数据库的安装与配置_数据库配置

数据库安装与配置

一. 关系型数据库

1. 数据库模型：

1.1 层次模型

1.2 网状结构

1.3 关系模型

• 二维关系：行（row）和列（column）

1.4 数据库管理系统：DBMS（DataBase Management System）

• 数据库管理系统：一台安装的数据库软件的主机

二. RDBMS专业名词

1.1 关系型数据库管理系统：RDBMS（Relational DataBase Management System）

• MySQL：MySQL（5.7），MariaDB（10.0之后），Percona-Server
• PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
• Oracle
• MSSQL：MicroSoft ，SQLServer
• redis，memcache 缓存
• mongdb
• SQLite，数据库的文件

1.2 SQL （Structure Query Language）结构化查询语言

结构化数据：数据库存放的数据

半结构化数据：文本文件

非结构化数据：图片，视频

1.3 约束（constraint）：向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

表由行和列组成 记录：（行） 条 字段：（列） 个

• 主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行，提供数据，不能为空

  • 一个表只能存在一个

• 惟一键约束：个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行，允许为空

  • 一个表可以存在多个

• 外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据

• 检查性约束

1.4 索引：（优化数据库）将表中的字段中的数据复制一份另存到虚拟表，并且进行特定的顺序排序存放，以便于快速查找

2. 关系型数据库的常用组件

• 数据库：database
• 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
• 用户：user
• 权限：privilege
• 索引：index
• 视图：view
• 存储过程：procedure
• 存储函数：function
• 触发器：trigger
• 事件调度器：event scheduler

3. SQL语句

3.1 DDL：（Data Defination Language）数据定义语言

针对数据库，表，用户，索引，视图，存储过程，存储函数，触发器，事件调度器

• CREATE：创建 create，创建表的结构
• DROP：删除 drop
• ALTER：修改 alter

3.2 DML：（Data Manipulation Language）数据操纵语言

针对表，增删改查

• INSERT：向表中插入数据 insert
• DELETE：删除表中数据 delete
• UPDATE：更新表中数据 update
• SELECT：查询表中数据 select

3.3 DCL：（Data Control Language）数据控制语言

• GRANT：授权 grant
• REVOKE：移除授权 revoke

三. MySQL的安装与配置

1. 数据库安装方式

• 源码安装：编译安装
• 二进制格式的程序包，展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
• 程序包管理器的程序包（yum或者rpm）

2.下载并安装mysql

[root@SYL4 ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@SYL4 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@SYL4 ~]# yum list all|grep mysql57-community
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
[root@SYL4 ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm 
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:mysql57-community-release-el7-10 ################################# [100%]
[root@SYL4 ~]# 
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2.1 MySQL源网址

2.2 下载MySQL源

[root@SYL4 ~]# wget https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
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2.3 安装mysql源

[root@SYL4 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@SYL4 ~]# yum -y install *.rpm
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3. 配置MySQL

3.1 启动并设置开机自动启动

[root@SYL4 ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@SYL4 ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enab>
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-04-18 17:31:04 CST; >
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 135835 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid->
  Process: 135442 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (cod>
 Main PID: 135837 (mysqld)
    Tasks: 27 (limit: 11216)
   Memory: 301.1M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─135837 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/va>

Apr 18 17:30:58 SYL4 systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Apr 18 17:31:04 SYL4 systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
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3.2 确定MySQL端口是否监听

[root@SYL4 ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:PortProcess
LISTEN 0      128          0.0.0.0:22        0.0.0.0:*          
LISTEN 0      128             [::]:22           [::]:*          
LISTEN 0      80                 *:3306            *:*          
[root@SYL4 ~]# 
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3.3 设置密码

3.3.1 找出临时密码

[root@SYL4 ~]# grep 'password' /var/log/mysqld.log 
2022-04-18T09:31:00.145440Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 3W(phUO)_a0z
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3.3.2 设置密码

[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'3W(phUO)_a0z'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password('Run123456!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
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3.3.3 重新登录

[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Run123456!';
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> quit
Bye
[root@SYL4 ~]# 
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• 为避免mysql自动升级，这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源

• [root@SYL4 ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
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4. mysql的程序组成

• 客户端
  mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
  mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
  mysqldump：mysql备份工具
  mysqladmin：管理
• 服务器端
  mysqld

5. 配置MySqL的权限

虚拟机的权限

5.1 设置权限，与Navicat的连接

mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.232.1' IDENTIFIED B
Y 'Run123456!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.13 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)

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• 关闭防火墙

[root@SYL4 ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@SYL4 ~]# setenforce 0
[root@SYL4 ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config 
[root@SYL4 ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config |grep SELINUX
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
[root@SYL4 ~]# 

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• 与Navicat的连接
  

5.2 与客户机的连接

• 设置权限

• mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.232.129' IDENTIFIED BY 'Run123456!';
  Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.18 sec)
  
  mysql> flush privileges;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)
  
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• 与客户机的连接

• [root@SYL2 ~]# ip a
  2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
      link/ether 00:0c:29:ce:9c:21 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
      inet 192.168.232.129/24 brd 192.168.232.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
      inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fece:9c21/64 scope link 
         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  
  
  //客户机第二台虚拟机
  [root@SYL2 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Run123456!' -h192.168.232.132
  mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
  Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
  Your MySQL connection id is 16
  Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
  
  Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
  
  Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
  affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
  owners.
  
  Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
  
  mysql> quit
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6. mysql工具的使用

-uUSERNAME      //指定用户名，默认为root
-hHOST          //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
-P#             //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
-V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
-e              //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
    
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• 查看当前使用的mysql版本

[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.37, for Linux (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper
[root@SYL4 ~]# 
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• 显示数据库

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.30 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye
[root@SYL4 ~]# 
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• 不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出

[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Run123456!' -e 'SHOW DATABASES';
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
[root@SYL4 ~]# 
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• 不显示输入的密码-p -e

[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e 'SHOW DATABASES';
Enter password: 
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
[root@SYL4 ~]# 
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