elasticsearch的常用查询语法（大全）_elasticsearch查询语法大全

参考文章网址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiohao/p/12970224.html
es查询

1. 简单的增删改查

1.1. 创建一篇文档(type)（有则修改，无则创建）

PUT test/doc/2
{
  "name":"wangfei",
  "age":27,
  "desc":"热天还不让后人不认同"
}

PUT test/doc/1
{
  "name":"wangjifei",
  "age":27,
  "desc":"萨芬我反胃为范围额"
}

PUT test/doc/3
{
  "name":"wangyang",
  "age":30,
  "desc":"点在我心内的几首歌"
}
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1.2. 查询指定索引信息

 GET test
1

1.3. 查询指定文档(type)信息

GET test/doc/1
GET test/doc/2
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2

1.4. 查询对应索引下所有的数据

GET test/doc/_search
或
GET test/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}
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1.5. 删除指定文档(type)

DELETE test/doc/3
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1.6. 删除索引

DELETE test 
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1.7. 修改指定文档方式

修改时，不指定的属性会自动覆盖，只保留指定的属性(不正确的修改指定文档方式)

PUT test/doc/1
{
  "name":"王计飞"
}
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使用POST命令，在id后面跟_update，要修改的内容放到doc文档（属性）中(正确的修改指定文档方式)

POST test/doc/1/_update
{
  "doc":{
    "desc":"生活就像 茫茫海上"
  }
}
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2. ES查询的两种方式

2.1. 查询字符串搜索

GET test/doc/_search?q=name:wangfei
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2.2. 结构化查询（单字段查询,不能多字段组合查询）

GET test/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match":{
			"name":"wangfei"
		}
	}
}
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3. match系列操作

3.1. match_all（查询全部）

GET test/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}
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3.2. match_phrase (短语查询)

准备数据

PUT test1/doc/1
{
  "title": "中国是世界上人口最多的国家"
}
PUT test1/doc/2
{
  "title": "美国是世界上军事实力最强大的国家"
}
PUT test1/doc/3
{
  "title": "北京是中国的首都"
}
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查询语句

GET test1/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match":{
			"title":"中国"
		}
	}
}
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输出结果

{
  "took" : 241,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 3,
    "max_score" : 0.68324494,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.68324494,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "中国是世界上人口最多的国家"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : 0.5753642,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "北京是中国的首都"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.39556286,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "美国是世界上军事实力最强大的国家"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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通过观察结果可以发现，虽然如期的返回了中国的文档。但是却把和美国的文档也返回了，这并不是我们想要的。
因为这是elasticsearch在内部对文档做分词的时候，对于中文来说，就是一个字一个字分的。
所以，我们搜中国，中和国都符合条件，返回，而美国的国也符合。而我们认为中国是个短语，是一个有具体含义的词。所以elasticsearch在处理中文分词方面比较弱势。后面会讲针对中文的插件。
但目前我们还有办法解决，那就是使用短语查询
用match_phrase

GET test1/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match_phrase":{
			"title":"中国"
		}
	}
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 10,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.5753642,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.5753642,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "中国是世界上人口最多的国家"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : 0.5753642,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "北京是中国的首都"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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我们搜索中国和世界这两个指定词组时，但又不清楚两个词组之间有多少别的词间隔。那么在搜的时候就要留有一些余地。这时就要用到了slop了。相当于正则中的中国.*?世界。这个间隔默认为0

GET test1/doc/_search
{
  "query":{
    "match_phrase": {
      "title": {
        "query": "中国世界",
        "slop":2
      }
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 23,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.7445889,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.7445889,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "中国是世界上人口最多的国家"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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3.3. match_phrase_prefix（最左前缀查询）智能搜索–以什么开头

数据准备

PUT test2/doc/1
{
  "title": "prefix1",
  "desc": "beautiful girl you are beautiful so"
}
PUT test2/doc/2
{
  "title": "beautiful",
  "desc": "I like basking on the beach"
}
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搜索特定英文开头的数据
查询语句

