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目录
当你有了本领域的数据集 又有了标签 你怎么给x_train,y_train,x_test,x_test赋值呢
——自制数据集
当你数据量过少,模型见识不足,泛化力会弱
——数据增强
当每次模型训练都从0开始,很不方便
——断点续训,实时保存最优模型
神经网络训练的目的是获取各层神经网络的最优参数,只要拿到这些参数就能在其他地方快速实现神经网络的前向传播,因此需要记录这些参数
——参数提取,参数存入文本
——acc/loss可视化
——给图识物的例子
#############################################################################
图片:黑底白字灰度图,每张图28行28列的像素点,每个像素点都是0~255之间的整数,纯黑色0,纯白色255
标签:txt中放的是图片名和对应的标签,中间用空格隔开
实际上txt中,
现在自写代码对x_train,y_train,x_test,x_test赋值
- train_path = './mnist_image_label/mnist_train_jpg_60000/'
- train_txt = './mnist_image_label/mnist_train_jpg_60000.txt'
- x_train_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_x_train.npy'
- y_train_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_y_train.npy'
-
- test_path = './mnist_image_label/mnist_test_jpg_10000/'
- test_txt = './mnist_image_label/mnist_test_jpg_10000.txt'
- x_test_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_x_test.npy'
- y_test_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_y_test.npy'
-
-
- def generateds(path, txt):
- f = open(txt, 'r') # 以只读形式打开txt文件
- contents = f.readlines() # 读取文件中所有行
- f.close() # 关闭txt文件
- x, y_ = [], [] # 建立空列表
- for content in contents: # 逐行取出
- value = content.split() # 以空格分开,图片路径为value[0] , 标签为value[1] , 存入列表
- img_path = path + value[0] # 拼出图片路径和文件名
- img = Image.open(img_path) # 读入图片
- img = np.array(img.convert('L')) # 图片变为8位宽灰度值的np.array格式
- img = img / 255. # 数据归一化 (实现预处理)
- x.append(img) # 归一化后的数据,贴到列表x
- y_.append(value[1]) # 标签贴到列表y_
- print('loading : ' + content) # 打印状态提示
-
- x = np.array(x) # 变为np.array格式
- y_ = np.array(y_) # 变为np.array格式
- y_ = y_.astype(np.int64) # 变为64位整型
- return x, y_ # 返回输入特征x,返回标签y_

生成数据集.npy文件
总代码
- import tensorflow as tf
- from PIL import Image
- import numpy as np
- import os
-
- train_path = './mnist_image_label/mnist_train_jpg_60000/'
- train_txt = './mnist_image_label/mnist_train_jpg_60000.txt'
- x_train_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_x_train.npy'
- y_train_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_y_train.npy'
-
- test_path = './mnist_image_label/mnist_test_jpg_10000/'
- test_txt = './mnist_image_label/mnist_test_jpg_10000.txt'
- x_test_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_x_test.npy'
- y_test_savepath = './mnist_image_label/mnist_y_test.npy'
-
-
- def generateds(path, txt):
- f = open(txt, 'r') # 以只读形式打开txt文件
- contents = f.readlines() # 读取文件中所有行
- f.close() # 关闭txt文件
- x, y_ = [], [] # 建立空列表
- for content in contents: # 逐行取出
- value = content.split() # 以空格分开,图片路径为value[0] , 标签为value[1] , 存入列表
- img_path = path + value[0] # 拼出图片路径和文件名
- img = Image.open(img_path) # 读入图片
- img = np.array(img.convert('L')) # 图片变为8位宽灰度值的np.array格式
- img = img / 255. # 数据归一化 (实现预处理)
- x.append(img) # 归一化后的数据,贴到列表x
- y_.append(value[1]) # 标签贴到列表y_
- print('loading : ' + content) # 打印状态提示
-
- x = np.array(x) # 变为np.array格式
- y_ = np.array(y_) # 变为np.array格式
- y_ = y_.astype(np.int64) # 变为64位整型
- return x, y_ # 返回输入特征x,返回标签y_
-
-
- if os.path.exists(x_train_savepath) and os.path.exists(y_train_savepath) and os.path.exists(
- x_test_savepath) and os.path.exists(y_test_savepath):
- print('-------------Load Datasets-----------------')
- x_train_save = np.load(x_train_savepath)
- y_train = np.load(y_train_savepath)
- x_test_save = np.load(x_test_savepath)
- y_test = np.load(y_test_savepath)
- x_train = np.reshape(x_train_save, (len(x_train_save), 28, 28))
- x_test = np.reshape(x_test_save, (len(x_test_save), 28, 28))
- else:
- print('-------------Generate Datasets-----------------')
- x_train, y_train = generateds(train_path, train_txt)
- x_test, y_test = generateds(test_path, test_txt)
-
- print('-------------Save Datasets-----------------')
- x_train_save = np.reshape(x_train, (len(x_train), -1))
- x_test_save = np.reshape(x_test, (len(x_test), -1))
- np.save(x_train_savepath, x_train_save)
- np.save(y_train_savepath, y_train)
- np.save(x_test_savepath, x_test_save)
- np.save(y_test_savepath, y_test)
-
- model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
- tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
- ])
-
- model.compile(optimizer='adam',
- loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),
- metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
-
- model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1)
- model.summary()

