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只给两个课时的人工智能作业动物专家系统实验,局限性很多。
设置规则时1-8时已经最大可能避免的规则冲突,所以基本没有规则冲突处理。
对规则9-15采用FIRST法处理冲突。
PS:前端界面如果有时间会做的,到时候更新贴出来。
一 实验目的
熟悉掌握基于规则系统的表示与推理
二 实验内容
设计一个动物识别专家系统,规则库至少包含15条规则,可以识别至少7种动物,规则可增加;
界面显示要求:
1)有若干选择动物特征的选择列表;
2)表现判断动物时,使用了哪些规则;
3)表现数据库的变化;
4)显示规则的调用次序;
5)显示最后的结果,包含动物能识别出来和动物不能识别出来两种情况;
6)至少检查两个例子实现正向推理和反向推理的区别
三 设计思路
1.设计综合数据库
features = ["有奶", "有毛发", "有羽毛", "会飞", "会下蛋", \
"吃肉", "有犬齿", "有爪","眼盯前方", "有蹄", "嚼反刍",\
"黄褐色", "身上有暗斑点", "身上有黑色条纹", "有长脖子", \
"有长腿", "不会飞", "会游泳", "有黑白二色", "善飞",\
"哺乳动物", "鸟", "食肉动物", "蹄类动物", "金钱豹", "虎",\
"长颈鹿", "斑马", "鸵鸟", "企鹅", "信天翁"]
2.设计规则库
rule1 = [2] # if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21 rule2 = [1] # if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21 rule3 = [3] # if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22 rule4 = [4, 5] # if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22 rule5 = [6] # if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23 rule6 = [7, 8, 9] # if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23 rule7 = [21, 10] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24 rule8 = [21, 11] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24 rule9 = [21, 23, 12, 13] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25 rule10 = [21, 23, 12, 14] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26 rule11 = [24, 15, 16, 13] # if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27 rule12 = [24, 14] # if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28 rule13 = [22, 17, 16, 15, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29 rule14 = [22, 17, 18, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30 rule15 = [22, 4, 5] # if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31
其中rule1-rule8为动物特征推导动物特征的规则,rule9-rule15为动物特征推导动物种类的规则
3.推理原理
正向推理:
a.input手动选择特征生成事实数据库,根据这些特征推导出其他动物特征,最终推导出动物种类
b.判断输入的事实库是否包含规则1-8的集合,如果包含则向事实数据库中加入相应规则对应的事实。
如:选择特征中包含特征2则可根据rule1: if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21,向事实数据库中加入特征21
c.判断输入的事实数据库是否包含规则9-15的集合,如果包含则输出相应规则所对应的动物
如:经过上述规则1-8推导后的事实数据库为【4,5,21,22】,rule15 = [22, 4, 5]为其子集,则可判定动物为信天翁31
answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号,用空格隔开,回车结束输入:') # 接收到的answer是一个字符串 answer = list(answer.split()) new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer] print("事实库:",new_answer) print("正向推理过程如下:") if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer): print('rule1:2->21\tif 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21') new_answer.append(21) if set(rule2)<=set(new_answer): print('rule2:1->21\tif 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21') new_answer.append(21) if set(rule3)<=set(new_answer): print('rule3:3->22\tif 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22') new_answer.append(22) if set(rule4)<=set(new_answer): print('rule4:4+5->22\tif 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22') new_answer.append(22) if set(rule5)<=set(new_answer): print('rule5:6->23\tif 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23') new_answer.append(23) if set(rule6)<=set(new_answer): print('rule6:7+8+9->23\tif 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23') new_answer.append(23) if set(rule7)<=set(new_answer): print('rule7:21+10->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24') new_answer.append(24) if set(rule8)<=set(new_answer): print('rule8:21+11->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24') new_answer.append(24) print("正向推理结果为:",new_answer) if set(rule9)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[24]) elif set(rule10)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[25]) elif set(rule11)<=set(new_answer): print("if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[26]) elif set(rule12)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[27]) elif set(rule13)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[28]) elif set(rule14)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[29]) elif set(rule15)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[30])
逆向推理:
A.输入事实数据库,和目标动物
B.根据规则9-15将对应动物所需的事实导出
如,选择动物金钱豹25,则所需事实为:[21, 23, 12, 13]
C.循环遍历需要的事实列表,如**[21, 23, 12, 13]**。判断每一个元素是否在事实数据库中存在,如果存在则继续遍历,不存在则判断事实库中中是否包含能够推出此事实的规则,如:21可根据规则1、2推导出如果有则继续遍历,没有,则推理失败。
遍历所需事实列表结束且每个事实都能存在于事实数据库,则推理成功
animal=int(input('\n请选择动物的种类编号,回车结束输入:')) answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号,用空格隔开,回车结束输入:') # 接收到ans的wer是一个字符串 answer = list(answer.split()) new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer] print("事实库:", new_answer) print("逆向推理过程如下:") real=[] if animal==25: print(features[animal-1],'rule9:25->21,23,12,13 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25') real=rule9 elif animal==26: print(features[animal-1],'rule10:26->21,23,12,114 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26') real=rule10 elif animal==27: print(features[animal-1],'rule11:27->24, 15, 16, 13 if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27') real=rule11 elif animal==28: print(features[animal-1],'rule12:28->24, 14 if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28') real=rule12 elif animal==29: print(features[animal-1],'rule13:29->22, 17, 16, 15, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29') real=rule13 elif animal==30: print(features[animal-1],'rule14:30->22, 17, 18, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30') real=rule14 elif animal==31: print(features[animal-1],'rule15:31->22, 4, 5 if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31') real=rule15 key=0 for i in real: if i in new_answer: print(i) continue elif i ==21: if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer) : print("rule1:21->2 if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21") continue elif set(rule2)<=set(new_answer): print("rule2:21->1 if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21") continue elif i==22: if set(rule3) <= set(new_answer): print("rule3:22->3 if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22") continue elif set(rule4) <= set(new_answer): print("rule4:22->4,5 if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22") continue elif i == 23: if set(rule5) <= set(new_answer): print("rule5:23->6 if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23") continue elif set(rule6) <= set(new_answer): print("rule6:23->7,8,9 if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23") continue elif i == 24: if set(rule7) <= set(new_answer) : print("rule7:24->21,10 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24") continue elif set(rule8) <= set(new_answer): print("rule8:24->21,11 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24") continue else: key=1 if key==0: print("推导成功!") elif key==1: print("推导失败!")