GET test2/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match_phrase_prefix":{
			"desc":"bea"
		}
	}
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 5,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.39556286,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test2",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.39556286,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "prefix1",
          "desc" : "beautiful girl you are beautiful so"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test2",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "beautiful",
          "desc" : "I like basking on the beach"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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查询短语

GET test2/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase_prefix": {
      "desc": "you are bea"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 28,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.8630463,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test2",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.8630463,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "prefix1",
          "desc" : "beautiful girl you are beautiful so"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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max_expansions 参数理解 前缀查询会非常的影响性能，要对结果集进行限制，就加上这个参数。

GET test2/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase_prefix": {
      "desc": {
        "query": "bea",
        "max_expansions":1
      }
    }
  }
}
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3.4. multi_match(多字段查询)

multi_match是要在多个字段中查询同一个关键字 除此之外，mulit_match甚至可以当做match_phrase和match_phrase_prefix使用，只需要指定type类型即可

GET test2/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "beautiful",
      "fields": ["title","desc"]
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 43,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.39556286,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test2",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.39556286,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "prefix1",
          "desc" : "beautiful girl you are beautiful so"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test2",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "beautiful",
          "desc" : "I like basking on the beach"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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GET test2/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "beautiful",
      "fields": ["title","desc"]
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 43,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.39556286,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test2",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.39556286,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "prefix1",
          "desc" : "beautiful girl you are beautiful so"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test2",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "beautiful",
          "desc" : "I like basking on the beach"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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当设置属性 type:phrase 时 等同于 短语查询

GET test1/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "中国",
      "fields": ["title"],
      "type": "phrase"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 47,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.5753642,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.5753642,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "中国是世界上人口最多的国家"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test1",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : 0.5753642,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "北京是中国的首都"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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match 查询相关总结
1、match：返回所有匹配的分词。
2、match_all：查询全部。
3、match_phrase：短语查询，在match的基础上进一步查询词组，可以指定slop分词间隔。
4、match_phrase_prefix：前缀查询，根据短语中最后一个词组做前缀匹配，可以应用于搜索提示，但注意和max_expanions搭配。其实默认是50
5、multi_match：多字段查询，使用相当的灵活，可以完成match_phrase和match_phrase_prefix的工作。

4. ES的排序查询

es6.8.4版本中，需要分词的字段不可以直接排序，比如：text类型，如果想要对这类字段进行排序，需要特别设置：对字段索引两次，一次索引分词（用于搜索）一次索引不分词（用于排序），es默认生成的text类型字段就是通过这样的方法实现可排序的。

降序排序

GET test/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match_all":{}
	},
	"sort":[
		{
			"age":{
				"order":"desc"
			}
		}
	]
}
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升序排序

GET test/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match_all":{}
	},
	"sort":[
		{
			"age":{
				"order":"asc"
			}
		}
	]
}
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5. ES的分页查询

from：从哪开始查询 size：返回几条结果

GET test/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase_prefix": {
      "name": "wang"
    }
  },
  "from": 0,
  "size": 1
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 3,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 3,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangfei",
          "age" : 27,
          "desc" : "热天还不让后人不认同"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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6 bool查询(must,should)

6.1. must查询

must字段对应的是个列表,也就是说可以有多个并列查询的条件,满足所有条件的结果才返回

单条件

GET test/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"bool":{
			"must":[
				{
					"match":{
						"name":"wangfei"
					}
				}
			]
		}
	}
}
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多条件查询

GET test/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {
          "match": {
            "name": "wanggfei"
          }
        },{
          "match": {
            "age": 25
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
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6.2. should (只要符合其中一个条件就返回)

GET test/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "should": [
        {
          "match": {
          "name": "wangjifei"
        }
        },{
          "match": {
            "age": 27
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
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6.3. must_not 查询

must_not 文档必须不 匹配这些条件才能被包含进来,就是条件都不满足的才返回

GET test/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must_not": [
        {
          "match": {
            "name": "wangjifei"
          }
        },{
          "match": {
            "age": 27
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
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6.4. filter字段过滤查询

