u${End_color}@${Hostname_color}\h${End_color} ${Time_color}\t${End_color} ${Path_color}\W${End_color}]\\$"

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27

3.系统下载源优化

(1)未优化下载源会导致的问题:

1)某些软件程序无法下载安装
2)某些软件程序下载过程非常缓慢

(2)系统下载安装软件原理:

用yum将源文件从源文件服务器(相当于标准软件库,包括阿里云、清华大学、网易、搜狐、中国科技大学等)下载安装到本地服务器

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-Djr8mi1J-1654492271974)(image/image_B9QoyoGVIq.png)]

(3)base仓库优化

1)优化方式一:阿里云下载源优化方式(推荐)
①备份
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:03 ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup

  • 1
  • 2
②下载新的 CentOS-Base.repo 到 /etc/yum.repos.d/

centos8(centos8官方源已下线,建议切换centos-vault源)

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:03 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo
  • 1

或者

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:03 ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo
  • 1

centos6(centos6官方源已下线,建议切换centos-vault源)

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:03 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-6.10.repo
  • 1

或者

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:03 ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-6.10.repo
  • 1

CentOS 7

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:03 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
  • 1

或者

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:03 ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
  • 1
③运行 yum makecache 生成缓存
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:57:19 ~]# yum makecache
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 12] Timeout on http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: (28, 'Connection timed out after 30001 milliseconds')
正在尝试其它镜像。
http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] curl#6 - "Could not resolve host: mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com; 未知的错误"
正在尝试其它镜像。
base                                                                                             | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                           | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                          | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
元数据缓存已建立

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-nO6yZYPs-1654492271975)(image/image_GwfjydbiC1.png)]

④ 其他

非阿里云ECS用户会出现 Couldn’t resolve host ‘mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com’ 信息,不影响使用。用户也可自行修改相关配置:

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:49:32 ~]# sed -i -e '/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/d' -e '/mirrors.aliyuncs.com/d' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

  • 1
  • 2
⑤CentOS 8 结束生命周期如何切换源
·公网用户:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:00:09 ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:00:09 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:00:09 ~]# yum clean all && yum makecache

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
·阿里云ecs用户:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:00:09 ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:00:09 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:00:09 ~]# sed -i 's/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/url_tmp/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo && sed -i 's/mirrors.aliyun.com/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo && sed -i 's/url_tmp/mirrors.aliyun.com/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:00:09 ~]# yum clean all && yum makecache
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
2)优化方式二:清华大学优化下载源方式
①修改配置文件完成优化

建议先备份 /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:51:51 ~]# cp CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bak
  • 1

然后编辑 /etc/yum.repos.d/ 中的相应文件,在 mirrorlist= 开头行前面加 # 注释掉;并将 baseurl= 开头行取消注释(如果被注释的话)。 对于 CentOS 7 ,请把该行内的域名(例如mirror.centos.org)替换为 mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn。 对于 CentOS 8 ,请把 mirror.centos.org/$contentdir 替换为 mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-mVhK0mw1-1654492271975)(image/image_9OBa0ml-5z.png)]

②使用sed完成优化部署(推荐)
# 对于 CentOS 7
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:41:19 ~]#sudo sed -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' \
         -e 's|^#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org|baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn|g' \
         -i.bak \
         /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*.repo
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
# 对于 CentOS 8
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:41:19 ~]#sudo sed -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' \
         -e 's|^#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/$contentdir|baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos|g' \
         -i.bak \
         /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*.repo
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

~~注意其中的~~~~~~~~通配符,如果只需要替换一些文件中的源,请自行增删。~~

~~注意,如果需要启用其中一些 repo,需要将其中的 ~~~~~~~~ 改为 ~~~~~~~~。~~

③最后,更新软件包缓存
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:42:33 ~]# sudo yum makecache
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
base                                                                                       | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                           | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                          | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
(1/7): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                | 247 kB  00:00:00     
(2/7): extras/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                                              | 277 kB  00:00:00     
(3/7): extras/7/x86_64/other_db                                                                  | 148 kB  00:00:00     
(4/7): base/7/x86_64/other_db                                                                    | 2.6 MB  00:00:01     
(5/7): updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                                             | 8.7 MB  00:00:06     
(6/7): updates/7/x86_64/other_db                                                                 | 1.0 MB  00:00:01     
(7/7): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                               |  16 MB  00:00:16     
元数据缓存已建立
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-fvQF3vg2-1654492271976)(image/image_dI8yq_h_7x.png)]

(4)epel仓库优化

1) 备份(如有配置其他epel源)
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:09:42 ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo.backup
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:09:42 ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo.backup
  • 1
  • 2
2)下载新repo 到/etc/yum.repos.d/
·epel(RHEL 8)
①安装 epel 配置包
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:09:42 ~]# yum install -y https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
  • 1
②将 repo 配置中的地址替换为阿里云镜像站地址
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:09:42 ~]# sed -i 's|^#baseurl=https://download.example/pub|baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:09:42 ~]# sed -i 's|^metalink|#metalink|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
·epel(RHEL 7)
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:09:42 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
  • 1
epel(RHEL 6) (epel6官方源已下线,建议切换epel-archive源)
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:09:42 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-archive-6.repo
  • 1

(5)yum优化完毕后下载异常的原因:

1)系统网络问题
2)yum仓库网站将下载动作识别为攻击动作,故启动安全防护机制导致无法下载,可尝试更换其他仓库源进行下载操作
·使用yum安装net-tools、lrzsz、telnetbash-completion
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 09:55:13 ~]# yum install net-tools lrzsz telnet bash-completion -y
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
epel                                                                                             | 4.7 kB  00:00:00     
(1/3): epel/x86_64/group_gz                                                                      |  96 kB  00:00:00     
(2/3): epel/x86_64/updateinfo                                                                    | 1.0 MB  00:00:02     
(3/3): epel/x86_64/primary_db                                                                    | 7.0 MB  00:00:15     
软件包 net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
软件包 lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 bash-completion.noarch.1.2.1-8.el7 将被 安装
---> 软件包 telnet.x86_64.1.0.17-66.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成

依赖关系解决

========================================================================================================================
 Package                          架构                    版本                           源                        大小
========================================================================================================================
正在安装:
 bash-completion                  noarch                  1:2.1-8.el7                    base                      87 k
 telnet                           x86_64                  1:0.17-66.el7                  updates                   64 k

事务概要
========================================================================================================================
安装  2 软件包

总下载量:151 k
安装大小:376 k
Downloading packages:
(1/2): bash-completion-2.1-8.el7.noarch.rpm                                                      |  87 kB  00:00:00     
(2/2): telnet-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                             |  64 kB  00:00:00     
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
总计                                                                                    335 kB/s | 151 kB  00:00:00     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在安装    : 1:bash-completion-2.1-8.el7.noarch                                                                  1/2 
  正在安装    : 1:telnet-0.17-66.el7.x86_64                                                                         2/2 
  验证中      : 1:telnet-0.17-66.el7.x86_64                                                                         1/2 
  验证中      : 1:bash-completion-2.1-8.el7.noarch                                                                  2/2 

已安装:
  bash-completion.noarch 1:2.1-8.el7                             telnet.x86_64 1:0.17-66.el7                            

完毕!

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
1)net-tools 可以使用早期centos版本中的网络命令,如ifconfig、route -n等
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 09:14:14 ~]# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 10.6.132.40  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 10.6.132.255
        inet6 fe80::13c1:3f9d:f07f:b133  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:50:56:8a:05:e9  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 1269560  bytes 124822292 (119.0 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 39680  bytes 3885966 (3.7 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 56  bytes 4888 (4.7 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 56  bytes 4888 (4.7 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 09:54:46 ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         10.6.132.1      0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 eth0
10.6.132.0      0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 eth0

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
2)lrzsz 可以让Windows与Linux系统之间进行数据文件传输
①rz -y Windows数据文件上传到Linux系统

e.g.

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-Djo78A0u-1654492271977)(image/image_5uM0iSDuAO.png)]

②sz -y 文件 Linux数据下载到Windows系统 e.g.

