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为了解决Linux和Windows不兼容的问题,ftp虽然能够做到,但是不支持挂载
SMB:Server Message Block 服务器消息块,IBM发布,最早是DOS网络文件共享协议,是私有协议
CIFS:common internet file system,微软基于SMB发布
SAMBA:1991年Andrew Tridgell,实现 windows和UNIX相通
SAMBA的功能:
Windows计算机网络管理模式:
相关包:
相关服务进程:
主配置文件:/etc/samba/smb.conf 帮助参看:man smb.conf
语法检查: testparm [-v] [/etc/samba/smb.conf]
客户端工具:smbclient,mount.cifs
范例:
dnf install samba
systemctl start smb
systemctl start nmb
UNC路径: Universal Naming Convention,通用命名规范,格式如下
\\sambaserver\sharename
以管理员身份运行
改成$后可以在Windows里隐藏,但是在Linux里不起作用
smbclient -L instructor.example.com
smbclient -L instructor.example.com -U smb用户%password
#可以使用-U选项来指定用户%密码,或通过设置和导出USER和PASSWD环境变量来指定
smbclient //instructor.example.com/shared -U wang
>cd directory
>get file1
>put file2
说明:生产环境中可能用的并不多,生产中一般是Windows当客户端,Linux当服务器端
范例:手动挂载
mount -o user=wang,password=magedu //server//shared /mnt/smb
范例:开机自动挂载(此方法需要安装cifs-utils包)
cat /etc/fstab
#可以用文件代替用户名和密码的输入
//server/homes /mnt cifs credentials或cred=/etc/smb.txt 0 0
cat /etc/smb.txt
username=wang #或 user=wang
password=password #或 pass=password
#给密码文件加上权限,保证安全
chmod 600 /etc/smb.txt
范例: SMB协议版本
[root@centos8 ~]#man mount.cifs vers=arg SMB protocol version. Allowed values are: · 1.0 - The classic CIFS/SMBv1 protocol. · 2.0 - The SMBv2.002 protocol. This was initially introduced in Windows Vista Service Pack 1, and Windows Server 2008. Note that the initial release version of Windows Vista spoke a slightly different dialect (2.000) that is not supported. · 2.1 - The SMBv2.1 protocol that was introduced in Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008R2. · 3.0 - The SMBv3.0 protocol that was introduced in Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. · 3.02 or 3.0.2 - The SMBv3.0.2 protocol that was introduced in Microsoft Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012R2. · 3.1.1 or 3.11 - The SMBv3.1.1 protocol that was introduced in Microsoft Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016. · 3 - The SMBv3.0 protocol version and above. · default - Tries to negotiate the highest SMB2+ version supported by both the client and server. [root@centos7 ~]#man mount.cifs vers= SMB protocol version. Allowed values are: · 1.0 - The classic CIFS/SMBv1 protocol. This is the default. · 2.0 - The SMBv2.002 protocol. This was initially introduced in Windows Vista Service Pack 1, and Windows Server 2008. Note that the initial release version of Windows Vista spoke a slightly different dialect (2.000) that is not supported. · 2.1 - The SMBv2.1 protocol that was introduced in Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008R2. · 3.0 - The SMBv3.0 protocol that was introduced in Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012.
说明:samba用户须是Linux用户,建议使用/sbin/nologin
添加 samba用户(虚拟用户):
#必须加-a选项,否则就是现有的用户改密码
smbpasswd -a <user>
pdbedit -a -u <user>
修改用户密码:
smbpasswd <user>
删除用户和密码:
smbpasswd -x <user>
pdbedit -x -u <user>
查看samba用户列表:
pdbedit -L -v
范例: 创建samba用户
#注意不要用-r 设为系统用户,因为不会生成家目录 [root@centos8 ~]#useradd -s /sbin/nologin smb1 [root@centos8 ~]#useradd -s /sbin/nologin smb2 [root@centos8 ~]#useradd -s /sbin/nologin smb3 [root@centos8 ~]#smbpasswd -a smb1 [root@centos8 ~]#smbpasswd -a smb2 [root@centos8 ~]#smbpasswd -a smb3 [root@centos8 ~]#pdbedit -L smb1:995: smb2:994: smb3:993: [root@centos8 ~]#pdbedit -L -v --------------- Unix username: smb1 NT username: Account Flags: [U ] User SID: S-1-5-21-564547271-2436613516-3895257592-1000 Primary Group SID: S-1-5-21-564547271-2436613516-3895257592-513 