(条件过滤查询，过滤条件的范围用range表示gt表示大于、lt表示小于、gte表示大于等于、lte表示小于等于)

GET test/doc/_search
{
	"query:{
		"bool":{
			"must":[
				{
					"match":{
						"name":"wangjifei"
					}
				}
			],
			"filter":{
				"range":{
					"age":{
						"gte":10,
						"lt":27
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
}
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bool查询总结
must：与关系，相当于关系型数据库中的 and
should：或关系，相当于关系型数据库中的 or
must_not：非关系，相当于关系型数据库中的 not
filter：过滤条件
range：条件筛选范围
gt：大于，相当于关系型数据库中的 >
gte：大于等于，相当于关系型数据库中的 >=
lt：小于，相当于关系型数据库中的 <
lte：小于等于，相当于关系型数据库中的 <=

7. 查询结果过滤

准备数据

PUT test3/doc/1
{
  "name":"顾老二",
  "age":30,
  "from": "gu",
  "desc": "皮肤黑、武器长、性格直",
  "tags": ["黑", "长", "直"]
}
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字段过滤，如只需查看name和age两个属性

GET test3/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match":{
			"name":"顾老二"
		}
	}
	"_source":["name","age"]
}
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8. 查询结果高亮显示

GET test3/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name": "顾老二"
    }
  },
  "highlight": {
    "fields": {
      "name": {}
    }
  }
}
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ES自定义高亮显示（在highlight中，pre_tags用来实现我们的自定义标签的前半部分，在这里，我们也可以为自定义的 标签添加属性和样式。post_tags实现标签的后半部分，组成一个完整的标签。至于标签中的内容，则还是交给fields来完成）

GET test3/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "desc": "性格直"
    }
  },
  "highlight": {
    "pre_tags": "<b class='key' style='color:red'>",
    "post_tags": "</b>",
    "fields": {
      "desc": {}
    }
  }
}
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9. 精确查询与模糊查询

9.1. term查询查找包含文档精确的倒排索引指定的词条。也就是精确查找。

term和match的区别是：
match是经过analyer的，也就是说，文档首先被分析器给处理了。根据不同的分析器，然后再根据分词结果进行匹配。term则不经过分词，它是直接去倒排索引中查找了精确的值了。
准备数据

PUT w1
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "properties":{
        "t1":{
          "type": "text"
        },
        "t2": {
          "type": "keyword"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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PUT w1/doc/1
{
  "t1": "hi single dog",
  "t2": "hi single dog"
}
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t1类型为text，会经过分词。match查询时条件也会经过分词，所以下面两种查询都能查到结果

GET w1/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match":{
			"t1":"hi single dog"
		}
	}
}
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只要t1查询条件中包含了"hi",“single”,“dog"分词的就可以,比如"hi dog”,“dog hi”,“hi 123145”,"hi doc"都能查到结果

GET w1/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match":{
			"t1":"h1"
		}
	}
}
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t2类型为keyword类型，不会经过分词，match查询时条件会经过分词，所以只能当值为"hi single dog"时能查询到

GET w1/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match":{
			"t2":"hi"
		}
	}
}
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无结果

GET w1/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"match":{
			"t2":"hi single dog"
		}
	}
}
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t1类型为text，会经过分词分为"hi",“single”,“dog”,term查询时条件不会经过分词，所以只有当值为"hi",“single”,“dog”,"hi single dog"四种情况时才能查询到结果

GET w1/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "t1": "hi single dog" 
    }
  }
}
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GET w1/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "t1": "hi" 
    }
  }
}
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t2类型为keyword类型，不会经过分词，term查询时条件不会经过分词，所以只能当值为"hi single dog"时能查询到

GET w1/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "t2": "hi single dog" 
    }
  }
}
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GET w1/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "t2": "hi" 
    }
  }
}
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无结果