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-z6yJDfjm-1654492271977)(image/image_nrdVRvPxi1.png)]

3)wget 下载网络数据命令

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:03:09 ~]# wget https://dss0.bdstatic.com/5aV1bjqh_Q23odCf/static/superman/img/logo/logo_white-d0c9fe2af5.png
--2022-05-23 11:04:09--  https://dss0.bdstatic.com/5aV1bjqh_Q23odCf/static/superman/img/logo/logo_white-d0c9fe2af5.png
正在解析主机 dss0.bdstatic.com (dss0.bdstatic.com)... 42.81.84.33, 240e:b1:8805:202::7cec:6821
正在连接 dss0.bdstatic.com (dss0.bdstatic.com)|42.81.84.33|:443... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求,正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度:8853 (8.6K) [image/png]
正在保存至: “logo_white-d0c9fe2af5.png”

100%[==============================================================================>] 8,853       --.-K/s 用时 0s      

2022-05-23 11:04:09 (109 MB/s) - 已保存 “logo_white-d0c9fe2af5.png” [8853/8853])

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:04:09 ~]# ll
总用量 24
-rw-------. 1 root root 1508 315 16:35 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8853 512 2020 logo_white-d0c9fe2af5.png
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  124 519 15:59 test.sh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   53 519 15:50 test.txt
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
4)telnet 测试远程主机服务器端口是否存在/是否可以访问

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:06:25 ~]# telnet 10.6.132.40 22
Trying 10.6.132.40...
Connected to 10.6.132.40.
Escape character is '^]'.
SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.4

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

5)telnetbash-completion 可以使用tab键不全服务的名称信息

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:12:26 ~]# systemctl sta
start   status  
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:12:26 ~]# systemctl status fi
final.target       firewalld.service  
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:12:26 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service 
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10

4.系统时间同步优化

(1)系统时间查看方法

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:16:52 ~]# timedatectl
      Local time: 一 2022-05-23 11:17:03 CST  # 本地时间信息
  Universal time: 一 2022-05-23 03:17:03 UTC  # 格林尼治时间
        RTC time: 一 2022-05-23 03:17:03      # 系统BIOS硬件时间
       Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)  # 时区信息
     NTP enabled: yes                         # 是否开启网络时间同步服务
NTP synchronized: yes                         # 是否进行了网络时间同步操作 
 RTC in local TZ: no
      DST active: n/a

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10

(2)修改同步时间

1)查看时区信息 可使用/进行搜索
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:36:29 ~]# timedatectl list-timezones 
Asia/Shanghai
Asia/Singapore
Asia/Srednekolymsk
Asia/Taipei
Asia/Tashkent
Asia/Tbilisi
Asia/Tehran
Asia/Thimphu
Asia/Tokyo
Asia/Tomsk
Asia/Ulaanbaatar
Asia/Urumqi
Asia/Ust-Nera
Asia/Vientiane
Asia/Vladivostok
Asia/Yakutsk
Asia/Yangon
Asia/Yekaterinburg
Asia/Yerevan
Atlantic/Azores
Atlantic/Bermuda
Atlantic/Canary
Atlantic/Cape_Verde
Atlantic/Faroe
Atlantic/Madeira
Atlantic/Reykjavik
Atlantic/South_Georgia
Atlantic/St_Helena
/Shanghai
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
2)修改时区
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:39:35 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai 

  • 1
  • 2
3)开启网络时间同步功能
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:16:28 ~]# timedatectl --help
timedatectl [OPTIONS...] COMMAND ...

Query or change system time and date settings.

  -h --help                Show this help message
     --version             Show package version
     --no-pager            Do not pipe output into a pager
     --no-ask-password     Do not prompt for password
  -H --host=[USER@]HOST    Operate on remote host
  -M --machine=CONTAINER   Operate on local container
     --adjust-system-clock Adjust system clock when changing local RTC mode

Commands:
  status                   Show current time settings
  set-time TIME            Set system time
  set-timezone ZONE        Set system time zone
  list-timezones           Show known time zones
  set-local-rtc BOOL       Control whether RTC is in local time
  set-ntp BOOL #布尔类型数据,0代表关,1代表开   Control whether NTP is enabled
  [root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:16:34 ~]# timedatectl set-ntp 1    #开启网络时间同步
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
4)若开启网络时间同步后,过了几个小时仍未成功同步时间,则需要安装时间同步程序
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:16:34 ~]# yum install -y chrony
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 chrony.x86_64.0.3.2-2.el7 将被 升级
---> 软件包 chrony.x86_64.0.3.4-1.el7 将被 更新
--> 解决依赖关系完成

依赖关系解决

========================================================================================================================
 Package                     架构                        版本                           源                         大小
========================================================================================================================
正在更新:
 chrony                      x86_64                      3.4-1.el7                      base                      251 k

事务概要
========================================================================================================================
升级  1 软件包

总下载量:251 k
Downloading packages:
Delta RPMs disabled because /usr/bin/applydeltarpm not installed.
chrony-3.4-1.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                                      | 251 kB  00:00:00     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在更新    : chrony-3.4-1.el7.x86_64                                                                             1/2 
  清理        : chrony-3.2-2.el7.x86_64                                                                             2/2 
  验证中      : chrony-3.4-1.el7.x86_64                                                                             1/2 
  验证中      : chrony-3.2-2.el7.x86_64                                                                             2/2 

更新完毕:
  chrony.x86_64 0:3.4-1.el7                                                                                             

完毕!
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:30:05 ~]# cat /etc/chrony.conf 
# These servers were defined in the installation:
server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst #NTP服务器地址/域名,默认为官方地址,也可以手动修改                                          
                                     为指定的地址/域名,但一般默认即可。
server 1.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 2.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 3.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).

# Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time.
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift

# Allow the system clock to be stepped in the first three updates
# if its offset is larger than 1 second.
makestep 1.0 3

# Enable kernel synchronization of the real-time clock (RTC).
rtcsync

# Enable hardware timestamping on all interfaces that support it.
#hwtimestamp *

# Increase the minimum number of selectable sources required to adjust
# the system clock.
#minsources 2

# Allow NTP client access from local network.
#allow 192.168.0.0/16

# Serve time even if not synchronized to a time source.
#local stratum 10

# Specify file containing keys for NTP authentication.
#keyfile /etc/chrony.keys

# Specify directory for log files.
logdir /var/log/chrony

# Select which information is logged.
#log measurements statistics tracking
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:41:57 ~]# systemctl start chronyd   #启动网络时间同步服务
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:42:11 ~]# systemctl status chronyd
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since 一 2022-05-23 13:30:05 CST; 12min ago
     Docs: man:chronyd(8)
           man:chrony.conf(5)
  Process: 5555 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/chrony-helper update-daemon (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 5551 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/chronyd $OPTIONS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 5553 (chronyd)
   CGroup: /system.slice/chronyd.service
           └─5553 /usr/sbin/chronyd

523 13:30:05 bj-oldboy-muban systemd[1]: Starting NTP client/server...
523 13:30:05 bj-oldboy-muban chronyd[5553]: chronyd version 3.4 starting (+CMDMON +NTP +REFCLOCK +RTC +PRIVD...EBUG)
523 13:30:05 bj-oldboy-muban chronyd[5553]: Frequency 212.708 +/- 4.604 ppm read from /var/lib/chrony/drift
523 13:30:05 bj-oldboy-muban systemd[1]: Started NTP client/server.
523 13:30:12 bj-oldboy-muban chronyd[5553]: Selected source 5.79.108.34
523 13:31:26 bj-oldboy-muban chronyd[5553]: Source 193.182.111.142 replaced with 202.118.1.130
523 13:35:36 bj-oldboy-muban chronyd[5553]: Selected source 202.118.1.130
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
5)若无法通过网络自动同步时间日期,也可以手动修改/同步时间日期

手动修改日期

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:53:03 ~]# timedatectl set-time 2022-05-20
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 00:00:00 ~]# timedatectl 
      Local time: 五 2022-05-20 00:00:01 CST
  Universal time: 四 2022-05-19 16:00:01 UTC
        RTC time: 四 2022-05-19 16:00:01
       Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
     NTP enabled: no
NTP synchronized: no
 RTC in local TZ: no
      DST active: n/a
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10

手动修改时间

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 00:00:01 ~]# timedatectl set-time 15:00:00
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:00:00 ~]# timedatectl 
      Local time: 一 2022-05-23 15:00:01 CST
  Universal time: 一 2022-05-23 07:00:01 UTC
        RTC time: 一 2022-05-23 07:00:02
       Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
     NTP enabled: no
NTP synchronized: no
 RTC in local TZ: no
      DST active: n/a
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10

手动修改日期及时间

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:02:57 ~]# timedatectl set-time "2022-05-20 15:00:00"
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:00:00 ~]# timedatectl 
      Local time: 五 2022-05-20 15:00:04 CST
  Universal time: 五 2022-05-20 07:00:04 UTC
        RTC time: 五 2022-05-20 07:00:04
       Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
     NTP enabled: no
NTP synchronized: no
 RTC in local TZ: no
      DST active: n/a
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10

手动同步时间

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:00:01 ~]# yum install -y ntpdate
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
base                                                                                             | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                           | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                          | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
软件包 ntpdate-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
无须任何处理
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:58:37 ~]# ntpdate time.windows.com
23 May 15:59:09 ntpdate[5759]: adjust time server 52.231.114.183 offset 0.010921 sec
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:59:09 ~]# timedatectl 
      Local time: 一 2022-05-23 15:59:27 CST
  Universal time: 一 2022-05-23 07:59:27 UTC
        RTC time: 一 2022-05-23 07:04:13
       Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
     NTP enabled: no
NTP synchronized: no
 RTC in local TZ: no
      DST active: n/a
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22

5.系统字符编码优化

(1) 支持中文的字符编码:UTF-8 GBK

作用:避免乱码,实现中文信息显示

字符编码环境变量:LANG

** 查看环境变量配置信息:echo $变量**

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:12:31 ~]# echo $LANG
en_US.utf8

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

(2)查看所有字符编码

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:16:04 ~]# localectl list-locales 
aa_DJ
aa_DJ.iso88591
aa_DJ.utf8
aa_ER
aa_ER.utf8
aa_ER.utf8@saaho
aa_ER@saaho
aa_ET
aa_ET.utf8
af_ZA
af_ZA.iso88591
af_ZA.utf8
am_ET
am_ET.utf8
an_ES
an_ES.iso885915
an_ES.utf8
ar_AE
ar_AE.iso88596
ar_AE.utf8
ar_BH
ar_BH.iso88596
ar_BH.utf8
ar_DZ
ar_DZ.iso88596
ar_DZ.utf8
ar_EG
ar_EG.iso88596
...skipping...
zh_CN
zh_CN.gb18030
zh_CN.gb2312
zh_CN.gbk
zh_CN.utf8
zh_HK
zh_HK.big5hkscs
zh_HK.utf8
zh_SG
zh_SG.gb2312
zh_SG.gbk
zh_SG.utf8
zh_TW
zh_TW.big5
zh_TW.euctw
zh_TW.utf8
zu_ZA
zu_ZA.iso88591
zu_ZA.utf8
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
/zh_CN

