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论文原文:An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale
简单而言,模型由三个模块组成:
(1) Linear Projection of Flattened Patches(Embedding层)
(2) Transformer Encoder
(3) MLP Head:最终用于分类的层结构
具体步骤:
由于一个patch是正方形,不能直接作为TRM的输入,需要把这一个patch转化成一个固定维度的embedding,然后用embedding作为TRM的输入。方法1:把patch拉平,二维转一维(eg.原来16x16变为256);方法2:把拉平之后的这个维度映射到我自己规定的一个向量长度。
注:在此过程中有两个实验方式,这里用的是Linear Projection是一个线性的转化,还有一种就是说petch=16*16,可以用一个16*16,步长为16的卷积来操作这个,卷积核设置成768,输出通道就是768,也就是说将768转换成了TRM Encoder的维度。
首先生成CLS符号的token emb,图中*,然后生成所有序列的位置编码,图中1,2,3...,粉色的跟紫色的相加得到输入的embadding。
为啥加入一个CLS符号?
在论文后证明,CLS作用不大,它的作用就是减少对原始TRM模型的更改,BERT中使用CLS是由于,BERT有两个预训练任务,NSP(二分类)任务:预测下一句;MLM:预测当前单词。两个任务如果都使用池化进行损失的话,会在某些tokens上进行重复,使用CLS一定程度上让两个任务保持一种相对的独立。但是VIT不涉及到MLM这种形式的任务,只会有一个多分类任务,所以CLS符号不是必须的。
位置编码
为了保持输入图像patch之间的空间位置信息,还需要对图像块嵌入中添加一个位置编码向量,如上式中的Epos所示,ViT的位置编码没有使用更新的2D位置嵌入方法,而是直接用的一维可学习的位置嵌入变量,原先是论文作者发现实际使用时2D并没有展现出比1D更好的效果。
输入之后先过一个Normalization层,在进入自注意力层,输出与输入做一个残差,在输入到Normalization,输入到前馈神经网络,在过一个残差,有几个Encoder就做几次,最终得到的每一个token都会生成一个输出。
把第一个CLS输出拿出来做多分类任务
- import torch
- from torch import nn
-
- from einops import rearrange, repeat
- from einops.layers.torch import Rearrange
-
- # helpers
-
- def pair(t):
- return t if isinstance(t, tuple) else (t, t)
-
- # classes
-
- class PreNorm(nn.Module):
- def __init__(self, dim, fn):
- super().__init__()
- self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
- self.fn = fn
- def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
- return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
- class FeedForward(nn.Module):
- def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
- super().__init__()
- self.net = nn.Sequential(
- nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
- nn.GELU(),
- nn.Dropout(dropout),
- nn.Linear(hidden_dim, dim),
- nn.Dropout(dropout)
- )
- def forward(self, x):
- return self.net(x)
- # 多头注意力机制实现
- class Attention(nn.Module):
- def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
- super().__init__()
- inner_dim = dim_head * heads
- project_out = not (heads == 1 and dim_head == dim)
-
- self.heads = heads
- self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
-
- self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
- self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 3, bias = False) # 把dim维度映射到inner_dim * 3这个维度
-
- self.to_out = nn.Sequential(
- nn.Linear(inner_dim, dim),
- nn.Dropout(dropout)
- ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
-
- def forward(self, x):
- qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1) # 对tensor张量分块 x :1*197*1024 qkv 最后是一个元组,tuple,长度是3,每个元素形状:1 197 1024
- q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
-
- dots = torch.matmul(q, k.transpose(-1, -2)) * self.scale
-
- attn = self.attend(dots)
-
- out = torch.matmul(attn, v) # 乘以对应的v矩阵
- out = rearrange(out, 'b h n d -> b n (h d)') # 做一个形状的变化
- return self.to_out(out)
-
- class Transformer(nn.Module):
- def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
- super().__init__()
- self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
- # 把多个encoder堆叠在一起
- for _ in range(depth):
- self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
- PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)), # 多头注意力机制
- PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)) # 前馈神经网络
- ]))
- def forward(self, x):
- for attn, ff in self.layers:
- x = attn(x) + x
- x = ff(x) + x
- return x
-
- # 整体架构
- class ViT(nn.Module):
- def __init__(self, *, image_size, patch_size, num_classes, dim, depth, heads, mlp_dim, pool = 'cls', channels = 3, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., emb_dropout = 0.):
- super().__init__()
- image_height, image_width = pair(image_size) ## 224*224
- patch_height, patch_width = pair(patch_size)## 16 * 16
-
- assert image_height % patch_height == 0 and image_width % patch_width == 0, 'Image dimensions must be divisible by the patch size.'
-
- num_patches = (image_height // patch_height) * (image_width // patch_width) # 图片分割成多少个patch
- patch_dim = channels * patch_height * patch_width # 拉平:patch的宽和高乘通道数
- assert pool in {'cls', 'mean'}, 'pool type must be either cls (cls token) or mean (mean pooling)'
- # 图片拉平映射到encoder我们自己规定的模型里
- self.to_patch_embedding = nn.Sequential(
- Rearrange('b c (h p1) (w p2) -> b (h w) (p1 p2 c)', p1 = patch_height, p2 = patch_width),
- nn.Linear(patch_dim, dim),
- )
-
- self.pos_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, num_patches + 1, dim)) # 生成所有位置编码
- self.cls_token = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, 1, dim)) # 生成CLS token的初始化参数
- self.dropout = nn.Dropout(emb_dropout)
-
- self.transformer = Transformer(dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout) # 输入解决了之后,把它放到TRM中
-
- self.pool = pool
- self.to_latent = nn.Identity()
-
- self.mlp_head = nn.Sequential(
- nn.LayerNorm(dim),
- nn.Linear(dim, num_classes)
- )
-
- def forward(self, img):
- x = self.to_patch_embedding(img) # img betch:1 通道3 224 224 输出形状x : 1*196*1024
- b, n, _ = x.shape ##
-
- cls_tokens = repeat(self.cls_token, '() n d -> b n d', b = b) # 复制b份,每一个betchsize都要加一个CLS符号
- x = torch.cat((cls_tokens, x), dim=1) # 把CLS的tokens Embedding 和Patch Embedding进行拼接
- x += self.pos_embedding[:, :(n + 1)] # 相加
- x = self.dropout(x)
-
- x = self.transformer(x)
-
- x = x.mean(dim = 1) if self.pool == 'mean' else x[:, 0]
-
- x = self.to_latent(x)
- return self.mlp_head(x)
-
-
-
- v = ViT(
- image_size = 224, # 输入图像大小
- patch_size = 16, # 切分的每一块的大小
- num_classes = 1000, # 最后CLS拿出来的映射到多少个维度上,类别上
- dim = 1024,
- depth = 6, # encoder层数
- heads = 16, # 多头注意力机制参数
- mlp_dim = 2048,
- dropout = 0.1,
- emb_dropout = 0.1
- )
-
- img = torch.randn(1, 3, 224, 224)
-
- preds = v(img) # (1, 1000)
想总结,总结不太出来,就是这东西很简单,感觉没啥,但是又搞不太懂,先发出去,以后有机会在改。
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