9.2. 查询多个精确值 多个查询用terms，单个用term

GET test/doc/_search
{
	"query":{
		"terms":{
			"age":[
				"27",
				"28"
			]
		}
	}
}
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也可以与bool中should共同使用
查询age为27 || 28，或者name为wangyang || wangfei

GET test/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "should": [
        {"terms": {
          "age": [
              "27","28"
            ]
        }
        },
        {
          "terms": {
            "name": [
              "wangyang","wangfei"
              ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
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也可以与bool中must共同使用
查询age为27 || 28，且 name为wangyang || wangfei

GET test/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {"terms": {
          "age": [
              "27","28"
            ]
        }
        },
        {
          "terms": {
            "name": [
              "wangyang","wangfei"
              ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
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10. 聚合查询 avg、max、min、sum

数据准备

PUT zhifou/doc/1
{
  "name":"顾老二",
  "age":30,
  "from": "gu",
  "desc": "皮肤黑、武器长、性格直",
  "tags": ["黑", "长", "直"]
}
PUT zhifou/doc/2
{
  "name":"大娘子",
  "age":18,
  "from":"sheng",
  "desc":"肤白貌美，娇憨可爱",
  "tags":["白", "富","美"]
}
PUT zhifou/doc/3
{
  "name":"龙套偏房",
  "age":22,
  "from":"gu",
  "desc":"mmp，没怎么看，不知道怎么形容",
  "tags":["造数据", "真","难"]
}
PUT zhifou/doc/4
{
  "name":"石头",
  "age":29,
  "from":"gu",
  "desc":"粗中有细，狐假虎威",
  "tags":["粗", "大","猛"]
}
PUT zhifou/doc/5
{
  "name":"魏行首",
  "age":25,
  "from":"广云台",
  "desc":"仿佛兮若轻云之蔽月,飘飘兮若流风之回雪,mmp，最后竟然没有嫁给顾老二！",
  "tags":["闭月","羞花"]
}
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10.1. avg 平均值查询

查询form为gu的人的平均年龄

GET zhifou/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "from": "gu"
    }
  },
  "aggs": {
    "my_avg": {
      "avg": {
        "field": "age"
      }
    }
  }
}
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上例中，首先匹配查询from是gu的数据。在此基础上做查询平均值的操作，这里就用到了聚合函数，其语法被封装在aggs中，而my_avg则是为查询结果起个别名，封装了计算出的平均值。那么，要以什么属性作为条件呢？是age年龄，查年龄的什么呢？是avg，查平均年龄。
如果只想看输出的值，而不关心输出的文档的话可以通过size=0来控制

GET zhifou/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "from": "gu"
    }
  },
  "aggs": {
    "my_avg": {
      "avg": {
        "field": "age"
      }
    }
  },
  "size": 0
}
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10.2 max最大查询

查询年龄的最大值

GET zhifou/_search
{
  "aggs": {
    "my_max": {
      "max": {
        "field": "age"
      }
    }
  },
  "size": 0
}
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10.3 min最小值查询

查询年龄的最小值

GET zhifou/_search
{
  "aggs": {
    "my_min": {
      "min": {
        "field": "age"
      }
    }
  },
  "size": 0
}
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10.4 sum求和查询

查询符合条件的年龄之和

GET zhifou/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "from": "gu"
    }
  },
  "aggs": {
    "my_sum": {
      "sum": {
        "field": "age"
      }
    }
  },
  "size": 0
}
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“size”:x
表示返回结果数据多少条，相当于limit。

ES的聚合查询的总结：聚合函数的使用，一定是先查出结果，然后对结果使用聚合函数做处理
avg：求平均
max：最大值
min：最小值
sum：求和

11. 分组查询

查询所有人的年龄段，并且按照15-20，20-25，25-30分组。

GET zhifou/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "aggs": {
    "age_group": {
      "range": {
        "field": "age",
        "ranges": [
          {
            "from": 15,
            "to": 20
          },
          {
            "from": 20,
            "to": 25
          },
          {
            "from": 25,
            "to":30
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}
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上例中，在aggs的自定义别名age_group中，使用range来做分组，field是以age为分组，分组使用ranges来做，from和to是范围. from 表示的是大于等于，to表示的是小于