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60

(3)临时修改字符编码

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:22:51 ~]# LANG=zh_CN.utf8
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:23:29 ~]# echo $LANG
zh_CN.utf8

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

(4)永久修改字符编码

1)方式一:修改字符编码配置文件
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:24:31 ~]# vim /etc/locale.conf 
  
LANG="zh_CN.UTF-8"

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
2)方式二:使用localectl命令设置
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:28:40 ~]# localectl set-locale LANG=zh_CN.utf8
  • 1

6.系统远程连接优化

(1)目的:提高远程连接效率

(2)远程连接优化

使用sed命令将79行内容“GSSAPIAuthentication yes”改为“GSSAPIAuthentication no”,将115行内容“#UseDNS yes”为“UseDNS no”

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:46:21 ~]# sed -i '79s#yes#no#g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config #不输入-i只是模拟修改并输出修改后的内容,先模拟输入,确认无误后,再加入-i(insert)才能保存修改。79为行号,可以修改指定行的内容
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:58:39 ~]# sed -i 's@#UseDNS yes@UseDNS no@g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:59:26 ~]# cat -n /etc/ssh/sshd_config 
     1  #  $OpenBSD: sshd_config,v 1.100 2016/08/15 12:32:04 naddy Exp $
     2  
     3  # This is the sshd server system-wide configuration file.  See
     4  # sshd_config(5) for more information.
     5  
     6  # This sshd was compiled with PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin
     7  
     8  # The strategy used for options in the default sshd_config shipped with
     9  # OpenSSH is to specify options with their default value where
    10  # possible, but leave them commented.  Uncommented options override the
    11  # default value.
    12  
    13  # If you want to change the port on a SELinux system, you have to tell
    14  # SELinux about this change.
    15  # semanage port -a -t ssh_port_t -p tcp #PORTNUMBER
    16  #
    17  #Port 22
    18  #AddressFamily any
    19  #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0
    20  #ListenAddress ::
    21  
    22  HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
    23  #HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
    24  HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
    25  HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
    26  
    27  # Ciphers and keying
    28  #RekeyLimit default none
    29  
    30  # Logging
    31  #SyslogFacility AUTH
    32  SyslogFacility AUTHPRIV
    33  #LogLevel INFO
    34  
    35  # Authentication:
    36  
    37  #LoginGraceTime 2m
    38  #PermitRootLogin yes
    39  #StrictModes yes
    40  #MaxAuthTries 6
    41  #MaxSessions 10
    42  
    43  #PubkeyAuthentication yes
    44  
    45  # The default is to check both .ssh/authorized_keys and .ssh/authorized_keys2
    46  # but this is overridden so installations will only check .ssh/authorized_keys
    47  AuthorizedKeysFile  .ssh/authorized_keys
    48  
    49  #AuthorizedPrincipalsFile none
    50  
    51  #AuthorizedKeysCommand none
    52  #AuthorizedKeysCommandUser nobody
    53  
    54  # For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
    55  #HostbasedAuthentication no
    56  # Change to yes if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for
    57  # HostbasedAuthentication
    58  #IgnoreUserKnownHosts no
    59  # Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files
    60  #IgnoreRhosts yes
    61  
    62  # To disable tunneled clear text passwords, change to no here!
    63  #PasswordAuthentication yes
    64  #PermitEmptyPasswords no
    65  PasswordAuthentication yes
    66  
    67  # Change to no to disable s/key passwords
    68  #ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes
    69  ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
    70  
    71  # Kerberos options
    72  #KerberosAuthentication no
    73  #KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes
    74  #KerberosTicketCleanup yes
    75  #KerberosGetAFSToken no
    76  #KerberosUseKuserok yes
    77  
    78  # GSSAPI options
    79  GSSAPIAuthentication no
    80  GSSAPICleanupCredentials no
    81  #GSSAPIStrictAcceptorCheck yes
    82  #GSSAPIKeyExchange no
    83  #GSSAPIEnablek5users no
    84  
    85  # Set this to 'yes' to enable PAM authentication, account processing,
    86  # and session processing. If this is enabled, PAM authentication will
    87  # be allowed through the ChallengeResponseAuthentication and
    88  # PasswordAuthentication.  Depending on your PAM configuration,
    89  # PAM authentication via ChallengeResponseAuthentication may bypass
    90  # the setting of "PermitRootLogin without-password".
    91  # If you just want the PAM account and session checks to run without
    92  # PAM authentication, then enable this but set PasswordAuthentication
    93  # and ChallengeResponseAuthentication to 'no'.
    94  # WARNING: 'UsePAM no' is not supported in Red Hat Enterprise Linux and may cause several
    95  # problems.
    96  UsePAM yes
    97  
    98  #AllowAgentForwarding yes
    99  #AllowTcpForwarding yes
   100  #GatewayPorts no
   101  X11Forwarding yes
   102  #X11DisplayOffset 10
   103  #X11UseLocalhost yes
   104  #PermitTTY yes
   105  #PrintMotd yes
   106  #PrintLastLog yes
   107  #TCPKeepAlive yes
   108  #UseLogin no
   109  #UsePrivilegeSeparation sandbox
   110  #PermitUserEnvironment no
   111  #Compression delayed
   112  #ClientAliveInterval 0
   113  #ClientAliveCountMax 3
   114  #ShowPatchLevel no
   115  UseDNS no
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118

六、系统目录挂载概念

1.目录作用

(1)可以实现数据分类存储

(2)可以实现挂载概念

挂载:给磁盘开了一个门,可以利用这个门将数据存储到磁盘中

让目录与磁盘分区建立关系的过程,就是挂载过程,挂载过程中目录称为挂载点

卸载:将磁盘设备上的门拆除掉,解除设备文件与目录之间的关系

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-9UdwJmwe-1654492271978)(image/image_H_oI2hc8CE.png)]

2.挂载操作过程:

mount /dev/sdb3(设备文件信息) /oldboy(挂载点目录)

3.卸载操作过程:

umount /oldboy(挂载点目录信息)

4.挂载光驱步骤:

(1) 激活光驱并加载光盘

(2) 确认光驱设备文件是否存在

[root@oldboy ~]# ll /dev/cdrom 
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 517 08:55 /dev/cdrom -> sr0

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

(3)实现挂载过程

[root@oldboy ~]# mkdir /oldgirl
[root@oldboy ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /oldgirl
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护,将以只读方式挂载
[root@oldboy ~]# ll /oldgirl/
总用量 678
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root     14 52 2018 CentOS_BuildTag
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   2048 54 2018 EFI
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root    227 830 2017 EULA
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root  18009 1210 2015 GPL
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root   2048 54 2018 images
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   2048 54 2018 isolinux
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   2048 54 2018 LiveOS
drwxrwxr-x. 2 root root 655360 54 2018 Packages
drwxrwxr-x. 2 root root   4096 54 2018 repodata
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root   1690 1210 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root   1690 1210 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
-r--r--r--. 1 root root   2883 54 2018 TRANS.TBL

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18

5.挂载的意义:

(1)可以在系统添加新的磁盘设备之后,将数据进行存储

(2)可以实现连接远程的存储服务器

(3)Linux系统环境中所有的存储设备都需要挂载后才能进行使用

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-ZXLLFkNp-1654492271979)(image/image_YNWOzzHVIK.png)]

七、系统重要目录结构

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:17:53 ~]# tree -L 1 /
/
├── bin -> usr/bin   #存放系统命令文件(二进制文件 bin=binnary=二进制)目录 -> 代表软连接,相当于快捷方式  cd /bin(快捷方式) = cd /usr/bin 若命令文件丢失,可以拷贝同版本的其他Linux系统里的命令文件到/bin下使用
├── sbin -> usr/sbin   #存放系统命令文件(二进制文件 sbin=super binnary)目录 此目录中大部分命令只能由root使用,如shutdown  
├── boot  #存放系统启动引导文件信息,没有特殊需求不要动里面的文件
├── dev   #device 存放系统设备文件信息
├── etc   #存放系统或服务配置文件信息
├── home  #存放用户家目录信息 普通用户可以在家目录里“为所欲为”
├── root  #存放管理员用户家目录
├── var   #存储可变的文件数据信息,比如日志文件  variable 可变的
├── mnt   #作为临时挂载点目录
├── opt   #存储第三方软件程序的目录
├── usr   #存储第三方软件程序的目录
├── proc  #存储系统硬件信息/系统内核配置信息 系统高阶优化时使用 此目录中存储的数据信息都在内存中,编辑文件重启系统后恢复原样
├── tmp   #类似Windows系统回收站/进行数据临时存储 比如可将想要删除的数据剪切到/tmp中,若过几天后系统及服务依然没有异常,则可以删除几天前剪切到/tmp目录中想要删除的文件
├── lib -> usr/lib       #系统或软件服务程序库文件存储目录(32位——识别内存容量最大4G) 库文件:开发软件程序需要依赖库文件 安装的某些软件需要调用库文件,所以不能动
├── lib64 -> usr/lib64   #系统或软件服务程序库文件存储目录(64位——识别内存容量最大128G) 
├── media
├── run
├── srv
├── sys
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21

