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定义: 注解是一种注释机制,它可以注释包、类、方法、变量、参数,在编译器生成类文件时,标注可以被嵌入到字节码中。
注解的分类:
内置注解
Override :重写方法,引用时没有该方法时会编译错误
- public class Animals {
- public void run(){
- System.out.println("动物跑");
- }
- }
- public class Cat extends Animals{
- @Override
- public void run1() {
- super.run();
- }
- }
Deprecated :标记过时方法,会造成编译警告
- public class Animals {
- @Deprecated
- public void run(){
- System.out.println("动物跑");
- }
- }
SuppressWarnings :用于编译器去忽略注解中的声明报告
FunctionalInterface :用于指示被修饰的接口是函数式接口
元注解(修饰注解的注解)
@Retention -标记这个注解存储在哪里
@Documented -标记这些注解是否包含在用户文档中
@Target -标记这些注解时java哪种成员
- public enum ElementType {
- /** Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */
- //可以应用于类的任何元素
- TYPE,
-
- //可以用于字段或属性
- /** Field declaration (includes enum constants) */
- FIELD,
-
- //可以用于方法级注释
- /** Method declaration */
- METHOD,
-
- //可以用于方法的参数
- /** Formal parameter declaration */
- PARAMETER,
-
- //可以应用于构造函数
- /** Constructor declaration */
- CONSTRUCTOR,
-
- //可以用于局部变量
- /** Local variable declaration */
- LOCAL_VARIABLE,
-
- /** Annotation type declaration */
- ANNOTATION_TYPE,
-
- //可以用于包声明
- /** Package declaration */
- PACKAGE,
-
- /**
- * Type parameter declaration
- *
- * @since 1.8
- */
- TYPE_PARAMETER,
-
- /**
- * Use of a type
- *
- * @since 1.8
- */
- TYPE_USE
- }
@Inherited -标记这个注解时继承于哪个类
@Repeatable -标识某注解可以在同一个声明上使用多次
- public enum RetentionPolicy {
- /**
- * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
- */
- SOURCE,//在源文件中有效(源文件保存)
-
- /**
- * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
- * but need not be retained by the VM at run time. This is the default
- * behavior.
- */
- CLASS,//在class文件中有效(class保存)
-
- /**
- * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
- * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
- *
- * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
- */
- RUNTIME//在运行时有效(运行时保留)
- }
自定义注解
注解类:
- @Target(ElementType.FIELD)//作用在类的属性上
- @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)//运行时生效
- public @interface NotNull {
-
- String message() default "";
-
- int length() default 0;
-
- String lengthmessage() default "";
- }
model类:
- public class User {
-
- private int num;
-
- @NotNull(message="姓名不能为空",length=3,lengthmessage="长度不能小于3")
- private String name;
-
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
-
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public int getNum() {
- return num;
- }
-
- public void setNum(int num) {
- this.num = num;
- }
-
- }
测试代码:
- public class Test {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException, Exception {
- User user=new User();
- Field[] fields=user.getClass().getDeclaredFields();//将类中的字段存储在field数组中
- //对数组中的字段进行强循环
- for(Field filed:fields){
- NotNull notNull=filed.getAnnotation(NotNull.class);//获取注释类型
- if(notNull!=null){
- Method method = user.getClass().getMethod("get" + getMethodName(filed.getName()));//获取方法对象
- Object value = method.invoke(user);//调用类的实例对象
- if(value==null){
- System.err.println(filed.getName()+notNull.message());//打印输出相应的字段和注释信息
- throw new NullPointerException(notNull.message());//抛出异常信息
- }
- else if(String.valueOf(value).length()< notNull.length()){//判断字符串长度
- System.err.println(filed.getName()+notNull.lengthmessage());
-
- }
- }
- }
-
- }
-
- /**
- * 把一个字符串的第一个字母大写
- */
- private static String getMethodName(String fildeName) throws Exception {
- byte[] items = fildeName.getBytes();
- items[0] = (byte) ((char) items[0] - 'a' + 'A');
- return new String(items);
- }
- }
原因:new出来的对象属性都是初始化的值,不能保存当前对象“状态”,clone解决了这个问题
- //这种形式的代码复制的是引用,即对象在内存中的地址,car1和car2指向同一个对象
- Car car1=new Car();
- Car car2=car1;
如何实现克隆
克隆分为浅克隆和深克隆,下面就简单的介绍它们之前的区别:
浅克隆(值类型克隆值,引用类型传递地址)
model类:
- public class Person implements Cloneable{
-
- int num;
- String name;
- Address address;
-
- public Person() {
- }
-
- public Person(int num, String name) {
- this.num = num;
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public int getNum() {
- return num;
- }
-
- public void setNum(int num) {
- this.num = num;
- }
-
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
-
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public Address getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
-
- public void setAddress(Address address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- @Override
- protected Person clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
- Person person = (Person)super.clone();
- // person.address = (Address)address.clone(); //深度复制 联同person中关联的对象也一同克隆.
