Python 图形用户界面详解（GUI，Tkinter）_python 界面

1 概述

1.1 TK：窗口

import tkinter

# 定义窗口对象
window = tkinter.Tk()

# 设置窗口属性
window.title('我的第一个 GUI 程序')  # 标题
window.geometry('300x100+300+200')  # 位置及大小
# 格式：'wxh +-x +-y'，其中
# wxh：表示 宽x高（字母 xyz 的 x）
#  +x：表示距屏幕左边的距离；-x 表示距屏幕右边的距离
#  +y: 表示距屏幕上边的距离；-y 表示距屏幕下边的距离

# 主循环：窗口一直存在（除非被关闭）
window.mainloop()
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1.2 官方文档

• 官方文档：https://docs.python.org/3.9/library/tk.html

2 组件

2.1 Label：标签

菜单结构：

from tkinter import *


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        self.label01 = Label(self, text="标签1", width=10, height=2, bg="black", fg="white")
        self.label01.pack()

        self.label02 = Label(self, text="标签2", width=10, height=2, bg="blue", fg="white", font=("黑体", 20))
        self.label02.pack()

        # 显示文本
        self.label03 = Label(self, text="段落1\n段落段落2\n段落段落段落3", borderwidth=1, relief="solid", justify="right")
        self.label03.pack()

        # 显示图片
        global photo
        photo = PhotoImage(file="images/1.gif")  # 暂支持的图片格式：png、gif
        self.label04 = Label(self, image=photo)
        self.label04.pack()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x300+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

2.2 Button：按钮

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        # 常规按钮
        self.btn01 = Button(self, text="登录", command=self.login)
        self.btn01.pack()

        self.btn02 = Button(self, text="登录2", command=self.login)
        self.btn02.config(state="disabled")  # 禁止登录
        self.btn02.pack()

        # 图片按钮
        global photo
        photo = PhotoImage(file="images/1.gif")
        self.btn03 = Button(self, image=photo, command=self.login)
        self.btn03.pack()

    def login(self):
        messagebox.showinfo("提示", "登录成功！")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

2.3 Entry：输入

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        self.label01 = Label(self, text="用户名")
        self.label01.pack()

        user_name = StringVar()
        self.entry01 = Entry(self, textvariable=user_name)
        self.entry01.pack()

        self.label02 = Label(self, text="密码")
        self.label02.pack()

        password = StringVar()
        self.entry02 = Entry(self, textvariable=password, show="*")
        self.entry02.pack()

        Button(self, text="登录", command=self.login).pack()

    def login(self):
        user_name = self.entry01.get()
        password = self.entry02.get()

        if user_name == 'admin' and password == '123456':
            messagebox.showinfo("提示", "登录成功！")
        else:
            messagebox.showinfo("提示", "登录失败，请检查用户名或密码！")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

2.4 Text：文本

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        self.text01 = Text(self, width=40, height=10, bg="gray")
        self.text01.pack()

        # 插入文本，格式：横坐标.纵坐标
        self.text01.insert(1.0, 'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\nbbbbbbbbbbbbb')
        self.text01.insert(2.3, 'cccccccccccccccc\neeeeeeeeeeeee')

        Button(self, text="重复插入文本", command=self.insert_text).pack(side="left")

    def insert_text(self):
        self.text01.insert(INSERT, '鼠标光标处插入')
        self.text01.insert(END, '文本最后处插入')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

2.5 Radiobutton：单选框

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        self.default = StringVar()
        self.default.set("F")
        rb1 = Radiobutton(self, text="男性", value="M", variable=self.default)
        rb2 = Radiobutton(self, text="女性", value="F", variable=self.default)

        rb1.pack(side="left")
        rb2.pack(side="left")

        Button(self, text="确定", command=self.confirm).pack()

    def confirm(self):
        messagebox.showinfo("提示", "选择的性别的是：" + self.default.get())


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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2.6 Checkbutton：复选框

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        self.code = IntVar()
        self.video = IntVar()
        print(self.code.get())  # 整数默认值是 0

        # onvalue=1, offvalue=0 表示：选中=1，未选中=0
        cb1 = Checkbutton(self, text="敲代码", variable=self.code, onvalue=1, offvalue=0)
        cb2 = Checkbutton(self, text="看视频", variable=self.video, onvalue=1, offvalue=0)

        cb1.pack(side="left")
        cb2.pack(side="left")

        Button(self, text="确定", command=self.confirm).pack()

    def confirm(self):
        if self.code.get() == 1:
            messagebox.showinfo("提示", f"已选中【敲代码】")
        if self.video.get() == 1:
            messagebox.showinfo("提示", f"已选中【看视频】")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

2.7 Canvas：画布

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        canvas = Canvas(self, width=300, height=200)
        canvas.pack()
        # 画一条直线。以 横坐标,纵坐标 两个为一组
        canvas.create_line(10, 10, 30, 20, 40, 50)
        # 画一个矩形。
        canvas.create_rectangle(50, 50, 100, 100)
        # 画一个椭圆
        canvas.create_oval(50, 50, 100, 100)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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预览效果：

2.10 Menu：菜单

from tkinter import *


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        menubar = Menu(self.master)

        # 创建一级菜单
        file_menu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
        file_menu.add_command(label='打开')
        file_menu.add_command(label='新建')
        menubar.add_cascade(label="文件", menu=file_menu)

        # 创建二级菜单（三级菜单同理）
        edit_menu = Menu(file_menu, tearoff=0)
        edit_menu.add_command(label="修改")
        edit_menu.add_command(label="保存")
        file_menu.add_cascade(label="编辑", menu=edit_menu)

        # 将菜单加至主窗体中
        self.master.config(menu=menubar)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x300+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

3 布局管理器

3.1 pack：包

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        Button(self, text='A').pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES, fill=Y)
        Button(self, text='B').pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
        Button(self, text='C').pack(side=RIGHT, expand=YES, fill=NONE)
        Button(self, text='D').pack(side=LEFT, expand=NO, fill=Y)
        Button(self, text='E').pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
        Button(self, text='F').pack(side=BOTTOM, expand=YES)
        Button(self, text='G').pack(anchor=SE)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

3.2 grid：网格

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        self.label01 = Label(self, text="用户名")
        self.label01.grid(row=0, column=0)
        self.entry01 = Entry(self)
        self.entry01.grid(row=0, column=1)

        Label(self, text="密码").grid(row=1, column=0)
        Entry(self, show="*").grid(row=1, column=1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：

3.3 place：位置

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox


class Application(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master=None):
        super().__init__(master)  # 父类的定义
        self.master = master
        self.pack()
        self.create_widget()

    def create_widget(self):
        """创建组件"""
        Button(self.master, text='A').place(x=0, y=0)
        Button(self.master, text='B').place(x=100, y=100, width=100, height=50)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    window = Tk()
    window.title("一个经典的GUI程序类的测试")
    window.geometry("400x200+200+300")
    app = Application(master=window)

    window.mainloop()
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效果预览：