八、系统重要文件介绍

1. /etc下的重要文件

(1)系统网卡文件

路径信息:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

内容信息:

TYPE=Ethernet   #设置网络类型(如以太网Ethernet、快速以太网FastEthernet、FDDI光纤网络等)
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none   #是否自动获取IP地址  none/static(静态IP) dhcp(自动获取)
DEFROUTE=yes   #是否激活静态默认路由条目 如果没有激活则主机无法访问外网
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=eth0   #网卡名称
UUID=e730adf1-fded-4146-979d-14cb1cf8ec7a   #系统硬件标识信息
DEVICE=eth0   #网卡名称
ONBOOT=yes   #是否激活网卡状态
IPADDR=10.6.132.40   #IP地址
PREFIX=24   #子网掩码
GATEWAY=10.6.132.1   #网关地址
DNS1=10.6.3.254   #DNS地址
IPV6_PRIVACY=no

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
·在系统中修改网卡名称
1)编辑/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33中NAME与DEVICE的名称
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:33:37 bin]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=eth0
UUID=e730adf1-fded-4146-979d-14cb1cf8ec7a
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=10.6.132.40
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=10.6.132.1
DNS1=10.6.3.254
IPV6_PRIVACY=no
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
2)修改网卡文件名称
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:17:01 bin]# mv /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

  • 1
  • 2
3)修改系统加载网卡信息的文件中,将biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0添加进去
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:20:00 bin]# vim /etc/default/grub 
  
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=centos_test/root rd.lvm.lv=centos_test/swap biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0 rhgb quiet"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
4)执行命令加载grub文件配置信息
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:26:36 ~]# grub2 -mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 
  • 1
5)重启系统
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:27:40 ~]# reboot

  • 1
  • 2

(2)系统域名解析配置文件

1)全局解析

路径信息:/etc/resolv.conf

内容信息:

# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 10.6.3.254
  • 1
  • 2

作用:影响系统域名访问

2)指定域名与IP地址解析关系(本地解析)

路径信息:/etc/hosts

内容信息:

10.0.0.2 BJ-oldboy-db   #IP地址 域名信息

  • 1
  • 2
·查看网站前端代码 curl
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:44:05 ~]# curl www.baidu.com
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下,你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a>&nbsp;京ICP证030173号&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
·系统安全服务:
①防火墙服务:将不安全的数据流量进行隔离
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl start firewalld   #开启防火墙服务
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld    #关闭防火墙服务(临时)
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld #永久关闭防火墙服务
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl enable firewalld  #永久开启防火墙服务
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl is-active firewalld #查看防火墙是否开启
active   #active代表开启
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl is-active firewalld #查看防火墙是否开启 
unknown   #unkown代表关闭
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl is-enabled firewalld #查看防火墙是否开启
enabled   #enabled代表永久开启
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:34:22 ~]# systemctl is-enabled firewalld #查看防火墙是否开启
disabled   #disabled代表永久关闭

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
②selinux服务:可以限制root用户的操作行为(几乎所有企业都关闭此项服务)

临时关闭:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:03:19 ~]# setenforce 0   #关闭selinux服务,0代表关闭,1代表开启
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:03:19 ~]# getenforce   #查看selinux服务状态
Enforcing   #Enforcing代表开启
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:03:19 ~]# getenforce   #查看selinux服务状态
Permissive   #Permissive代表关闭

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

永久关闭:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:27:21 ~]# sed -i "7s#enforcing#disabled#g" /etc/selinux/config
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:28:00 ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config 

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. 
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted 
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14

(3)实现自动挂载功能的配置文件

路径信息:/etc/fstab

内容信息:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:24:46 ~]# cat /etc/fstab 

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Mar 15 16:30:31 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos_test-root                /          xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=3ccf3999-fe50-43ae-9a7c-7485bd34be19   /boot      xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_test-swap                swap       swap    defaults        0 0

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13

第一列表示进行挂载时存储设备文件信息,可以使用设备UUID信息替代

第二列表示进行挂载时指定的挂载点目录

第三列表示信息文件系统类型(数据存储到磁盘的方式)

NTFS:可以粘贴存储容量的数据

FAT32:只能粘贴存储小于4G的单个文件/目录

Linux 推荐使用xfs, 因为效率高,早期Linux为了保证数据安全性,使用ext3/ext4,但效率低

第四列表示挂载参数配置信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:24:51 ~]# mount -o ro /dev/sdb /mnt #ro代表readonly,只读权限
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:24:51 ~]# mount -o rw /dev/sdb /mnt #rw代表read write,读写权限

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

defaults默认参数就含有rw,读写权限

第五列表示是否开启数据自动保存机制

1代表开启,0代表关闭。由于开启后写入数据时,会在数据写入内存的同时在磁盘lost/目录中存放一份(以防设备突然断电导致数据丢失),导致磁盘空间的浪费,所以不建议开启。

第六列表示是否开启磁盘自检机制

不建议开启,有需求的话手动执行磁盘扫描,因为扫描检查磁盘过程会对磁盘造成损坏

1)配置开启自动挂载 vim /etc/fstab
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:59:28 ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
  

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Mar 15 16:30:31 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos_test-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=3ccf3999-fe50-43ae-9a7c-7485bd34be19 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_test-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
2)实现光驱自动挂载:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:59:28 ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
  

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Mar 15 16:30:31 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos_test-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=3ccf3999-fe50-43ae-9a7c-7485bd34be19 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_test-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/cdroom /mnt iso9660 defaults 0 0
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14

(4)实现开机自动执行命令

路径信息:/etc/rc.local →/etc/rc.d/rc.local

内容信息:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 14:57:15 ~]# cat /etc/rc.local 
#!/bin/bash
# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES
#
# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules
# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.
#
# In contrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot
# this script will NOT be run after all other services.
#
# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure
# that this script will be executed during boot.

touch /var/lock/subsys/local
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14

若要使/etc/rc.local 文件功能生效,需要执行:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 14:58:42 ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
  • 1

e.g.

系统开机后自动备份网卡文件、dns解析文件及fstab文件

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:41:56 ~]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local 
#!/bin/bash
# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES
#
# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules
# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.
#
# In contrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot
# this script will NOT be run after all other services.
#
# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure
# that this script will be executed during boot.

touch /var/lock/subsys/local
Date_info=$(date "+%F")  #将命令date “+%F”的执行结果复制给变量Date_info需将命令写在$()内
cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /backup/ifcfg-eth0_${Date_info}
cp /etc/hosts /backup/hosts_${Date_info}
cp /etc/resolv.conf /backup/resolv.conf_${Date_info}
cp /etc/fstab /backup/fastab_${Date_info}                                                                                                                      
:wq
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:44:47 ~]# reboot
Connection closing...Socket close.

Connection closed by foreign host.

Disconnected from remote host(test.com_10.6.132.40) at 15:46:07.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[F:\~]$ 
Reconnecting in 3 seconds. Press any key to exit local shell.
...

Connecting to 10.6.132.40:22...
...............Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request.
Last login: Wed May 25 15:41:37 2022 from 10.6.136.196
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:46:25 ~]# ll /backup/
总用量 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 475 525 15:46 fastab_2022-05-25
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 525 15:46 hosts_2022-05-25
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 358 525 15:46 ifcfg-eth0_2022-05-25
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  52 525 15:46 resolv.conf_2022-05-25
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44

(5)系统运行级别配置文件

系统运行级别:系统启动后加载的服务

0 关机级别 init 0

1 单用户级别:系统正常启动,但不会运行网络服务。用于修复系统、破解系统密码 init 1

2 多用户级别:不支持网络服务 init 2

3 多用户级别:支持网络服务(常用)init 3

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:46:30 ~]# runlevel
N 3   #N代表之前运行的级别,但由于之前没有用过其他级别,故显示N

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

4 预留未设置

5 系统图形化界面 init 5

6 重启级别 init 6

永久修改系统默认运行级别:

CentOS6:修改第26行id:后的数字为相应的运行级别

vim /etc/inittab
26 id:3:initdefault:
  • 1
  • 2

CentOS7:使用systemctl set-default命令

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:55:27 ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel*target #查看系统运行级别的target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 315 16:31 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 315 16:31 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 315 16:31 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 315 16:31 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 315 16:31 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 315 16:31 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 315 16:31 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:56:01 ~]# systemctl get-default   #查看系统默认运行级别
multi-user.target
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:57:12 ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.target #永久设置系统默认运行级别

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
·如何使用单用户模式破解root密码
①进入开机选择菜单界面,使用上下方向键切换来停止读秒过程

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-Fky6pr5j-1654492271980)(image/image_wP_f4S5mAl.png)]

②按e进入grub

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-1EzknerQ-1654492271980)(image/image_cWblSUnOfW.png)]

③按下方向键切换到“UTF-8”所在行后,在“UTF-8”后面加上init=/bin/sh然后按ctrl+x,进入单用户模式

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-oiE7DQbY-1654492271981)(image/image_dPfOM6HJSz.png)]

④以读写权限重新挂载根目录
sh-4.2# mount -o remount,rw /
  • 1

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-6n2Mrlzb-1654492271981)(image/image_6fL3ByrntC.png)]

⑤修改root密码(需输入两遍密码)
sh-4.2#passwd
  • 1

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-19hlgYc2-1654492271982)(image/image_eucJJ1rsve.png)]

