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MIC 的指标解读
1.Sensitivity 灵敏度
麦克风是支持以声压信号为输入,最后转换为电信号的传感器。sensitivity是microphone 能够capture的最小声压信号,声压信号的单位为dBSPL.sensitivity 是ratio ,是模拟输出电压或者数字输出值对于输入的声压来说,也是模拟MIC和数字MIC的关键性参数。
将声学域中的单位映射到电域中的单位决定了给定已知输入的麦克风输出信号。
本文将讨论模拟话筒和数字话筒在灵敏度规格上的区别,以及如何选择具有最佳灵敏度的话筒,以及为什么增加一点(或更多)数字增益可以增强麦克风信号。
analog vs digital
sensitivity 采用了一个94dBSPL/1Pa的声音输入为参考标准。人耳的声音阈值是20uPa,dBSPL=20log(P/Po),Po=20uPa,
dBSPL=20log(P/Po)=20log(1Pa/20uPa)=94dBSPL.
analog mic 的sensitivity 采用对数dB来表示,以1V/Pa为参考标准,它的意义在于表述对于给定的声音dBSPL,Analog MIC会有多大的voltage output.
Sensitivity(dBV)=20*log(Sensitivity(mv/Pa)/Output(AREF)),Output(AREF)=1000mv/Pa=1V/Pa.
analog mic 信号经精准的前置放大增益,mic 的信号电平可以和系统或者电流的电平匹配起来。下图显示了mic 的peak out voltage Vmax和ADC 的full-scale input voltage Vin 在前置增益Vin/Vmax的配置下的对应关系。比如,ADMP504输出Vmax=0.25v,在4倍增益(12dB)的前置放大下,对应着ADC的full-scale 1.0V.
digital microphone sensitivity 不会很灵活,maximum acoustic input 决定了 灵敏度。灵敏度等于最大声压输入和94dBSPL 参考声压的差值。比如,数字mic的maxium SPL 是120dBSPL,它的sensitivity 就是94-120=-26dBFS.
对于数字话筒,灵敏度以百分比表示由94 dB SPL输入产生的满标度输出。对于数字话筒,转换方程为
Sensitivity dBFS=20log10(Sensitivity %FS/Output DREF)
Output DREF is full-scale digital output level.
Figure 2. Mapping acoustic input level to (a) voltage output
level for an analog microphone; (b) digital output level for
a digital microphone.
对于mic 选型的灵敏度考量
并不是越大越好,需要考虑应用的场景,选择适合的灵敏度mic.
In near-field applications, such as cell phones, where the
microphone is close to the sound source, a microphone
with higher sensitivity is more likely to reach the maximum
acoustic input, clip, and cause distortion. On the other hand,
a higher sensitivity may be desirable in far-field applications,
such as conference phones and security cameras, where the
sound is attenuated as the distance from the source to the
microphone increases. Figure 3 shows how the distance of
the microphone from the sound source can affect the SPL.
The level of an acoustic signal decreases by 6 dB (one-half)
each time the distance from the source is doubled.
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