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基本的socket变成是阻塞/同步的,每个操作除非已经完成,出错,或者超时才会返回,这样对于每一个请求,要使用一个线程或者单独的进程去处理,系统资源没有办法支撑大量的请求。posix定义了可以使用异步的select系统调用,但是因为它采用了轮询的方式来判断某个fd是否变成active,效率不高。于是各系统就分别提出了基于异步的系统调用,例如Linux的epoll,由于在内核层面做了支持,所以可以用O(1)的效率查找到active的fd。基本上,libevent
就是对这些高效IO的封装,提供统一的API,简化开发。
libevent
默认情况下是单线程的,可以配置成多线程,每个线程有且只有一个event_base
,对应一个struct event_base
结构体以及附于其上的事件管理器,用来调度托管给它的一系列event,可以和操作系统的进程管理类比。当一个事件发生后,event_base
会在合适的时间,不一定是立即去调用绑定在这个事件上的函数,直到这个函数执行完,再去调度其他的事件。
//创建一个event_base
struct event_base *base = event_base_new();
assert(base != NULL);
event_base
内部有一个循环,循环阻塞在epoll等系统调用上,直到有一个/一些时间发生,然后去处理这些事件。当然,这些事件要被绑定在这个event_base
上,每个事件对应一个struct event
,可以是监听一个fd或者信号量之类的,struct event
使用event_new
来创建和绑定,使用event_add
来将event绑定到event_base
中。
// 创建并绑定一个event
struct event* listen_event;
//参数:event_base,监听的对象,需要监听的事件,事件发生后的回调函数,传给回调函数的参数
listen_event = event_new(base, listener, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, callback_func, (void*)base);
//参数:event,超时时间,NULL表示无超时设置
event_add(listen_event, NULL);
注:libevent支持的事件及属性包括(使用bitfield实现)
EV_TIMEOUT:超时;
EV_READ:只要网络缓冲中还有数据,回调函数就会被触发;
EV_WRITE:只要塞给网络缓冲的数据被写完,回调函数就会被触发;
EV_SIGNAL:POSIX信号量;
EV_PERSIST:不指定这个属性,回调函数被触发后事件会被删除;
EV_ET:Edge-Trigger边缘触发
然后启动event_base
的循环,开始处理事件。循环地启动使用event_base_dispatch
,循环将一直持续,找到不再有需要关注的事件,或者是遇到event_loopbreak()/event_loopexit()
函数。
//启动循环,开始处理事件
event_base_dispatch(base);
接下来再来关注事件发生时的回调函数callback_func
,callback_func的原型如下所示
typedef void(* event_callback_fn)(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short event_type, void *arg)
传给callback_func
的是一个监听的fd,监听的事件类型,以及event_new
中最后一个参数。在上述程序中,是将event_base
传给了callback_func
,实际中更常用的是构造一个结构体,把需要传给回调函数的参数都放进来,然后传给event_new
,event_new
再传给回调函数。
所以总结一下,对于一个服务器而言,流程大致如下:
下面的代码实现了一个简单的echo server,server启动后,client端启动并连接,在cmd中输入文字,server端收到后,将文字再返回给client。
server端代码:
/** You need libevent2 to compile this piece of code Please see: http://libevent.org/ Or you can simply run this command to install on Mac: brew install libevent Cmd to compile this piece of code: g++ LibeventQuickStartServer.c -o LibeventQuickStartServer /usr/local/lib/libevent.a **/ #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include<errno.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<event.h> void accept_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg); void socket_read_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg); int tcp_server_init(int port, int listen_num); int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) { /* code */ int listener = tcp_server_init(9999, 10); if (listener == -1) { perror("tcp_server_init error"); return -1; } struct event_base* base = event_base_new(); // 监听客户端请求链接事件 struct event* ev_listen = event_new(base, listener, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, accept_cb, base); event_add(ev_listen, NULL); event_base_dispatch(base); return 0; } void accept_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg) { evutil_socket_t sockfd; struct sockaddr_in client; socklen_t len = sizeof(client); sockfd = ::accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client, &len); evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(sockfd); printf("accept a client %d\n", sockfd); struct event_base* base = (event_base*)arg; //动态创建一个event结构体,并将其作为回调参数传递给 struct event* ev = event_new(NULL, -1, 0, NULL, NULL); event_assign(ev, base, sockfd, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, socket_read_cb, (void*)ev); event_add(ev, NULL); } void socket_read_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg) { char msg[4096]; struct event* ev = (struct event*)arg; int len = read(fd, msg, sizeof(msg) - 1); if(len <= 0) { printf("some error happen when read\n"); event_free(ev); close(fd); return; } msg[len] = '\0'; printf("recv the client msg : %s\n", msg); char reply_msg[4096] = "I have received the msg: "; strcat(reply_msg + strlen(reply_msg), msg); write(fd, reply_msg, strlen(reply_msg)); } typedef struct sockaddr SA; int tcp_server_init(int port, int listen_num) { int errno_save; evutil_socket_t listener; listener = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if( listener == -1 ) return -1; //允许多次绑定同一个地址。要用在socket和bind之间 evutil_make_listen_socket_reuseable(listener); struct sockaddr_in sin; sin.sin_family = AF_INET; sin.sin_addr.s_addr = 0; sin.sin_port = htons(port); if( ::bind(listener, (SA*)&sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0 ) goto error; if( ::listen(listener, listen_num) < 0) goto error; //跨平台统一接口,将套接字设置为非阻塞状态 evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(listener); return listener; error: errno_save = errno; evutil_closesocket(listener); errno = errno_save; return -1; }