Full Name: Home Directory: \\centos8\smb1 HomeDir Drive: Logon Script: Profile Path: \\centos8\smb1\profile Domain: CENTOS8 Account desc: Workstations: Munged dial: Logon time: 0 Logoff time: Wed, 06 Feb 2036 23:06:39 CST Kickoff time: Wed, 06 Feb 2036 23:06:39 CST Password last set: Sun, 05 Jul 2020 09:44:45 CST Password can change: Sun, 05 Jul 2020 09:44:45 CST Password must change: never Last bad password : 0 Bad password count : 0 Logon hours : FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF --------------- Unix username: smb2 NT username: Account Flags: [U ] User SID: S-1-5-21-564547271-2436613516-3895257592-1001 Primary Group SID: S-1-5-21-564547271-2436613516-3895257592-513 Full Name: Home Directory: \\centos8\smb2 HomeDir Drive: Logon Script: Profile Path: \\centos8\smb2\profile Domain: CENTOS8 Account desc: Workstations: Munged dial: Logon time: 0 Logoff time: Wed, 06 Feb 2036 23:06:39 CST Kickoff time: Wed, 06 Feb 2036 23:06:39 CST Password last set: Sun, 05 Jul 2020 09:46:11 CST Password can change: Sun, 05 Jul 2020 09:46:11 CST Password must change: never Last bad password : 0 Bad password count : 0 Logon hours : FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF --------------- Unix username: smb3 NT username: Account Flags: [U ] User SID: S-1-5-21-564547271-2436613516-3895257592-1002 Primary Group SID: S-1-5-21-564547271-2436613516-3895257592-513 Full Name: Home Directory: \\centos8\smb3 HomeDir Drive: Logon Script: Profile Path: \\centos8\smb3\profile Domain: CENTOS8 Account desc: Workstations: Munged dial: Logon time: 0 Logoff time: Wed, 06 Feb 2036 23:06:39 CST Kickoff time: Wed, 06 Feb 2036 23:06:39 CST Password last set: Sun, 05 Jul 2020 09:48:11 CST Password can change: Sun, 05 Jul 2020 09:48:11 CST Password must change: never Last bad password : 0 Bad password count : 0 Logon hours : FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF #客户端查看 [root@Centos7 ~]#smbclient -L 10.0.0.8 -U smb2 Enter SAMBA\smb2's password: Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- print$ Disk Printer Drivers IPC$ IPC IPC Service (Samba 4.11.2) smb2 Disk Home Directories Reconnecting with SMB1 for workgroup listing. smbXcli_negprot_smb1_done: No compatible protocol selected by server. protocol negotiation failed: NT_STATUS_INVALID_NETWORK_RESPONSE Unable to connect with SMB1 -- no workgroup available
查看samba服务器状态:
smbstatus
范例:
[root@centos8 ~]#smbstatus
Samba version 4.11.2
PID Username Group Machine Protocol Version Encryption Signing
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2712 smb1 smb1 10.0.0.1 (ipv4:10.0.0.1:12574) SMB3_11 - partial(AES-128-CMAC)
Service pid Machine Connected at Encryption Signing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPC$ 2712 10.0.0.1 Sun Jul 5 09:52:41 AM 2020 CST - -
No locked files
samba 配置文件 /etc/smb.conf 格式 ,使用.ini文件的格式
帮助:man smb.conf
用 [ ] 分成以下几部分
全局设置:
[global] 服务器通用或全局设置的部分
特定共享设置:
[homes] 用户的家目录共享
[printers] 定义打印机资源和服务
[sharename] 自定义的共享目录配置
其中:#和;开头的语句为注释,大小写不敏感
samba配置中的宏定义:
%m 客户端主机的NetBIOS名
%M 客户端主机的FQDN
%H 当前用户家目录路径
%U 当前用户的用户名
%g 当前用户所属组
%h samba服务器的主机名
%L samba服务器的NetBIOS名
%I 客户端主机的IP,是i的大写字母
%T 当前日期和时间
%S 可登录的用户名
workgroup 指定工作组名称
server string 主机注释信息
netbios name 指定NetBIOS名,注意:netbios name需要启动nmb服务
范例:
[global]
workgroup = workgroup
netbios name = smbserver #此设置需要启动nmb服务才可能生效
interfaces 指定服务侦听接口和IP
hosts allow 可用逗号,空格,或tab分隔,默认允许所有主机访问,也可在每个共享独立配置,如在[global]设置,将应用并覆盖所有共享设置,可以是以下格式:
IPv4 network/prefix: 172.16.0.0/24 IPv4 前缀: 172.16.0.