查询所有人的年龄段，并且按照15-20，20-25，25-30分组，并计算出每组的平均年龄。

GET zhifou/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "aggs": {
    "age_group": {
      "range": {
        "field": "age",
        "ranges": [
          {
            "from": 15,
            "to": 20
          },
          {
            "from": 20,
            "to": 25
          },
          {
            "from": 25,
            "to":30
          }
        ]
      },
      "aggs": {
        "myavg": {
          "avg": {
            "field": "age"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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12. Mappings

GET test
1

查询结果

{
  "test" : {
    "aliases" : { },
    "mappings" : {
      "doc" : {
        "properties" : {
          "age" : {
            "type" : "long"
          },
          "desc" : {
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : {
              "keyword" : {
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              }
            }
          },
          "name" : {
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : {
              "keyword" : {
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    },
    "settings" : {
      "index" : {
        "creation_date" : "1569133097594",
        "number_of_shards" : "5",
        "number_of_replicas" : "1",
        "uuid" : "AztO9waYQiyHvzP6dlk4tA",
        "version" : {
          "created" : "6080299"
        },
        "provided_name" : "test"
      }
    }
  }
}
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由返回结果可以看到，分为两大部分：
第一部分关于t1索引类型相关的，包括该索引是否有别名aliases，然后就是mappings信息，
包括索引类型doc，各字段的详细映射关系都收集在properties中。
另一部分是关于索引t1的settings设置。包括该索引的创建时间，主副分片的信息，UUID等等。

12.1. mappings 是什么？

映射就是在创建索引的时候，有更多定制的内容，更加的贴合业务场景。
用来定义一个文档及其包含的字段如何存储和索引的过程。

12.2. 字段的数据类型

简单类型如文本（text）、关键字（keyword）、日期（data）、整形（long）、双精度
（double）、布尔（boolean）或ip。 可以是支持JSON的层次结构性质的类型，如对象或嵌套。
或者一种特殊类型，如geo_point、geo_shape或completion。为了不同的目的，
以不同的方式索引相同的字段通常是有用的。例如，字符串字段可以作为全文搜索的文本字段进行索引，
也可以作为排序或聚合的关键字字段进行索引。或者，可以使用标准分析器、英语分析器和
法语分析器索引字符串字段。这就是多字段的目的。大多数数据类型通过fields参数支持多字段。
一个简单的映射示例

PUT mapping_test
{
  "mappings": {
    "test1":{
      "properties":{
        "name":{"type": "text"},
        "age":{"type":"long"}
      }
    }
  }
}
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我们在创建索引PUT mapping_test1的过程中，为该索引定制化类型（设计表结构），添加一个映射类型test1；指定字段或者属性都在properties内完成。

GET mapping_test
1

查询结果

{
  "mapping_test" : {
    "aliases" : { },
    "mappings" : {
      "test1" : {
        "properties" : {
          "age" : {
            "type" : "long"
          },
          "name" : {
            "type" : "text"
          }
        }
      }
    },
    "settings" : {
      "index" : {
        "creation_date" : "1570794586526",
        "number_of_shards" : "5",
        "number_of_replicas" : "1",
        "uuid" : "P4-trriPTxq-nJj89iYXZA",
        "version" : {
          "created" : "6080299"
        },
        "provided_name" : "mapping_test"
      }
    }
  }
}
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返回的结果中你肯定很熟悉！映射类型是test1，具体的属性都被封装在properties中。

12.3. ES mappings之dynamic的三种状态

一般的，mapping则又可以分为动态映射（dynamic mapping）和静态（显示）映射（explicit mapping）和精确（严格）映射（strict mappings），具体由dynamic属性控制。默认为动态映射
默认为动态映射

PUT test4
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc":{
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "age": {
          "type": "long"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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GET test4/_mapping
1