client端代码:
/** You need libevent2 to compile this piece of code Please see: http://libevent.org/ Or you can simply run this command to install on Mac: brew install libevent Cmd to compile this piece of code: g++ LibeventQuickStartClient.c -o LibeventQuickStartClient /usr/local/lib/libevent.a **/ #include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/socket.h> #include<netinet/in.h> #include<arpa/inet.h> #include<errno.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<event.h> #include<event2/util.h> int tcp_connect_server(const char* server_ip, int port); void cmd_msg_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg); void socket_read_cb(int fd, short events, void *arg); int main(int argc, char** argv) { if( argc < 3 ) { printf("please input 2 parameter\n"); return -1; } //两个参数依次是服务器端的IP地址、端口号 int sockfd = tcp_connect_server(argv[1], atoi(argv[2])); if( sockfd == -1) { perror("tcp_connect error "); return -1; } printf("connect to server successful\n"); struct event_base* base = event_base_new(); struct event *ev_sockfd = event_new(base, sockfd, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, socket_read_cb, NULL); event_add(ev_sockfd, NULL); //监听终端输入事件 struct event* ev_cmd = event_new(base, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, cmd_msg_cb, (void*)&sockfd); event_add(ev_cmd, NULL); event_base_dispatch(base); printf("finished \n"); return 0; } void cmd_msg_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg) { char msg[1024]; int ret = read(fd, msg, sizeof(msg)); if( ret <= 0 ) { perror("read fail "); exit(1); } int sockfd = *((int*)arg); //把终端的消息发送给服务器端 //为了简单起见,不考虑写一半数据的情况 write(sockfd, msg, ret); } void socket_read_cb(int fd, short events, void *arg) { char msg[1024]; //为了简单起见,不考虑读一半数据的情况 int len = read(fd, msg, sizeof(msg)-1); if( len <= 0 ) { perror("read fail "); exit(1); } msg[len] = '\0'; printf("recv %s from server\n", msg); } typedef struct sockaddr SA; int tcp_connect_server(const char* server_ip, int port) { int sockfd, status, save_errno; struct sockaddr_in server_addr; memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr) ); server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; server_addr.sin_port = htons(port); status = inet_aton(server_ip, &server_addr.sin_addr); if( status == 0 ) //the server_ip is not valid value { errno = EINVAL; return -1; } sockfd = ::socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if( sockfd == -1 ) return sockfd; status = ::connect(sockfd, (SA*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr) ); if( status == -1 ) { save_errno = errno; ::close(sockfd); errno = save_errno; //the close may be error return -1; } evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(sockfd); return sockfd; }
在上面的代码中,client的cmd中有信息输入时,client直接将数据写入到fd中,server中收到信息后,也是直接将信息写入到fd中,因为fd是非阻塞的,所以不能保证正确。那么需要一个自己管理的缓存来管理自己的数据。那么步骤将稍微有些变化,如下所示:
nonblocking
;bufferevent_socket_new
创建一个struct bufferevent* bev
,关联上面的sockfd,并托管给event_base
;bufferevent_setcb(bev, read_cb, write_cb, error_cb, (void*)arg)
;buffevent_enable(bev, EV_READ|EV_WRITE|EV_PERSIST)
来启动read/write事件代码如下所示:
使用bufferevent
的server端代码
#include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include<errno.h> #include<event.h> #include<event2/bufferevent.h> void accept_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg); void socket_read_cb(bufferevent* bev, void* arg); void event_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg); int tcp_server_init(int port, int listen_num); int main(int argc, char** argv) { int listener = tcp_server_init(9999, 10); if( listener == -1 ) { perror(" tcp_server_init error "); return -1; } struct event_base* base = event_base_new(); //添加监听客户端请求连接事件 struct event* ev_listen = event_new(base, listener, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, accept_cb, base); event_add(ev_listen, NULL); event_base_dispatch(base); event_base_free(base); return 0; } void accept_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg) { evutil_socket_t sockfd; struct sockaddr_in client; socklen_t len = sizeof(client); sockfd = ::accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client, &len ); evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(sockfd); printf("accept a client %d\n", sockfd); struct event_base* base = (event_base*)arg; bufferevent* bev = bufferevent_socket_new(base, sockfd, BEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE); bufferevent_setcb(bev, socket_read_cb, NULL, event_cb, arg); bufferevent_enable(bev, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST); } void socket_read_cb(bufferevent* bev, void* arg) { char msg[4096]; size_t len = bufferevent_read(bev, msg, sizeof(msg)); msg[len] = '\0'; printf("recv the client msg: %s", msg); char reply_msg[4096] = "I have recvieced the msg: "; strcat(reply_msg + strlen(reply_msg), msg); bufferevent_write(bev, reply_msg, strlen(reply_msg)); } void event_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg) { if (event & BEV_EVENT_EOF) printf("connection closed\n"); else if (event & BEV_EVENT_ERROR) printf("some other error\n"); //这将自动close套接字和free读写缓冲区 bufferevent_free(bev); } typedef struct sockaddr SA; int tcp_server_init(int port, int listen_num) { int errno_save; evutil_socket_t listener; listener = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if( listener == -1 ) return -1; //允许多次绑定同一个地址。要用在socket和bind之间 evutil_make_listen_socket_reuseable(listener); struct sockaddr_in sin; sin.sin_family = AF_INET; sin.sin_addr.s_addr = 0; sin.sin_port = htons(port); if( ::bind(listener, (SA*)&sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0 ) goto error; if( ::listen(listener, listen_num) < 0) goto error; //跨平台统一接口,将套接字设置为非阻塞状态 evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(listener); return listener; error: errno_save = errno; evutil_closesocket(listener); errno = errno_save; return -1; }
使用bufferevent
的client端代码
#include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/socket.h> #include<netinet/in.h> #include<arpa/inet.h> #include<errno.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<event.h> #include<event2/bufferevent.h> #include<event2/buffer.h> #include<event2/util.h> int tcp_connect_server(const char* server_ip, int port); void cmd_msg_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg); void server_msg_cb(struct bufferevent* bev, void* arg); void event_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg); int main(int argc, char** argv) { if( argc < 3 ) { printf("please input 2 parameter\n"); return -1; } //两个参数依次是服务器端的IP地址、端口号 int sockfd = tcp_connect_server(argv[1], atoi(argv[2])); if( sockfd == -1) { perror("tcp_connect error "); return -1; } printf("connect to server successful\n"); struct event_base* base = event_base_new(); struct bufferevent* bev = bufferevent_socket_new(base, sockfd, BEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE); //监听终端输入事件 struct event* ev_cmd = event_new(base, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, cmd_msg_cb, (void*)bev); event_add(ev_cmd, NULL); //当socket关闭时会用到回调参数 bufferevent_setcb(bev, server_msg_cb, NULL, event_cb, (void*)ev_cmd); bufferevent_enable(bev, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST); event_base_dispatch(base); printf("finished \n"); return 0; } void cmd_msg_cb(int fd, short events, void* arg) { char msg[1024]; int ret = read(fd, msg, sizeof(msg)); if( ret < 0 ) { perror("read fail "); exit(1); } struct bufferevent* bev = (struct bufferevent*)arg; //把终端的消息发送给服务器端 bufferevent_write(bev, msg, ret); } void server_msg_cb(struct bufferevent* bev, void* arg) { char msg[1024]; size_t len = bufferevent_read(bev, msg, sizeof(msg)); msg[len] = '\0'; printf("recv %s from server\n", msg); } void event_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg) { if (event & BEV_EVENT_EOF) printf("connection closed\n"); else if (event & BEV_EVENT_ERROR) printf("some other error\n"); //这将自动close套接字和free读写缓冲区 bufferevent_free(bev); struct event *ev = (struct event*)arg; //因为socket已经没有,所以这个event也没有存在的必要了 event_free(ev); } typedef struct sockaddr SA; int tcp_connect_server(const char* server_ip, int port) { int sockfd, status, save_errno; struct sockaddr_in server_addr; memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr) ); server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; server_addr.sin_port = htons(port); status = inet_aton(server_ip, &server_addr.sin_addr); if( status == 0 ) //the server_ip is not valid value { errno = EINVAL; return -1; } sockfd = ::socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if( sockfd == -1 ) return sockfd; status = ::connect(sockfd, (SA*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr) ); if( status == -1 ) { save_errno = errno; ::close(sockfd); errno = save_errno; //the close may be error return -1; } evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(sockfd); return sockfd; }
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