⑥创建隐藏文件
sh-4.2#touch /.autorelabel
  • 1

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-fQR8o8gP-1654492271982)(image/image_MzxNl4-qNJ.png)]

⑦使用exec /sbin/init重启系统
sh-4.2#exec /sbin/init
  • 1

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-ulnL07Uy-1654492271982)(image/image_hrjrVhtFhW.png)]

⑧使用新密码登录root用户

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-0DXY79Dg-1654492271983)(image/image_uYn-nDA8Yp.png)]

参考博文:

史上最简单的CentOS7破解密码方法,有图有真相 - 我就#是我 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

(6)系统登录提示信息文件

/etc/motd 配置在用户登录系统之后显示的提示信息

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-diM6K6t3-1654492271983)(image/image_h461K-FMwx.png)]

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:16:04 ~]# vim /etc/motd 
#运维人员操作规范
1.所有数据编写修改前进行备份
2.所有服务启动后进行测试检查
3.使用root用户权限需要申请
4.所有重要文件修改后要保存到备份服务器上

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-BPF9MSLH-1654492271984)(image/image_P33P58fMu7.png)]

/etc/issue 配置在用户登录系统之前显示的提示信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:24:45 ~]# vim /etc/issue
oldboylinux

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-C7ocyHzc-1654492271984)(image/image_XgUMOa56aA.png)]

(7)设置变量与别名信息的配置文件

1)变量配置文件

设置变量:可以让变量永久生效

/etc/profile与/etc/bashrc 全局生效。这两个文件作用相同,修改任意一个即可

~/.bashrc与~/.bash_profile 局部生效,只对指定用户(根据家目录判断)生效,其他用户不生效。这两个文件作用相同,修改任意一个即可

注意:局部设置优先级高于全局设置

·以上文件配置改动后使其生效的方式:
①重新建立连接会话
②执行命令重新加载文件
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 14:03:14 ~]# source /etc/profile

  • 1
  • 2

或者

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 14:06:50 ~]# . /etc/profile
  • 1
2)别名配置文件

设置别名:可以让复杂命令简单化

/etc/profile与/etc/bashrc /.bashrc与/.bash_profile 都可以使别名全局生效

注意:别名名称尽量不要和已有命令名称冲突

①临时设置方法:

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 14:07:04 ~]# alias ifnet0='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0'
  • 1
②永久设置方法:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:11:31 ~]# vim /etc/profile
    umask 002
else
    umask 022
fi

for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh /etc/profile.d/sh.local ; do
    if [ -r "$i" ]; then
        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then
            . "$i"
        else
            . "$i" >/dev/null
        fi
    fi
done

unset i
unset -f pathmunge

User_color='\[\e[34;1m\]'
Hostname_color='\[\e[32;1m\]'
Time_color='\[\e[33;1m\]'
Path_color='\[\e[31;1m\]'
End_color='\[\e[0m\]'

#PS1='[\[\e[34;1m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[32;1m\]\h\[\e[0m\] \[\e[33;1m\]\t\[\e[0m\] \[\e[31;1m\]\W\[\e[0m\]]\$'
PS1="[${User_color}\u${End_color}@${Hostname_color}\h${End_color} ${Time_color}\t${End_color} ${Path_color}\W${End_color
}]\\$ "
alias ifnet0='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0'
"/etc/profile" 86L, 2247C 已写入 
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:11:59 ~]# . /etc/profile
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:12:51 ~]# ifnet0 
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=eth0
UUID=e730adf1-fded-4146-979d-14cb1cf8ec7a
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=10.6.132.40
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=10.6.132.1
DNS1=10.6.3.254
IPV6_PRIVACY=no

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
3)查看现有别名
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:13:12 ~]# alias
alias cp='cp -i'
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias ifnet0='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0'
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
4)取消别名功能的方法:
①临时取消别名:使用unalias命令
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:18:53 ~]# unalias cp

  • 1
  • 2
②忽略别名:采用命令绝对路径方式执行命令
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:24:28 ~]# /bin/cp /etc/hosts /tmp/

  • 1
  • 2
③忽略别名:采用命令转义的方式执行命令
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:57:31 ~]# \cp /etc/hosts /tmp/

  • 1
  • 2

e.g.将rm命令设置一个别名,使其删除的信息移动到临时目录

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-PY9m27gm-1654492271985)(image/image_9Hx8vmUNLp.png)]

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:07:03 ~]# vim ~/.bashrc
# .bashrc

# User specific aliases and functions

#alias rm='rm -i'   #注释别名局部配置文件中关于rm别名的设置
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
        . /etc/bashrc
fi
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:16:54 ~]# vim /etc/profile
    umask 002
else
    umask 022
fi

for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh /etc/profile.d/sh.local ; do
    if [ -r "$i" ]; then
        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then
            . "$i"
        else
            . "$i" >/dev/null
        fi
    fi
done

unset i
unset -f pathmunge

User_color='\[\e[34;1m\]'
Hostname_color='\[\e[32;1m\]'
Time_color='\[\e[33;1m\]'
Path_color='\[\e[31;1m\]'
End_color='\[\e[0m\]'

#PS1='[\[\e[34;1m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[32;1m\]\h\[\e[0m\] \[\e[33;1m\]\t\[\e[0m\] \[\e[31;1m\]\W\[\e[0m\]]\$'
PS1="[${User_color}\u${End_color}@${Hostname_color}\h${End_color} ${Time_color}\t${End_color} ${Path_color}\W${End_color
}]\\$ "
alias ifnet0='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0'
alias rm='mv -t /tmp'   将rm别名设置在别名全局配置文件中
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:05:11 ~]# rm /root/test.txt 
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:05:34 ~]# ll /tmp/
总用量 4
drwx------  3 root root 17 526 13:32 systemd-private-fda420ce1a08461e82514bbde0cf1918-chronyd.service-EG3f85
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 37 526 16:52 test.txt
drwx------. 2 root root  6 519 13:52 vmware-root
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:06:37 ~]# ll /root/
总用量 8
-rw-------. 1 root root 1508 315 16:35 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  124 519 15:59 test.sh
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
·PS:如何批量删除隐藏文件

rm -rf oldboy/.写上一些隐藏文件名称开头字符再加上通配符*进行删除

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:21:44 ~]# mkdir -p oldboy/oldgirl
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:22:39 ~]# touch oldboy/.oldboy{01..03}
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:23:31 ~]# touch oldboy/oldgirl/.oldgirl{01..03}
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:23:50 ~]# ll -a oldboy/
总用量 8
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root   72 528 13:23 .
dr-xr-x---. 4 root root 4096 528 13:22 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    0 528 13:23 .oldboy01
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    0 528 13:23 .oldboy02
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    0 528 13:23 .oldboy03
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   60 528 13:23 oldgirl
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:23:55 ~]# ll -a oldboy/oldgirl/
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 528 13:23 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 72 528 13:23 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 528 13:23 .oldgirl01
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 528 13:23 .oldgirl02
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 528 13:23 .oldgirl03
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:31:08 oldboy]# rm -rf /root/oldboy/.o*
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:31:28 oldboy]# ll -a /root/oldboy/
总用量 8
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root   21 528 13:31 .
dr-xr-x---. 4 root root 4096 528 13:22 ..
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   60 528 13:23 oldgirl
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:31:34 oldboy]# rm -rf /root/oldboy/oldgirl/.o*
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:32:06 oldboy]# ll -a /root/oldboy/oldgirl/
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  6 528 13:32 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 21 528 13:31 ..
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29

2./var目录下的重要文件

(1)/var/log/messages 可以记录系统服务运行状况

1)查看日志信息:
①方式一:grep过滤查看文件信息

grep -E “信息1|信息2|信息3” 文件

同时过滤多个信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:54:42 ~]# cat test.txt 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:31:23 info oldboy123
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
23:32:30 error oldgirl456
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:56:21 ~]# grep -E "error|Fails" test.txt 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
23:32:30 error oldgirl456

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10

grep -i “信息” 文件

忽略大小写过滤文件信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:54:42 ~]# cat test.txt 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:31:23 info oldboy123
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
23:32:30 error oldgirl456
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:56:25 ~]# grep -Ei "error|fails" test.txt 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
23:32:30 error oldgirl456

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10

grep -Ei “关键字.*(信息|信息)” 文件

根据关键字同时再过滤多个信息需要用()将要过滤的信息括起来,这些信息需要使用|分隔开,使用grep时需要用.*来匹配任意字符

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:54:42 ~]# cat test.txt 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:31:23 info oldboy123
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
23:32:30 error oldgirl456
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 10:58:14 ~]# grep -Ei "22:.*(error|fails)" test.txt #查看22点含有error或者fails的错误日志 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8

grep -B n 文件

但现实情况中很多时候报错的原因是在报错信息的上一行,则需要grep -B n来过滤信息(B是Before,n表示以上几行)

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:09:20 ~]# cat test.txt 
22:30:30 network server down
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:31:23 info oldboy123
22:31:30 ssh server unactive
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
23:32:30 error oldgirl456
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:16:01 ~]# grep -B 1 -Ei "22:.*(error|fails)" test.txt 
22:30:30 network server down
22:30:33 error oldboy123
--
22:31:30 ssh server unactive
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14

grep -A n 文件

现实情况中有时候报错的原因会在报错信息下一行显示,则需要grep -A n来过滤信息(B是After,n表示以下几行)