查询结果

{
  "test4" : {
    "mappings" : {
      "doc" : {
        "properties" : {
          "age" : {
            "type" : "long"
          },
          "name" : {
            "type" : "text"
          },
          "sex" : {
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : {
              "keyword" : {
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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添加数据

PUT test4/doc/1
{
  "name":"wangjifei",
  "age":"18",
  "sex":"不详"
}
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查看数据

GET test4/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 8,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test4",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangjifei",
          "age" : "18",
          "sex" : "不详"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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测试静态映射：当elasticsearch察觉到有新增字段时，因为dynamic:false的关系，会忽略该字段，但是仍会存储该字段。

创建静态mapping

PUT test5
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc":{
      "dynamic":false,
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "age": {
          "type": "long"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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插入数据

PUT test5/doc/1
{
  "name":"wangjifei",
  "age":"18",
  "sex":"不详"
}
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条件查询

GET test5/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "sex": "不详"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 9,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 0,
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [ ]
  }
}
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查看所有数据

GET /test5/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test5",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangjifei",
          "age" : "18",
          "sex" : "不详"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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测试严格映射：当elasticsearch察觉到有新增字段时，因为dynamic:strict 的关系，就会报错，不能插入成功。

创建严格mapping

PUT test6
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc":{
      "dynamic":"strict",
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "age": {
          "type": "long"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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插入数据

PUT test6/doc/1
{
  "name":"wangjifei",
  "age":"18",
  "sex":"不详"
}
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插入结果

{
  "error": {
    "root_cause": [
      {
        "type": "strict_dynamic_mapping_exception",
        "reason": "mapping set to strict, dynamic introduction of [sex] within [doc] is not allowed"
      }
    ],
    "type": "strict_dynamic_mapping_exception",
    "reason": "mapping set to strict, dynamic introduction of [sex] within [doc] is not allowed"
  },
  "status": 400
}
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小结： 动态映射（dynamic：true）：动态添加新的字段（或缺省）。 静态映射（dynamic：false）：忽略新的字段。在原有的映射基础上，当有新的字段时，不会主动的添加新的映射关系，只作为查询结果出现在查询中。 严格模式（dynamic：strict）：如果遇到新的字段，就抛出异常。一般静态映射用的较多。就像HTML的img标签一样，src为自带的属性，你可以在需要的时候添加id或者class属性。当然，如果你非常非常了解你的数据，并且未来很长一段时间不会改变，strict不失为一个好选择。

12.4. ES之mappings的 index 属性

index属性默认为true，如果该属性设置为false，那么，elasticsearch不会为该属性创建索引，也就是说无法当做主查询条件。

PUT test7
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "text",
          "index": true
        },
        "age": {
          "type": "long",
          "index": false
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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插入数据

PUT test7/doc/1
{
  "name":"wangjifei",
  "age":18
}
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条件查询数据

GET test7/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name": "wangjifei"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 18,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test7",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangjifei",
          "age" : 18
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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条件查询

GET test7/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "age": 18
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "error": {
    "root_cause": [
      {
        "type": "query_shard_exception",
        "reason": "failed to create query: {\n  \"match\" : {\n    \"age\" : {\n      \"query\" : 18,\n      \"operator\" : \"OR\",\n      \"prefix_length\" : 0,\n      \"max_expansions\" : 50,\n      \"fuzzy_transpositions\" : true,\n      \"lenient\" : false,\n      \"zero_terms_query\" : \"NONE\",\n      \"auto_generate_synonyms_phrase_query\" : true,\n      \"boost\" : 1.0\n    }\n  }\n}",
        "index_uuid": "fzN9frSZRy2OzinRjeMKGA",
        "index": "test7"
      }
    ],
    "type": "search_phase_execution_exception",
    "reason": "all shards failed",
    "phase": "query",
    "grouped": true,
    "failed_shards": [
      {
        "shard": 0,
        "index": "test7",
        "node": "INueKtviRpO1dbNWngcjJA",
        "reason": {
          "type": "query_shard_exception",
          "reason": "failed to create query: {\n  \"match\" : {\n    \"age\" : {\n      \"query\" : 18,\n      \"operator\" : \"OR\",\n      \"prefix_length\" : 0,\n      \"max_expansions\" : 50,\n      \"fuzzy_transpositions\" : true,\n      \"lenient\" : false,\n      \"zero_terms_query\" : \"NONE\",\n      \"auto_generate_synonyms_phrase_query\" : true,\n      \"boost\" : 1.0\n    }\n  }\n}",
          "index_uuid": "fzN9frSZRy2OzinRjeMKGA",
          "index": "test7",
          "caused_by": {
            "type": "illegal_argument_exception",
            "reason": "Cannot search on field [age] since it is not indexed."
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "status": 400
}
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12.5. ES 之 mappings 的copy_to属性