因为第4维是图片像素点颜色RGB, 有很多种表示方法,比如 rgba 四个数值表示,或者一个灰度值表示. 故统一用一个数组表示, 相比原来的数值标量, 就等于增加了一个维度 图中使用了(60000,28,28,1)即表示变成了灰度图片
1 增加维度是为了使数据和网络结构匹配,就是说 和真实的图片能一样2 增加维度的,因为可能不是灰度图片
断点续训:在进行神经网络训练过程中由于一些因素导致训练无法进行,需要保存当前的训练结果下次接着训练
读取已有的模型
保存现有的模型
是否保留模型参数save_weights_only=True
是否保留最优模型save_best_only=True
history里储存了loss和metrics的结果,用于后面可视化
- import tensorflow as tf
- import os
-
- mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist
- (x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
- x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
-
- model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
- tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
- ])
-
- model.compile(optimizer='adam',
- loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),
- metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
-
- # 读取模型
- checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/mnist.ckpt"
- if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
- print('-------------load the model-----------------')
- model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
-
- # 保存模型
- cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path,
- save_weights_only=True,
- save_best_only=True)
-
- history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1,
- callbacks=[cp_callback])
- model.summary()

生成文件
此时再次运行程序 可以看到如图代码,说明网络是接续上一次保存的模型继续运行
查看刚才保存的网络模型的参数
在断点续训基础上增加了参数提取 ,打印出所有参数w并存入weights.txt
- import tensorflow as tf
- import os
- import numpy as np # 导入包
- np.set_printoptions(threshold=np.inf)
- mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist
- (x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
- x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
- model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
- tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
- ])
- model.compile(optimizer='adam',
- loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),
- metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
- checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/mnist.ckpt"
- if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
- print('-------------load the model-----------------')
- model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
- cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path,
- save_weights_only=True,
- save_best_only=True)
- history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1,
- callbacks=[cp_callback])
- model.summary()
- # 打印所有参数并存入weights.txt文件
- print(model.trainable_variables)
- file = open('./weights.txt', 'w')
- for v in model.trainable_variables:
- file.write(str(v.name) + '\n')
- file.write(str(v.shape) + '\n')
- file.write(str(v.numpy()) + '\n')
- file.close()

生成文件
具体内容
- import tensorflow as tf
- import os
- import numpy as np
- from matplotlib import pyplot as plt # 加入画图模块pyplot
-
- np.set_printoptions(threshold=np.inf)
-
- mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist
- (x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
- x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
-
- model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
- tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
- ])
-
- model.compile(optimizer='adam',
- loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),
- metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
-
- checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/mnist.ckpt"
- if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
- print('-------------load the model-----------------')
- model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
-
- cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path,
- save_weights_only=True,
- save_best_only=True)
-
- history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1,
- callbacks=[cp_callback])
- model.summary()
-
- print(model.trainable_variables)
- file = open('./weights.txt', 'w')
- for v in model.trainable_variables:
- file.write(str(v.name) + '\n')
- file.write(str(v.shape) + '\n')
- file.write(str(v.numpy()) + '\n')
- file.close()
-
- ############################################### show ###############################################
-
- # 显示训练集和验证集的acc和loss曲线
- # 提取model.fit中的训练集准确率,测试集准确率,训练集损失函数数值,测试集损失函数数值
- acc = history.history['sparse_categorical_accuracy']
- val_acc = history.history['val_sparse_categorical_accuracy']
- loss = history.history['loss']
- val_loss = history.history['val_loss']
-
- # 划分一行两列 画出第一列
- plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
- # 画出acc和val_acc数据
- plt.plot(acc, label='Training Accuracy')
- plt.plot(val_acc, label='Validation Accuracy')
- # 设置图标题
- plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')
- # 画出图例
- plt.legend()
-
- # # 划分一行两列 画出第二列
- plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
- # 画出loss和val_acc数据
- plt.plot(loss, label='Training Loss')
- plt.plot(val_loss, label='Validation Loss')
- # 设置图标题
- plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
- # 画出图例
- plt.legend()
- plt.show()

TensorFlow给了predict,他能根据输入特征,得出输出参数
预处理
灰度处理
变成只有黑色和白色的高对比度图片
把小于200的变成255,其他的变成0 —— 二值化,保留图片特征的同时,滤去了噪声,识别效果会更好
- from PIL import Image
- import numpy as np
- import tensorflow as tf
-
- model_save_path = './checkpoint/mnist.ckpt'
-
- # 复现网络
- model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
- tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
- tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')])
-
- # 加载参数
- model.load_weights(model_save_path)
-
- # 询问要执行多少次图像识别任务
- preNum = int(input("input the number of test pictures:"))
-
- # 读入要识别的图片
- for i in range(preNum):
- image_path = input("the path of test picture:")
- img = Image.open(image_path)
- img = img.resize((28, 28), Image.ANTIALIAS)
- img_arr = np.array(img.convert('L'))
-
- # 每个像素点颜色取反,使图片满足了神经网络对输入分割的要求,也称 预处理
- img_arr = 255 - img_arr
-
- # 归一化
- img_arr = img_arr / 255.0
- print("img_arr:",img_arr.shape)
- x_predict = img_arr[tf.newaxis, ...]
- print("x_predict:",x_predict.shape)
- result = model.predict(x_predict)
-
- pred = tf.argmax(result, axis=1)
-
- print('\n')
- tf.print(pred)

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