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:21:18 ~]# cat test.txt 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:30:30 network server down
22:31:23 info oldboy123
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
22:31:30 ssh server unactive
23:32:30 error oldgirl456
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:21:22 ~]# grep -A 1 -Ei "22:.*(error|fails)" test.txt 
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:30:30 network server down
--
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
22:31:30 ssh server unactive

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14

grep -C n 文件

现实情况中还有一些时候报错的原因在报错信息上下行都显示,则需要grep -C n来过滤信息(C是Center,n表示上下几行)

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:23:47 ~]# cat test.txt 
22:30:20 ip address 10.0.0.300
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:30:30 network server down
22:31:23 info oldboy123
22:31:25 ssh config info xxx
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
22:31:30 ssh server unactive
23:32:30 error oldgirl456
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:23:55 ~]# grep -C 1 -Ei "22:.*(error|fails)" test.txt 
22:30:20 ip address 10.0.0.300
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:30:30 network server down
--
22:31:25 ssh config info xxx
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
22:31:30 ssh server unactive

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18

grep -r 目录/*

根据指定目录遍历所有文件查找相应数据内容

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:31:23 ~]# cat test.sh 
#!/bin/bash
Info=123
echo oldboy$Info.com
echo oldgirledu.cn
echo oldbaby$Info.net
echo olddogedu.gov
echo ${Info}heqing.cn
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:31:28 ~]# cat test.txt 
22:30:20 ip address 10.0.0.300
22:30:33 error oldboy123
22:30:30 network server down
22:31:23 info oldboy123
22:31:25 ssh config info xxx
22:31:34 Fails oldboy123
22:31:30 ssh server unactive
23:32:30 error oldgirl456
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 11:31:46 ~]# grep -r oldbaby ~/*
/root/test.sh:echo oldbaby$Info.net
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
②方式二:tail -f 实时追踪查看日志变化
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:21:46 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
May 27 13:39:18 bj-oldboy-muban systemd-logind: Removed session 33.
May 27 13:53:42 bj-oldboy-muban chronyd[811]: Selected source 120.25.115.20
May 27 14:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Started Session 34 of user root.
May 27 14:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Starting Session 34 of user root.
May 27 15:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Started Session 35 of user root.
May 27 15:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Starting Session 35 of user root.
May 27 16:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Started Session 36 of user root.
May 27 16:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Starting Session 36 of user root.
May 27 17:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Started Session 37 of user root.
May 27 17:01:01 bj-oldboy-muban systemd: Starting Session 37 of user root.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12

(2)/var/log/secure 系统当前登录用户信息日志

1)用户登录成功的信息:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:24:15 ~]# cat /var/log/secure
May 27 13:03:34 bj-oldboy-muban sshd[3423]: Accepted password for root from 10.6.136.196 port 60149 ssh2
May 27 13:03:34 bj-oldboy-muban sshd[3423]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
2)用户断开连接的信息:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:29:41 ~]# cat /var/log/secure
May 27 13:29:41 bj-oldboy-muban sshd[3853]: error: Received disconnect from 10.6.136.196 port 54465:0:  [preauth]
May 27 13:29:41 bj-oldboy-muban sshd[3824]: pam_systemd(sshd:session): Failed to release session: Interrupted system call
May 27 13:29:41 bj-oldboy-muban sshd[3824]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user root

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
3)用户登录失败的信息:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:39:32 ~]# tail -f /var/log/secure
May 27 13:40:11 bj-oldboy-muban sshd[3895]: Failed password for root from 10.6.136.196 port 58174 ssh2

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
4)查看用户登录失败的信息总共有多少条

grep -c

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:42:13 ~]# grep -c "Failed password .* root" /var/log/secure
7

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

3./proc目录下重要文件

(1)/proc/cpuinfo 查看CPU硬件信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:43:00 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor  : 0   #CPU核心数 需要grep -c
vendor_id  : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model    : 85
model name  : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5115 CPU @ 2.40GHz   #CPU型号
stepping  : 4
microcode  : 0x2000050
cpu MHz    : 2394.375
cache size  : 14080 KB
physical id  : 0   #CPU颗数 需要grep -c 但physical id相同时,则要取消计算重复的数目
siblings  : 1
core id    : 0
cpu cores  : 1
apicid    : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fpu    : yes
fpu_exception  : yes
cpuid level  : 22
wp    : yes
flags    : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid rtm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec ibpb ibrs stibp arat pku ospke spec_ctrl intel_stibp arch_capabilities
bogomips  : 4788.75
clflush size  : 64
cache_alignment  : 64
address sizes  : 43 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor  : 1
vendor_id  : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model    : 85
model name  : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5115 CPU @ 2.40GHz
stepping  : 4
microcode  : 0x2000050
cpu MHz    : 2394.375
cache size  : 14080 KB
physical id  : 2
siblings  : 1
core id    : 0
cpu cores  : 1
apicid    : 2
initial apicid  : 2
fpu    : yes
fpu_exception  : yes
cpuid level  : 22
wp    : yes
flags    : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid rtm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec ibpb ibrs stibp arat pku ospke spec_ctrl intel_stibp arch_capabilities
bogomips  : 4788.75
clflush size  : 64
cache_alignment  : 64
address sizes  : 43 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:


  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
1 )查看CPU颗数
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:46:58 ~]# grep "physical id" /proc/cpuinfo 
physical id  : 0
physical id  : 2   
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:35:30 ~]# grep -c "physical id" /proc/cpuinfo 
2
#统计CPU颗数时,要确认physical id要统计不相同的,相同的只计数一次,如两行physical id都是0,则代表CPU颗数是1。
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
2)查看CPU总核心数
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:42:36 ~]# grep -c "processor" /proc/cpuinfo 
2

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
3)每颗CPU核心数=CPU总核心数/颗数

(2)/proc/meminfo 查看内存硬件信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:49:29 ~]# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:        3881272 kB   #服务器总内存容量
MemFree:         3325368 kB   #服务器空闲内存容量
MemAvailable:    3509288 kB   #服务器可用内存容量
Buffers:            2108 kB   #缓冲区占用的内存容量
Cached:           381784 kB   #缓存区占用的内存容量
SwapCached:            0 kB   #系统占用交换分区的空间,内存占用满时才会占用交换分区的空间
Active:           321360 kB
Inactive:         107080 kB
Active(anon):      45096 kB
Inactive(anon):     8524 kB
Active(file):     276264 kB
Inactive(file):    98556 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:       6291452 kB
SwapFree:        6291452 kB
Dirty:                 0 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:         44624 kB
Mapped:            25836 kB
Shmem:              9072 kB
Slab:              46496 kB
SReclaimable:      27684 kB
SUnreclaim:        18812 kB
KernelStack:        1952 kB
PageTables:         4520 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     8232088 kB
Committed_AS:     244080 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:      151892 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359341052 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:      6144 kB
CmaTotal:              0 kB
CmaFree:               0 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       71552 kB
DirectMap2M:     3074048 kB
DirectMap1G:     3145728 kB

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48

(3)/proc/loadavg 查看系统负载信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:20:59 ~]# cat /proc/loadavg 
0.00 0.01 0.05 1/123 4016   #0.00 每分钟平均负载 0.01 每5分钟平均负载 0.05 每15分钟平均负载

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

负载值要控制在小于服务器总核心数

(4)/proc/mounts 查看磁盘挂载信息

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:30:38 ~]# cat /proc/mounts 
rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
proc /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,nosuid,size=1928436k,nr_inodes=482109,mode=755 0 0
securityfs /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755 0 0
tmpfs /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd 0 0
pstore /sys/fs/pstore pstore rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/memory cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_prio,net_cls 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/devices cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/pids cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb 0 0
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio 0 0
configfs /sys/kernel/config configfs rw,relatime 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_test-root / xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0
systemd-1 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc autofs rw,relatime,fd=35,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=9025 0 0
debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0
hugetlbfs /dev/hugepages hugetlbfs rw,relatime 0 0
mqueue /dev/mqueue mqueue rw,relatime 0 0
/dev/sda1 /boot xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0
tmpfs /run/user/0 tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=388128k,mode=700 0 0
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30

九.安装部署软件方法

1.方式一:yum安装软件(推荐)

(1)优点:可以解决软件依赖关系

(2)缺点:无法实现定制化安装

(3)安装软件命令:yum install -y 软件名称

2.方式二:rpm安装软件

(1)优点:无需依赖网络安装软件

(2)缺点:无法解决软件依赖关系

(3)安装软件命令:rpm -ivh

i install 进行软件安装

v verbose显示安装过程

h hash 显示哈希标记,通过比对哈希标记确认安装包一致 (和 -v 一起使用效果更好)

e.g.