- return person;
- }
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Person{" +
- "num=" + num +
- ", name='" + name + '\'' +
- ", address=" + address +
- '}';
- }
- }
引用类:
- public class Address {
-
- String address;
-
- public String getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
-
- public void setAddress(String address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Address{" +
- "address='" + address + '\'' +
- '}';
- }
-
- @Override
- protected Address clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
- return (Address)super.clone();
- }
- }
测试类:
- public class Test {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
-
- Address address = new Address();
- address.setAddress("汉中");
-
- Person p1 = new Person(100,"jim");
- p1.setAddress(address);
-
- Person p2 =p1.clone();
- p2.setName("tom");
- address.setAddress("西安");//
- System.out.println(p1);
- }
- }
浅克隆中引用对象进行的是引用地址传递,原引用对象和克隆对象指向同一个引用地址
强克隆(值类型克隆值,引用类型克隆一个带有原数据的新的地址)
引用类:
- public class Address implements Cloneable{
-
- String address;
-
- public String getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
-
- public void setAddress(String address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Address{" +
- "address='" + address + '\'' +
- '}';
- }
-
- @Override
- protected Address clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
- return (Address)super.clone();
- }
- }
model类:
- public class Person implements Cloneable{
-
- int num;
- String name;
- Address address;
-
- public Person() {
- }
-
- public Person(int num, String name) {
- this.num = num;
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public int getNum() {
- return num;
- }
-
- public void setNum(int num) {
- this.num = num;
- }
-
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
-
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public Address getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
-
- public void setAddress(Address address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- @Override
- protected Person clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
- Person person = (Person)super.clone();
- person.address = (Address)address.clone(); //深度复制 联同person中关联的对象也一同克隆.
- return person;
- }
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Person{" +
- "num=" + num +
- ", name='" + name + '\'' +
- ", address=" + address +
- '}';
- }
- }
测试:
- public class Test {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
-
- Address address = new Address();
- address.setAddress("汉中");
-
- Person p1 = new Person(100,"jim");
- p1.setAddress(address);
-
- Person p2 =p1.clone();
- p2.setName("tom");
- address.setAddress("西安");
- System.out.println(p1);
- System.out.println(p2);
- }
- }
强克隆中的引用类型新创建的地址赋给克隆对象引用类型
我们也可以通过序列化的方式对对象进行克隆,代码如下:
引用类:
- public class Address implements Serializable {
-
- String address;
-
- public String getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
-
- public void setAddress(String address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Address{" +
- "address='" + address + '\'' +
- '}';
- }
-
- }
model类:
-
- public class Person implements Serializable {
-
- int num;
- String name;
- Address address;
-
- public Person() {
- }
-
- public Person(int num, String name) {
- this.num = num;
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public int getNum() {
- return num;
- }
-
- public void setNum(int num) {
- this.num = num;
- }
-
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
-
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public Address getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
-
- public void setAddress(Address address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- /**
- * 自定义克隆方法
- * @return
- */
- public Person myclone() {
- Person person = null;
- try { // 将该对象序列化成流,因为写在流里的是对象的一个拷贝,而原对象仍然存在于JVM里面。所以利用这个特性可以实现对象的深拷贝
- ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
- ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(baos);
- oos.writeObject(this);
- // 将流序列化成对象
- ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(baos.toByteArray());
- ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bais);
- person = (Person) ois.readObject();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return person;
- }
-
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Person{" +
- "num=" + num +
- ", name='" + name + '\'' +
- ", address=" + address +
- '}';
- }
- }
测试类:
- public class Test {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
-
- Address address = new Address();
- address.setAddress("汉中");
-
- Person p1 = new Person(100,"jim");
- p1.setAddress(address);
-
- Person p2 =p1.myclone();
- p2.setName("tom");
- address.setAddress("西安");
-
- System.out.println(p1);
- System.out.println(p2);
-
-
- }
- }
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