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为了解决异步线程产生的回调地狱
//传统回调方式
api.login(phone,psd).enquene(new Callback<User>(){
public void onSuccess(User user){
api.submitAddress(address).enquene(new Callback<Result>(){
public void onSuccess(Result result){
...
}
});
}
});
//使用协程后
val user=api.login(phone,psd)
api.submitAddress(address)
...
本质上,协程是轻量级的线程。
val job = GlobalScope.launch {
delay(1000)
println("World World!")
}
控制协程代码块执行的线程,生命周期等,包括GlobeScope、lifecycleScope、viewModelScope以及其他自定义的CoroutineScope
GlobeScope:全局范围,不会自动结束执行
lifecycleScope:生命周期范围,用于activity等有生命周期的组件,在DESTROYED的时候会自动结束,需额外引入
viewModelScope:viewModel范围,用于ViewModel中,在ViewModel被回收时会自动结束,需额外引入
协程的计量单位,相当于一次工作任务,launch方法默认返回一个新的Job
作用于方法上,代表该方法是耗时任务,例如上面的delay方法
public suspend fun delay(timeMillis: Long) {
...
}
主框架($coroutines_version替换为最新版本,如1.3.9,下同)
implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:$coroutines_version"
lifecycleScope(可选,版本2.2.0)
implementation 'androidx.activity:activity-ktx:$lifecycle_scope_version'
viewModelScope(可选,版本2.3.0-beta01)
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx:$coroutines_viewmodel_version"
lifecycleScope.launch {
delay(2000)
tvTest.text="Test"
}
上面这个例子实现的功能是等待2秒,然后修改id为tvTest的TextView控件的text值为Test
在kotlin里面,对于需要延迟才能返回结果的方法,需要用suspend标明
lifecycleScope.launch {
val text=getText()
tvTest.text = text
}
suspend fun getText():String{
delay(2000)
return "getText"
}
如果在其他线程,需要使用Continuation进行线程切换,可使用suspendCancellableCoroutine 或 suspendCoroutine包裹(前者可取消,相当于后者的扩展),成功调用it.resume(),失败调用it.resumeWithException(Exception()),抛出异常
suspend fun getTextInOtherThread() = suspendCancellableCoroutine<String> {
thread {
Thread.sleep(2000)
it.resume("getText")
}
}
协程里面的失败都可以通过异常捕获,来统一处理特殊情况
lifecycleScope.launch {
try {
val text=getText()
tvTest.text = text
} catch (e:Exception){
e.printStackTrace()
}
}
下面执行了两个job,第一个是原始的,第二个是在1秒后取消第一个job,这会导致tvText的文本并不会改变
val job = lifecycleScope.launch {
try {
val text=getText()
tvTest.text = text
} catch (e:Exception){
e.printStackTrace()
}
}
lifecycleScope.launch {
delay(1000)
job.cancel()
}
这个相当于系统封装了自动取消功能,对应函数withTimeout
lifecycleScope.launch {
try {
withTimeout(1000) {
val text = getText()
tvTest.text = text
}
} catch (e:Exception){
e.printStackTrace()
}
}
与launch类似的还有一个async方法,它会返回一个Deferred对象,属于Job的扩展类,Deferred可以获取返回的结果,具体使用如下
lifecycleScope.launch {
val one= async {
delay(1000)
return@async 1
}
val two= async {
delay(2000)
return@async 2
}
Log.i("scope test",(one.await()+two.await()).toString())
}
先看CoroutineScope源码
public interface CoroutineScope {
public val coroutineContext: CoroutineContext
}
CoroutineScope中主要包含一个coroutineContext对象,我们要自定义只需实现coroutineContext的get方法
class TestScope() : CoroutineScope {
override val coroutineContext: CoroutineContext
get() = TODO("Not yet implemented")
}
要创建coroutineContext,得要先知道CoroutineContext是什么,我们再看CoroutineContext源码
/** * Persistent context for the coroutine. It is an indexed set of [Element] instances. * An indexed set is a mix between a set and a map. * Every element in this set has a unique [Key]. */ public interface CoroutineContext { public operator fun <E : Element> get(key: Key<E>): E? public fun <R> fold(initial: R, operation: (R, Element) -> R): R public operator fun plus(context: CoroutineContext): CoroutineContext = ... public fun minusKey(key: Key<*>): CoroutineContext public interface Key<E : Element> public interface Element : CoroutineContext { ... } }
通过注释说明,我们知道它本质就是一个包含Element的集合,只是不像set和map集合一样,它自己实现了获取(get),折叠(fold,添加和替换的组合),相减(minusKey,移除),对象组合(plus,如val coroutineContext=coroutineContext1+coroutineContext2)
它的主要内容是Element,而Element的实现有
可以看到很多地方都有实现Element,它主要目的是限制范围以及异常的处理。这里我们先了解两个重要的Element,一个是Job,一个是CoroutineDispatcher
我们模拟一个类似lifecycleScope的自定义TestScope
class TestScope() : CoroutineScope {
override val coroutineContext: CoroutineContext
get() = SupervisorJob() +Dispatchers.Main
}
这里我们定义了一个总流程线SupervisorJob()以及具体执行环境Dispatchers.Main(Android主线程),假如我们想替换掉activity的lifecycleScope,就需要在activity中创建实例
val testScope=TestScope()
然后在activity销毁的时候取消掉所有job
override fun onDestroy() {
testScope.cancel()
super.onDestroy()
}
其他使用方式同lifecycleScope,如
testScope.launch{
val text = getText()
tvTest.text = text
}
CoroutineScope中包含一个主Job,之后调用的launch或其他方法创建的job都属于CoroutineScope的子Job,每个job都有属于自己的状态,其中包括isActive、isCompleted、isCancelled,以及一些基础操作start()、cancel()、join(),具体的转换流程如下
我们先从创建job开始,当调用launch的时候默认有三个参数CoroutineContext、CoroutineStart以及代码块参数。