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:39:09 Packages]# rpm -ivh tomcat-7.0.76-6.el7.noarch.rpm 

  • 1
  • 2

3.方式三:编译安装软件

(1)优点:可以实现定制化安装软件

(2)缺点:无法解决软件依赖关系

(3)安装前提:需要有编译软件的源码包

获取源码包:

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 15:43:01 ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
--2022-05-28 16:12:28--  http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
正在解析主机 nginx.org (nginx.org)... 52.58.199.22, 3.125.197.172, 2a05:d014:edb:5702::6, ...
正在连接 nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求,正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度:1039530 (1015K) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: “nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz”

100%[==============================================================================>] 1,039,530   10.5KB/s 用时 85s    

2022-05-28 16:13:54 (11.9 KB/s) - 已保存 “nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz” [1039530/1039530])

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:13:54 ~]# ll
总用量 1028
-rw-------. 1 root root    1508 315 16:35 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 1039530 421 2020 nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root      34 528 14:30 oldboy
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     124 519 15:59 test.sh
-rw-r--r--  1 root root     255 527 11:23 test.txt

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20

(4)安装过程:

1)配置过程:

./configure --prefix=PATH 修改程序安装路径

--with-xxx 软件可以支持的功能

--without-xxx 取消默认安装的功能

①解压并进入源码包解压路径
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:32 ~]# tar xf nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz 
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:45 ~]# ll
总用量 1028
-rw-------. 1 root   root      1508 315 16:35 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x  8 test01 test01     158 421 2020 nginx-1.18.0
-rw-r--r--  1 root   root   1039530 421 2020 nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x  3 root   root        34 528 14:30 oldboy
-rw-r--r--. 1 root   root       124 519 15:59 test.sh
-rw-r--r--  1 root   root       255 527 11:23 test.txt
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:29:48 ~]# cd nginx-1.18.0/
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:34:23 nginx-1.18.0]# ll
总用量 760
drwxr-xr-x 6 test01 test01    326 528 16:29 auto
-rw-r--r-- 1 test01 test01 302863 421 2020 CHANGES
-rw-r--r-- 1 test01 test01 462213 421 2020 CHANGES.ru
drwxr-xr-x 2 test01 test01    168 528 16:29 conf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 test01 test01   2502 421 2020 configure
drwxr-xr-x 4 test01 test01     72 528 16:29 contrib
drwxr-xr-x 2 test01 test01     40 528 16:29 html
-rw-r--r-- 1 test01 test01   1397 421 2020 LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x 2 test01 test01     21 528 16:29 man
-rw-r--r-- 1 test01 test01     49 421 2020 README
drwxr-xr-x 9 test01 test01     91 421 2020 src

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
②安装依赖关系软件:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:48:05 nginx-1.18.0]# yum install -y pcre-devel
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
base                                                                                             | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
epel                                                                                             | 4.7 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                           | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                          | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
(1/2): epel/x86_64/updateinfo                                                                    | 1.0 MB  00:00:02     
(2/2): epel/x86_64/primary_db                                                                    | 7.0 MB  00:00:15     
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 pcre-devel.x86_64.0.8.32-17.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成

依赖关系解决

========================================================================================================================
 Package                       架构                      版本                             源                       大小
========================================================================================================================
正在安装:
 pcre-devel                    x86_64                    8.32-17.el7                      base                    480 k

事务概要
========================================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包

总下载量:480 k
安装大小:1.4 M
Downloading packages:
pcre-devel-8.32-17.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                                | 480 kB  00:00:01     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在安装    : pcre-devel-8.32-17.el7.x86_64                                                                       1/1 
  验证中      : pcre-devel-8.32-17.el7.x86_64                                                                       1/1 

已安装:
  pcre-devel.x86_64 0:8.32-17.el7                                                                                       

完毕!
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:49:38 nginx-1.18.0]# yum install -y openssl-devel
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 openssl-devel.x86_64.1.1.0.2k-25.el7_9 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 openssl-libs(x86-64) = 1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9,它被软件包 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-25.el7_9.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 krb5-devel(x86-64),它被软件包 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-25.el7_9.x86_64 需要
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 krb5-devel.x86_64.0.1.15.1-51.el7_9 将被 安装
---> 软件包 libss.x86_64.0.1.42.9-11.el7 将被 升级
---> 软件包 libss.x86_64.0.1.42.9-19.el7 将被 更新
--> 解决依赖关系完成

依赖关系解决

========================================================================================================================
 Package                            架构                  版本                             源                      大小
========================================================================================================================
正在安装:
 openssl-devel                      x86_64                1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9                updates                1.5 M
为依赖而安装:
 keyutils-libs-devel                x86_64                1.5.8-3.el7                      base                    37 k
 krb5-devel                         x86_64                1.15.1-51.el7_9                  updates                273 k
 libcom_err-devel                   x86_64                1.42.9-19.el7                    base                    32 k
 libkadm5                           x86_64                1.15.1-51.el7_9                  updates                179 k
 libselinux-devel                   x86_64                2.5-15.el7                       base                   187 k
 libsepol-devel                     x86_64                2.5-10.el7                       base                    77 k
 libverto-devel                     x86_64                0.2.5-4.el7                      base                    12 k
为依赖而更新:
 e2fsprogs                          x86_64                1.42.9-19.el7                    base                   701 k
 e2fsprogs-libs                     x86_64                1.42.9-19.el7                    base                   168 k
 krb5-libs                          x86_64                1.15.1-51.el7_9                                               updates                1.2 M

事务概要
========================================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包 (+ 7 依赖软件包)
升级           ( 11 依赖软件包)

总下载量:6.5 M
Downloading packages:
Delta RPMs disabled because /usr/bin/applydeltarpm not installed.
(1/19): e2fsprogs-libs-1.42.9-19.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                  | 168 kB  00:00:00     
(2/19): libcom_err-1.42.9-19.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                      |  42 kB  00:00:00     
(3/19): krb5-devel-1.15.1-51.el7_9.x86_64.rpm                                                    | 273 kB  00:00:00                                                           | 162 kB  00:00:00       
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
总计                                                                                    188 kB/s | 6.5 MB  00:00:35     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在更新    : libcom_err-1.42.9-19.el7.x86_64                                                                    1/30 
  正在更新    : libsepol-2.5-10.el7.x86_64                                                                         2/30 
  正在更新    : libselinux-2.5-15.el7.x86_64                                                                       3/30 
  正在更新    : 1:openssl-libs-1.0.2k-25.el7_9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
已安装:
  openssl-devel.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9                                                                                

作为依赖被安装:
  keyutils-libs-devel.x86_64 0:1.5.8-3.el7 krb5-devel.x86_64 0:1.15.1-51.el7_9  libcom_err-devel.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7
  libkadm5.x86_64 0:1.15.1-51.el7_9        libselinux-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7 libsepol-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-10.el7     
  libverto-devel.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7     

作为依赖被升级:
  e2fsprogs.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7       e2fsprogs-libs.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7   krb5-libs.x86_64 0:1.15.1-51.el7_9     
  libcom_err.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7      libselinux.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7          libselinux-python.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7  
  libselinux-utils.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7   libsepol.x86_64 0:2.5-10.el7            libss.x86_64 0:1.42.9-19.el7           
  openssl.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9       openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-25.el7_9  

完毕!
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
③使用./configure进行配置:
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:50:59 nginx-1.18.0]# ./configure --prefix=/application/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module
checking for OS
 + Linux 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 x86_64
checking for C compiler ... found
 + using GNU C compiler
 + gcc version: 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
checking for -Wl,-E switch ... found
checking for gcc builtin atomic operations ... found
checking for C99 variadic macros ... found
checking for gcc variadic macros ... found
checking for gcc builtin 64 bit byteswap ... found
checking for unistd.h ... found
checking for inttypes.h ... found
checking for limits.h ... found
checking for sys/filio.h ... not found
checking for sys/param.h ... found
checking for sys/mount.h ... found
checking for sys/statvfs.h ... found
checking for crypt.h ... found
checking for Linux specific features
checking for epoll ... found
checking for EPOLLRDHUP ... found
checking for EPOLLEXCLUSIVE ... not found
checking for O_PATH ... found
checking for sendfile() ... found
checking for sendfile64() ... found
checking for sys/prctl.h ... found
checking for sched_setaffinity() ... found
checking for SO_SETFIB ... not found
checking for SO_REUSEPORT ... found
checking for SO_ACCEPTFILTER ... not found
checking for SO_BINDANY ... not found
checking for IP_TRANSPARENT ... found
checking for IP_BINDANY ... not found
checking for IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT ... not found
checking for IP_RECVDSTADDR ... not found
checking for IP_SENDSRCADDR ... not found
checking for IP_PKTINFO ... found
checking for IPV6_RECVPKTINFO ... found
checking for TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT ... found
checking for TCP_KEEPIDLE ... found
checking for TCP_FASTOPEN ... found
checking for TCP_INFO ... found
checking for accept4() ... found
checking for eventfd() ... found
checking for int size ... 4 bytes
checking for long size ... 8 bytes
checking for long long size ... 8 bytes
checking for void * size ... 8 bytes
checking for uint32_t ... found
checking for uint64_t ... found
checking for sig_atomic_t ... found
checking for sig_atomic_t size ... 4 bytes
checking for socklen_t ... found
checking for in_addr_t ... found
checking for in_port_t ... found
checking for rlim_t ... found
checking for uintptr_t ... uintptr_t found
checking for system byte ordering ... little endian
checking for size_t size ... 8 bytes
checking for off_t size ... 8 bytes
checking for time_t size ... 8 bytes
checking for AF_INET6 ... found
checking for setproctitle() ... not found
checking for pread() ... found
checking for pwrite() ... found
checking for pwritev() ... found
checking for sys_nerr ... found
checking for localtime_r() ... found
checking for clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) ... found
checking for posix_memalign() ... found
checking for memalign() ... found
checking for mmap(MAP_ANON|MAP_SHARED) ... found
checking for mmap("/dev/zero", MAP_SHARED) ... found
checking for System V shared memory ... found
checking for POSIX semaphores ... not found
checking for POSIX semaphores in libpthread ... found
checking for struct msghdr.msg_control ... found
checking for ioctl(FIONBIO) ... found
checking for ioctl(FIONREAD) ... found
checking for struct tm.tm_gmtoff ... found
checking for struct dirent.d_namlen ... not found
checking for struct dirent.d_type ... found
checking for sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN) ... found
checking for sysconf(_SC_LEVEL1_DCACHE_LINESIZE) ... found
checking for openat(), fstatat() ... found
checking for getaddrinfo() ... found
checking for PCRE library ... found
checking for PCRE JIT support ... found
checking for OpenSSL library ... found
checking for zlib library ... found
creating objs/Makefile