四 完整代码
#特征,综合数据库 features = ["有奶", "有毛发", "有羽毛", "会飞", "会下蛋", \ "吃肉", "有犬齿", "有爪","眼盯前方", "有蹄", "嚼反刍",\ "黄褐色", "身上有暗斑点", "身上有黑色条纹", "有长脖子", \ "有长腿", "不会飞", "会游泳", "有黑白二色", "善飞",\ "哺乳动物", "鸟", "食肉动物", "蹄类动物", "金钱豹", "虎",\ "长颈鹿", "斑马", "鸵鸟", "企鹅", "信天翁"] #规则库 rule1 = [2] # if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21 rule2 = [1] # if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21 rule3 = [3] # if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22 rule4 = [4, 5] # if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22 rule5 = [6] # if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23 rule6 = [7, 8, 9] # if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23 rule7 = [21, 10] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24 rule8 = [21, 11] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24 rule9 = [21, 23, 12, 13] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25 rule10 = [21, 23, 12, 14] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26 rule11 = [24, 15, 16, 13] # if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27 rule12 = [24, 14] # if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28 rule13 = [22, 17, 16, 15, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29 rule14 = [22, 17, 18, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30 rule15 = [22, 4, 5] # if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31 print('以下是一些动物的特征:') i = 0 while i < 24: print('%d' %(i+1) +'.'+ features[i]+ ' ', end='') i = i+1 if i % 8 == 0: print('\n') print('以下是可识别的动物:') while i < 31: print('%d' %(i+1) +'.'+ features[i]+ ' ', end='') i = i+1 flag= int(input('\n请选择\n1:正向推理\n2:反向推理\n')) if flag==1: answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号,用空格隔开,回车结束输入:') # 接收到的answer是一个字符串 answer = list(answer.split()) new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer] print("事实库:",new_answer) print("正向推理过程如下:") if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer): print('rule1:2->21\tif 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21') new_answer.append(21) if set(rule2)<=set(new_answer): print('rule2:1->21\tif 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21') new_answer.append(21) if set(rule3)<=set(new_answer): print('rule3:3->22\tif 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22') new_answer.append(22) if set(rule4)<=set(new_answer): print('rule4:4+5->22\tif 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22') new_answer.append(22) if set(rule5)<=set(new_answer): print('rule5:6->23\tif 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23') new_answer.append(23) if set(rule6)<=set(new_answer): print('rule6:7+8+9->23\tif 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23') new_answer.append(23) if set(rule7)<=set(new_answer): print('rule7:21+10->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24') new_answer.append(24) if set(rule8)<=set(new_answer): print('rule8:21+11->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24') new_answer.append(24) print("正向推理结果为:",new_answer) if set(rule9)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[24]) elif set(rule10)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[25]) elif set(rule11)<=set(new_answer): print("if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[26]) elif set(rule12)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[27]) elif set(rule13)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[28]) elif set(rule14)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[29]) elif set(rule15)<=set(new_answer): print("if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31") print("结果为:", end=" ") print(features[30]) else: print('识别失败!') elif flag==2: animal=int(input('\n请选择动物的种类编号,回车结束输入:')) answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号,用空格隔开,回车结束输入:') # 接收到ans的wer是一个字符串 answer = list(answer.split()) new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer] print("事实库:", new_answer) print("逆向推理过程如下:") real=[] if animal==25: print(features[animal-1],'rule9:25->21,23,12,13 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25') real=rule9 elif animal==26: print(features[animal-1],'rule10:26->21,23,12,114 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26') real=rule10 elif animal==27: print(features[animal-1],'rule11:27->24, 15, 16, 13 if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27') real=rule11 elif animal==28: print(features[animal-1],'rule12:28->24, 14 if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28') real=rule12 elif animal==29: print(features[animal-1],'rule13:29->22, 17, 16, 15, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29') real=rule13 elif animal==30: print(features[animal-1],'rule14:30->22, 17, 18, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30') real=rule14 elif animal==31: print(features[animal-1],'rule15:31->22, 4, 5 if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31') real=rule15 key=0 for i in real: if i in new_answer: print(i) continue elif i ==21: if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer) : print("rule1:21->2 if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21") continue elif set(rule2)<=set(new_answer): print("rule2:21->1 if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21") continue elif i==22: if set(rule3) <= set(new_answer): print("rule3:22->3 if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22") continue elif set(rule4) <= set(new_answer): print("rule4:22->4,5 if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22") continue elif i == 23: if set(rule5) <= set(new_answer): print("rule5:23->6 if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23") continue elif set(rule6) <= set(new_answer): print("rule6:23->7,8,9 if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23") continue elif i == 24: if set(rule7) <= set(new_answer) : print("rule7:24->21,10 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24") continue elif set(rule8) <= set(new_answer): print("rule8:24->21,11 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24") continue else: key=1 if key==0: print("推导成功!") elif key==1: print("推导失败!")
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