val job2= lifecycleScope.launch(start = CoroutineStart.LAZY) {
delay(2000)
Log.i("scope test","lazy")
}
job2.start()
当使用这种模式创建时默认就是new状态,此时isActive,isCompleted,isCancelled都为false,当调用start后,转换为active状态,其中只有isActive为true,如果它的任务完成了则会进入Completing状态,此时为等待子job完成,这种状态下还是只有isActive为true,如果所有子job也完成了则会进入Completed状态,只有isCompleted为true。如果在active或Completing状态下出现取消或异常,则会进入Cancelling状态,如果需要取消父job和其他子job则会等待它们取消完成,此时只有isCancelled为true,取消完成后最终进入Cancelled状态,isCancelled和isCompleted都为true
State | isActive | isCompleted | isCancelled |
---|---|---|---|
New | FALSE | FALSE | FALSE |
Active | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE |
Completing | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE |
Cancelling | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE |
Cancelled | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE |
Completed | FALSE | TRUE | FALSE |
不同job交互需使用join()与cancelAndJoin()
val job1= GlobleScope.launch(start = CoroutineStart.LAZY) {
delay(2000)
Log.i("scope test","job1")
}
lifecycleScope.launch {
job1.join()
delay(2000)
Log.i("scope test","job2")
}
suspend作为kotlin新增的方法修饰词,最终实现还是java,我们先看它们的差异性
suspend fun test1(){}
fun test2(){}
对应java代码
public final Object test1(@NotNull Continuation $completion) {
return Unit.INSTANCE;
}
public final void test2() {
}
对应字节码
public final test1(Lkotlin/coroutines/Continuation;)Ljava/lang/Object; ... L0 LINENUMBER 6 L0 GETSTATIC kotlin/Unit.INSTANCE : Lkotlin/Unit; ARETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE this Lcom/lieni/android_c/ui/test/TestActivity; L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE $completion Lkotlin/coroutines/Continuation; L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 1 MAXLOCALS = 2 public final test2()V L0 LINENUMBER 9 L0 RETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE this Lcom/lieni/android_c/ui/test/TestActivity; L0 L1 0 MAXSTACK = 0 MAXLOCALS = 1
可以看到,加了suspend的方法其实和普通方法一样,只是传入时多了个Continuation对象,并返回了Unit.INSTANCE对象
Continuation是一个接口,包含了context对象和resumeWith方法
public interface Continuation<in T> {
public val context: CoroutineContext
public fun resumeWith(result: Result<T>)
}
而Continuation的具体实现在BaseContinuationImpl中
internal abstract class BaseContinuationImpl(...) : Continuation<Any?>, CoroutineStackFrame, Serializable { public final override fun resumeWith(result: Result<Any?>) { ... while (true) { ... with(current) { val outcome = invokeSuspend(param) ... releaseIntercepted() if (completion is BaseContinuationImpl) { ... } else { ... return } } } } ... }
当我们调用resumeWith时,它会一直执行一个循环,调用invokeSuspend(param)和releaseIntercepted() ,直到最顶层completion执行完成后返回,并且释放协程的interceptor
最终的释放在ContinuationImpl中实现
internal abstract class ContinuationImpl(...) : BaseContinuationImpl(completion) {
...
protected override fun releaseIntercepted() {
val intercepted = intercepted
if (intercepted != null && intercepted !== this) {
context[ContinuationInterceptor]!!.releaseInterceptedContinuation(intercepted)
}
this.intercepted = CompletedContinuation
}
}
通过这里知释放最终通过CoroutineContext中为ContinuationInterceptor的Element来实现
而暂停也是同理,继续看suspendCoroutine
public suspend inline fun <T> suspendCoroutine(crossinline block: (Continuation<T>) -> Unit): T =
suspendCoroutineUninterceptedOrReturn { c: Continuation<T> ->
val safe = SafeContinuation(c.intercepted())
...
}
默认会调用Continuation的intercepted()方法
internal abstract class ContinuationImpl(...) : BaseContinuationImpl(completion) {
...
public fun intercepted(): Continuation<Any?> =intercepted
?: (context[ContinuationInterceptor]?.interceptContinuation(this) ?: this)
.also { intercepted = it }
}
可以看到暂停最终也是通过CoroutineContext中为ContinuationInterceptor的Element来实现
流程总结(线程切换)
CoroutineScope默认是不会阻塞当前线程的,如果需要阻塞可以使用runBlocking,如果在主线程执行下面代码,会出现2s白屏
runBlocking {
delay(2000)
Log.i("scope test","runBlocking is completed")
}
阻塞原理:执行runBlocking默认会创建BlockingCoroutine,而BlockingCoroutine中会一直执行一个循环,直到当前Job为isCompleted状态才会跳出循环
public fun <T> runBlocking(...): T {
...
val coroutine = BlockingCoroutine<T>(newContext, currentThread, eventLoop)
coroutine.start(CoroutineStart.DEFAULT, coroutine, block)
return coroutine.joinBlocking()
}
private class BlockingCoroutine<T>(...) : AbstractCoroutine<T>(parentContext, true) {
...
fun joinBlocking(): T {
...
while (true) {
...
if (isCompleted) break
...
}
...
}
}
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