Configuration summary
  + using system PCRE library
  + using system OpenSSL library
  + using system zlib library

  nginx path prefix: "/application/nginx"
  nginx binary file: "/application/nginx/sbin/nginx"
  nginx modules path: "/application/nginx/modules"
  nginx configuration prefix: "/application/nginx/conf"
  nginx configuration file: "/application/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
  nginx pid file: "/application/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
  nginx error log file: "/application/nginx/logs/error.log"
  nginx http access log file: "/application/nginx/logs/access.log"
  nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
  nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
  nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
  nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
  nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
2)编译过程:让系统识别源码信息

make

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:52:08 nginx-1.18.0]# make
make -f objs/Makefile
make[1]: 进入目录“/root/nginx-1.18.0”
cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
  -o objs/src/core/nginx.o \
  src/core/nginx.c
cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
  -o objs/src/core/ngx_log.o \
  src/core/ngx_log.c
cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
  -o objs/src/core/ngx_palloc.o \
  src/core/ngx_palloc.c
cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
  -o objs/src/core/ngx_array.o \
  src/core/ngx_array.c
cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
  -o objs/src/core/ngx_list.o \
  src/core/ngx_list.c
cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
  -o objs/src/core/ngx_hash.o \
objs/src/os/unix/ngx_linux_init.o \
objs/src/event/modules/ngx_epoll_module.o \
objs/src/os/unix/ngx_linux_sendfile_chain.o \
objs/src/event/ngx_event_openssl.o \
objs/src/event/ngx_event_openssl_stapling.o \
objs/src/core/ngx_regex.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_core_module.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_special_response.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_request.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_parse.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_log_module.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_request_body.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_variables.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_script.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_upstream.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_upstream_round_robin.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_file_cache.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_write_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_chunked_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_range_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_gzip_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_postpone_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_ssi_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_charset_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_userid_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_headers_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/ngx_http_copy_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_not_modified_filter_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_static_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_autoindex_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_index_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_mirror_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_try_files_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_auth_basic_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_access_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_limit_conn_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_limit_req_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_geo_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_map_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_split_clients_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_referer_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_rewrite_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_ssl_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_proxy_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_fastcgi_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_uwsgi_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_scgi_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_memcached_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_empty_gif_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_browser_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_hash_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_ip_hash_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_least_conn_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_random_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_zone_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_stub_status_module.o \
objs/ngx_modules.o \
-ldl -lpthread -lcrypt -lpcre -lssl -lcrypto -ldl -lpthread -lz \
-Wl,-E
sed -e "s|%%PREFIX%%|/application/nginx|" \
  -e "s|%%PID_PATH%%|/application/nginx/logs/nginx.pid|" \
  -e "s|%%CONF_PATH%%|/application/nginx/conf/nginx.conf|" \
  -e "s|%%ERROR_LOG_PATH%%|/application/nginx/logs/error.log|" \
  < man/nginx.8 > objs/nginx.8
make[1]: 离开目录“/root/nginx-1.18.0”


  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
3)安装过程:编译安装

make install

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 17:14:49 nginx-1.18.0]# make install
make -f objs/Makefile install
make[1]: 进入目录“/root/nginx-1.18.0”
test -d '/application/nginx' || mkdir -p '/application/nginx'
test -d '/application/nginx/sbin' \
  || mkdir -p '/application/nginx/sbin'
test ! -f '/application/nginx/sbin/nginx' \
  || mv '/application/nginx/sbin/nginx' \
    '/application/nginx/sbin/nginx.old'
cp objs/nginx '/application/nginx/sbin/nginx'
test -d '/application/nginx/conf' \
  || mkdir -p '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/koi-win '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/koi-utf '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/win-utf '/application/nginx/conf'
test -f '/application/nginx/conf/mime.types' \
  || cp conf/mime.types '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/mime.types '/application/nginx/conf/mime.types.default'
test -f '/application/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params' \
  || cp conf/fastcgi_params '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/fastcgi_params \
  '/application/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params.default'
test -f '/application/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf' \
  || cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/application/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf.default'
test -f '/application/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params' \
  || cp conf/uwsgi_params '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/uwsgi_params \
  '/application/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params.default'
test -f '/application/nginx/conf/scgi_params' \
  || cp conf/scgi_params '/application/nginx/conf'
cp conf/scgi_params \
  '/application/nginx/conf/scgi_params.default'
test -f '/application/nginx/conf/nginx.conf' \
  || cp conf/nginx.conf '/application/nginx/conf/nginx.conf'
cp conf/nginx.conf '/application/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.default'
test -d '/application/nginx/logs' \
  || mkdir -p '/application/nginx/logs'
test -d '/application/nginx/logs' \
  || mkdir -p '/application/nginx/logs'
test -d '/application/nginx/html' \
  || cp -R html '/application/nginx'
test -d '/application/nginx/logs' \
  || mkdir -p '/application/nginx/logs'
make[1]: 离开目录“/root/nginx-1.18.0”

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46

4.方式四:二进制包方式安装软件=绿色版/硬盘版软件

(1)优点:节省软件安装过程时间

(2)缺点:无法解决软件依赖关系

(3)安装前提:需要二进制包

在GitHub下载二进制包

GitHub: Where the world builds software · GitHub

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-vgWDbyHZ-1654492271986)(image/image_1fxmFs1nsV.png)]

将下载的二进制包上传到Linux系统中

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-aB8XYwxW-1654492271986)(image/image_YsBglFq5m1.png)]

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-zrHS3UkH-1654492271986)(image/image_XdMuh5TFTl.png)]

(4)安装过程:解压二进制包并将解压后的目录移动到制定系统目录下即可直接运行使用

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:22:15 ~]# unzip sersync-master.zip 
Archive:  sersync-master.zip
e6e4cda2583a73a5581d7015255838b5e68673c6
   creating: sersync-master/
  inflating: sersync-master/.gitattributes  
  inflating: sersync-master/.gitignore  
  inflating: sersync-master/README.md  
  inflating: sersync-master/inotify-tools-3.14.tar.gz  
 extracting: sersync-master/rsync-3.1.1.tar.gz  
  inflating: sersync-master/sersync2.5.4_64bit_binary_stable_final.tar.gz  
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:24:43 ~]# cd sersync-master/
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:24:55 sersync-master]# ll
总用量 1948
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 358772 814 2015 inotify-tools-3.14.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  10838 814 2015 README.md
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 890124 814 2015 rsync-3.1.1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 727290 814 2015 sersync2.5.4_64bit_binary_stable_final.tar.gz
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:25:03 sersync-master]# tar -xf sersync2.5.4_64bit_binary_stable_final.tar.gz 
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:25:34 sersync-master]# cd GNU-Linux-x86/
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:25:40 GNU-Linux-x86]# ll
总用量 1772
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    2214 1026 2011 confxml.xml
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1810128 1026 2011 sersync2
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:25:43 GNU-Linux-x86]# cd ..
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:26:31 sersync-master]# mv GNU-Linux-x86/ /usr/local/sersync
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:31:49 sersync-master]# cd /usr/local/sersync/
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:31:57 sersync]# ll
总用量 1772
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    2214 1026 2011 confxml.xml
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1810128 1026 2011 sersync2
[root@bj-oldboy-muban 13:32:00 sersync]# ./sersync2 
set the system param
execute:echo 50000000 > /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches
execute:echo 327679 > /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_queued_events
parse the command param
daemon thread num: 10
parse xml config file
host ip : localhost  host port: 8008
config xml parse success
please set /etc/rsyncd.conf max connections=0 Manually
sersync working thread 12  = 1(primary thread) + 1(fail retry thread) + 10(daemon sub threads) 
Max threads numbers is: 22 = 12(Thread pool nums) + 10(Sub threads)
please according your cpu ,use -n param to adjust the cpu rate
run the sersync: 
watch path is: /opt/tongbu

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46

十、文件属性详细介绍

[root@bj-oldboy-muban 16:43:09 ~]# ll -i /etc/hosts
33554980 -  rw-r--r--. 1  root    root 158      519 15:26 /etc/hosts

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧

① 文件属性中的inode信息(inode=index node,索引节点,可以更快的定位数据的存储位置,类似书籍的目录)

② 文件类型信息:- 普通文件,d 目录文件,l 软链接文件

③ 文件权限设置:r 可读,w 可写,x 执行,- 没有权限

注:文件权限付余给3个人:文件拥有者(属主),文件拥有用户组-属组,文件其他用户(权限最小)

④ 文件硬链接数

⑤ 文件的所属用户信息

⑥ 文件的所属组信息

⑦ 文件大小信息

⑧ 文件修改时间

即将学习61课程

声明:本文内容由网友自发贡献,转载请注明出处:【wpsshop博客】
推荐阅读
相关标签
  

闽ICP备14008679号