PUT test8
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "dynamic":false,
      "properties": {
        "first_name":{
          "type": "text",
          "copy_to": "full_name"
        },
        "last_name": {
          "type": "text",
          "copy_to": "full_name"
        },
        "full_name": {
          "type": "text"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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插入数据

PUT test8/doc/1
{
  "first_name":"tom",
  "last_name":"ben"
}
PUT test8/doc/2
{
  "first_name":"john",
  "last_name":"smith"
}
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查询所有

GET test8/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 4,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test8",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "john",
          "last_name" : "smith"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test8",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "tom",
          "last_name" : "ben"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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条件查询

GET test8/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "first_name": "tom"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 2,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test8",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "tom",
          "last_name" : "ben"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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条件查询

GET test8/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "full_name": "ben"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 3,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test8",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "tom",
          "last_name" : "ben"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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上例中，我们将first_name和last_name都复制到full_name中。并且使用full_name查询也返回了结果
既要查询tom还要查询smith该怎么办？

GET test8/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "full_name": {
        "query": "tom smith",
        "operator": "or"
      }
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 3,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test8",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "john",
          "last_name" : "smith"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test8",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "tom",
          "last_name" : "ben"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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operator参数为多个条件的查询关系也可以是and
上面的查询还可以简写成一下：

GET test8/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "full_name": "tom smith"
    }
  }
}
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copy_to还支持将相同的属性值复制给不同的字段。

PUT test9
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "dynamic":false,
      "properties": {
        "first_name":{
          "type": "text",
          "copy_to": ["full_name1","full_name2"]
        },
        "last_name": {
          "type": "text",
          "copy_to": ["full_name1","full_name2"]
        },
        "full_name1": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "full_name2":{
          "type":"text"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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插入数据

PUT test9/doc/1
{
  "first_name":"tom",
  "last_name":"ben"
}

PUT test9/doc/2
{
  "first_name":"john",
  "last_name":"smith"
}
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条件查询

GET test9/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "full_name1": "tom smith"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 7,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test9",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "john",
          "last_name" : "smith"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test9",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "tom",
          "last_name" : "ben"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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条件查询

GET test9/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "full_name2": "tom smith"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果
{

  "took" : 7,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test9",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "john",
          "last_name" : "smith"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "test9",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "first_name" : "tom",
          "last_name" : "ben"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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full_name1 full_name2两个字段都可以查出来

12.6. ES 之mappings的对象属性

首先先看看ES自动创建的mappings

PUT test10/doc/1
{
  "name":"wangjifei",
  "age":18,
  "info":{
    "addr":"北京",
    "tel":"18500327026"
  }
}
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GET test10
1