IPv4 network/netmask: 172.16.0.0/255.255.255.0
主机名: desktop.example.com
以example.com后缀的主机名: .example.com
范例:
hosts allow = 172.16. .example.com
hosts deny 拒绝指定主机访问,格式和hosts allow 相同
config file=/etc/samba/conf.d/%U 用户独立的配置文件
Log file=/var/log/samba/log.%I 不同客户机采用不同日志
log level = 2 日志级别,默认为0,不记录日志
范例:
[global]
Log file=/var/log/samba/log.%I
log level = 2
max log size=50 日志文件达到50K,将轮循rotate,单位KB
Security三种认证方式:
user:samba用户(采有linux用户,samba的独立口令)
share:匿名(CentOS7不再支持),已不建议使用
server:已不建议使用
passdb backend = tdbsam 密码数据库格式
每个共享目录应该有独立的[ ]部分
[共享名称] 远程网络看到的共享名称
comment 注释信息
path 所共享的目录路径
public 能否被guest访问的共享,默认no,和guest=ok 类似
browsable 是否允许所有用户浏览此共享,默认为yes,no为隐藏
writable=yes 可以被所有用户读写,默认为no
read only=no 和writable=yes等价,如与以上设置冲突,放在后面的设置生效,默认只读
write list 用户,@组名,+组名 之间用逗号分隔,如:writable=no,列表中用户或组可读写,不在列表中用户只读
valid users 特定用户才能访问该共享,如为空,将允许所有用户,用户名之间用空格分隔
范例:基于特定用户和组的共享
vim /etc/samba/smb.conf
[share]
path = /data/dir
valid users=smb1,@admins
writeable = no
browseable = no #隐藏共享,不输入文件名就看不到
范例:
vim /etc/samba/smb.conf [share] path = /data/dir valid users=smb1,@admins writeable = no #写权限如果打开,对应的/data/dir也要给权限 browseable = no [root@centos8 ~]#groupadd admins [root@centos8 ~]#groupmems -a smb2 -g admins [root@centos8 ~]#groupmems -l -g admins smb2 [root@centos8 ~]#mkdir /data/dir [root@centos8 ~]#touch /data/dir/dir1.txt #由于隐藏了共享,看不到文件夹 [root@Centos7 ~]#smbclient -L 10.0.0.8 -U smb1%magedu Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- print$ Disk Printer Drivers IPC$ IPC IPC Service (Samba 4.11.2) smb1 Disk Home Directories #输入完整路径就可以看到 [root@Centos7 ~]#smbclient //10.0.0.8/share -U smb1%magedu Try "help" to get a list of possible commands. smb: \> ls . D 0 Sun Jul 5 10:30:29 2020 .. D 0 Sun Jul 5 10:30:15 2020 dir1.txt N 0 Sun Jul 5 10:30:29 2020 52403200 blocks of size 1024. 52004624 blocks available smb: \> !ls anaconda-ks.cfg a.txt dir1.txt ifcfg-eth0 init_set.sh reset.sh smb: \> put anaconda-ks.cfg #由于没有写权限,只能下载不能上传 NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED opening remote file \anaconda-ks.cfg #授予写权限,同时给文件夹权限 vim /etc/samba/smb.conf writeable = yes [root@centos8 ~]#ll -d /data/dir/dir1.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 5 10:30 /data/dir/dir1.txt [root@centos8 ~]#ll -d /data/dir/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 22 Jul 5 10:30 /data/dir/ [root@centos8 ~]#setfacl -m u:smb1:rwx,g:admins:rwx /data/dir/ [root@centos8 ~]#getfacl /data/dir/ getfacl: Removing leading '/' from absolute path names # file: data/dir/ # owner: root # group: root user::rwx user:smb1:rwx group::r-x group:admins:rwx mask::rwx other::r-x #可以上传文件 [root@Centos7 ~]#smbclient //10.0.0.8/share -U smb1%magedu Try "help" to get a list of possible commands. smb: \> put anaconda-ks.cfg putting file anaconda-ks.cfg as \anaconda-ks.cfg (313.7 kb/s) (average 313.7 kb/s)
#在samba服务器上安装samba包 yum -y install samba #创建samba用户和组 groupadd -r admins useradd -s /sbin/nologin -G admins wang smbpasswd -a wang useradd -s /sbin/nologin mage smbpasswd -a mage #创建samba共享目录,并设置SElinux mkdir /testdir/smbshare chgrp admins /testdir/smbshare chmod 2775 /testdir/smbshare #samba服务器配置 vim /etc/samba/smb.conf ...省略... [share] path = /testdir/smbshare write list = @admins systemctl enable --now smb nmb #samba客户端访问 yum -y install cifs-utils #用wang用户挂载smb共享并访问 mkdir /mnt/wang mount -o username=wang //smbserver/share /mnt/wang echo "Hello wang" >/mnt/wang/wangfile.txt #用mage用户挂载smb共享并访问 mkdir /mnt/mage mount -o username=mage //smbserver/share /mnt/mage touch /mnt/mage/magefile.txt
#创建三个samba用户,并指定密码为magedu useradd -s /sbin/nologin smb1 useradd -s /sbin/nologin smb2 useradd -s /sbin/nologin smb3 smbpasswd -a smb1 smbpasswd -a smb2 smbpasswd -a smb3 #修改samba配置文件 Vim /etc/samba/smb.conf #在workgroup下加一行 config file= /etc/samba/conf.d/%U 说明:%U表示用户名 [share] Path=/data/dir Read only= NO Guest ok = yes #任何人都可以访问 write list=@wheel #wheel组的人可写 #针对smb1和smb2用户创建单独的配置文件 Vim /etc/samba/conf.d/smb1 [share] Path=/data/dir1 Read only= NO 等价于writable = yes Create mask=0644 #说明:默认为744 Vim /etc/samba/conf.d/smb2 [share] path=/data/dir2 systemctl restart smb nmb #用户smb1,smb2,smb3访问share共享目录,看到目录是不同目录 smbclient //sambaserver/share -U smb1%magedu smbclient //sambaserver/share -U smb2%magedu smbclient //sambaserver/share -U smb3%magedu
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