Linux_Debian学习笔记

系统管理

软件源

Debian11

debian11 ustc中国科技大学软件源

1. 生成软件源

   # 备份软件源
   mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup.$(date "+%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M")
   cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << 'EOF'
   deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable main contrib non-free
   # deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable main contrib non-free
   deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-updates main contrib non-free
   # deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-updates main contrib non-free
   
   # deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
   # deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
   EOF
   
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debian11 清华大学软件源

1. 生成软件源

   # 备份软件源
   mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup.$(date "+%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M")
   cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << 'EOF'
   # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
   deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
   # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
   deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
   # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
   
   deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
   # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
   
   deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
   # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
   EOF
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debian11 阿里云软件源

1. 生成软件源

   # 备份软件源
   mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup.$(date "+%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M")
   cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << 'EOF'
   deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib
   deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib
   deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
   deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
   deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
   deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
   deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
   deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
   EOF
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Debian12

debian12 清华大学软件源

1. 生成软件源

   # 备份软件源
   mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup.$(date "+%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M")
   cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << 'EOF'
   # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
   deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   # deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   
   deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   # deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   
   deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   # deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   
   # deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   # # deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   
   deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   # deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
   EOF
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系统全局设置

debian12 修改静态IP地址

1. eth0为dhcp获取ip,eth1为静态ip,使用"systemctl restart networking.service"命令生效
2. debian12 修改静态IP地址

   # 备份配置文件
   sudo mv /etc/network/interfaces /etc/network/interfaces.backup.$(date "+%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M")
   sudo cat > /etc/network/interfaces << 'EOF'
   # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
   # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
   
   source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
   
   # The loopback network interface
   auto lo
   iface lo inet loopback
   
   # The primary network interface
   allow-hotplug eth0 eth1
   iface eth0 inet dhcp
   iface eth1 inet static
     address 10.10.10.10/24
     broadcast 10.10.10.255
     network 10.10.10.0
   EOF
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修改语言环境成中文

1. 修改语言环境成中文

   dpkg-reconfigure locales
   #设置成zh_CN.UTF-8后,重启
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系统输入法

Debian11 fcxe 安装rime中州韵五笔输入法

1. 安装rime输入法

   sudo apt -y install fcitx5-rime
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2. 下载安装五笔输入方案

   # 下载五笔输入法
   wget https://github.com/rime/rime-wubi/archive/refs/heads/master.zip -O rime-wubi.zip
   # 五笔拼音反查依赖pinyin-simp
   wget https://github.com/rime/rime-pinyin-simp/archive/refs/heads/master.zip -O rime-pinyin-simp.zip
   unzip rime-wubi.zip
   unzip rime-pinyin-simp.zip
   在GUI界面注销，再登录用户
   在输入法中调出中州韵输入法
   cp rime-wubi-master/wubi* ~/.local/share/fcitx5/rime/
   cp rime-pinyin-simp-master/pinyin_simp* ~/.local/share/fcitx5/rime/
   vi ~/.local/share/fcitx5/rime/build/default.yaml
   # 编辑文件，在schema_list:下增加五笔输入法
   - schema: wubi_pinyin
   保存退出，重新启动中州韵输入法，按F4切换输入法
   在五笔拼音输入法下,可直接输入拼音,反查五笔编码
   
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常用软件安装

Docker安装

1. Docker官方文档
2. 使用apt仓库安装,国内网络可能非常慢

   # Add Docker's official GPG key:
   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl
   sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
   sudo curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
   sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
   
   # Add the repository to Apt sources:
   echo \
     "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian \
     $(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME") stable" | \
     sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
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3. 使用离线包安装
   1. 打开网页
   2. 选择Debian的版本
   3. 进入pool/stable/,选择平台
   4. 下载以下deb文件

      containerd.io_<version>_<arch>.deb
      docker-ce_<version>_<arch>.deb
      docker-ce-cli_<version>_<arch>.deb
      docker-buildx-plugin_<version>_<arch>.deb
      docker-compose-plugin_<version>_<arch>.deb
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   5. 以Debian12(bookworm)为例,下载链接
      1. containerd.io_1.6.28-2
      2. docker-ce_26.0.0-1
      3. docker-ce-cli_26.0.0-1
      4. docker-buildx-plugin_0.13.1-1
      5. docker-compose-plugin_2.25.0-1
   6. 安装离线包

      # 如果没有iptables,需要先安装iptables:apt install -y iptables
      sudo dpkg -i ./containerd.io_1.6.28-2_amd64.deb \
        ./docker-ce_26.0.0-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb \
        ./docker-ce-cli_26.0.0-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb \
        ./docker-buildx-plugin_0.13.1-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb \
        ./docker-compose-plugin_2.25.0-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb
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   7. 验证是否安装成功

   docker ps
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