查询结果

{
  "test10" : {
    "aliases" : { },
    "mappings" : {
      "doc" : {
        "properties" : {
          "age" : {
            "type" : "long"
          },
          "info" : {
            "properties" : {
              "addr" : {
                "type" : "text",
                "fields" : {
                  "keyword" : {
                    "type" : "keyword",
                    "ignore_above" : 256
                  }
                }
              },
              "tel" : {
                "type" : "text",
                "fields" : {
                  "keyword" : {
                    "type" : "keyword",
                    "ignore_above" : 256
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          },
          "name" : {
            "type" : "text",
            "fields" : {
              "keyword" : {
                "type" : "keyword",
                "ignore_above" : 256
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    },
    "settings" : {
      "index" : {
        "creation_date" : "1570975011394",
        "number_of_shards" : "5",
        "number_of_replicas" : "1",
        "uuid" : "YvMGDHxkSri0Lgx6GGXiNw",
        "version" : {
          "created" : "6080299"
        },
        "provided_name" : "test10"
      }
    }
  }
}
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现在如果要以info中的tel为条件怎么写查询语句呢？

GET test10/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "info.tel": "18500327026"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 5,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test10",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangjifei",
          "age" : 18,
          "info" : {
            "addr" : "北京",
            "tel" : "18500327026"
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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info既是一个属性，也是一个对象，我们称为info这类字段为对象型字段。该对象内又包含addr和tel两个字段，如上例这种以嵌套内的字段为查询条件的话，查询语句可以以字段点子字段的方式来写即可

12.7. ES之mappings的settings 设置

在创建一个索引的时候，我们可以在settings中指定分片信息：

PUT test11
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "text"
        }
      }
    }
  }, 
  "settings": {
    "number_of_replicas": 1,
    "number_of_shards": 5
  }
}
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number_of_shards是主分片数量（每个索引默认5个主分片），而number_of_replicas是复制分片，默认一个主分片搭配一个复制分片。

12.8. ES 之mappings的ignore_above参数

ignore_above参数仅针对于keyword类型有用
这样设置是会报错的

PUT test12
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "text",
          "ignore_above":5
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
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显示结果

{
  "error": {
    "root_cause": [
      {
        "type": "mapper_parsing_exception",
        "reason": "Mapping definition for [name] has unsupported parameters:  [ignore_above : 5]"
      }
    ],
    "type": "mapper_parsing_exception",
    "reason": "Failed to parse mapping [doc]: Mapping definition for [name] has unsupported parameters:  [ignore_above : 5]",
    "caused_by": {
      "type": "mapper_parsing_exception",
      "reason": "Mapping definition for [name] has unsupported parameters:  [ignore_above : 5]"
    }
  },
  "status": 400
}
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正确的打开方式

PUT test12
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "keyword",
          "ignore_above":5
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT test12/doc/1
{
  "name":"wangjifei"
}
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这样查询能查出结果

GET test12/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test12",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangjifei"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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这样查询不能查询出结果

GET test12/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name": "wangjifei"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 0,
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [ ]
  }
}
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上面的例子证明超过ignore_above设定的值后会被存储但不会建立索引
那么如果字符串的类型是text时能用ignore_above吗，答案是能，但要特殊设置：

PUT test13
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc":{
      "properties":{
        "name1":{
          "type":"keyword",
          "ignore_above":5
        },
        "name2":{
          "type":"text",
          "fields":{
            "keyword":{
              "type":"keyword",
              "ignore_above": 10
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT test13/doc/1
{
  "name1":"wangfei",
  "name2":"wangjifei hello"
}
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能查出来

GET test13/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 4,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test13",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name1" : "wangfei",
          "name2" : "wangjifei hello"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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通过name1 字段查不出来，因为设置的是keyword类型 限制了5个字符的长度，
存储的值超过了最大限制

GET test13/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name1": "wangfei"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 2,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 0,
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [ ]
  }
}
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通过name2 字段能查出来，虽然限制了5个字符的长度，存储的值超过了最大限制，但是，
当字段类型设置为text之后，ignore_above参数的限制就失效了。（了解就好，意义不大）

GET test13/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name2": "wangjifei"
    }
  }
}
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查询结果

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 5,
    "successful" : 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "max_score" : 0.2876821,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "test13",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.2876821,
        "_source" : {
          "name1" : "wangfei",
          "name2" : "wangjifei hello"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
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