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SQL(Structured Query Language)中文全称为”结构化查询语句“,在 1986 年成为 ANSI(American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准化组织)的一项标准,在 1987 年成为国际标准化组织(ISO)标准。
SQL 是一种数据库查询和程序设计语言,用于存取数据以及查询、更新和管理关系数据库系统。简单理解就是对我们数据库和数据库中的表进行”增删改查“操作的编程语言。虽然 SQL 是一门标准的计算机语言,但由于数据库类型繁多,存在着多种不同版本的 SQL 语言。为了与 ANSI 标准相兼容,它们必须以相似的方式共同地来支持一些主要的命令(比如 SELECT、UPDATE、DELETE、INSERT、WHERE 等等),下列为 postgresql 数据库操作示例。
按照其功能,主要分为以下几种类型:
--转义 select E'I\'m student'; select $$I'm student$$; select * from employees; select version() as "数据库版本"; select distinct department_id,department_name from departments; select first_name as "名字",last_name "姓氏" --我是单行注释 /*我是 多行 注释*/ from employees; select * from employees where employee_id >= 150; select * from employees where employee_id between 150 and 160; select * from employees where employee_id in (150,160,170);
select last_name from employees where last_name like 'S%';
select last_name from employees where last_name like 'S_i%';
select last_name from employees where last_name like 'S#%%' escape '#';
select last_name from employees where last_name like 'S\%%';
select last_name from employees where last_name not like 'S%';
select last_name from employees where last_name not ilike '%S%';
select * from employees where commission_pct is null;
select * from employees where commission_pct is not null;
select * from employees where commission_pct isnull;
select * from employees where commission_pct notnull;
select * from employees where commission_pct is distinct from null;
select * from employees where commission_pct is not distinct from null;
select * from employees where first_name = 'Steven' and last_name = 'King';
select 1=1 or 1/0=1;
select 1=2 and 1/0=1;
select * from employees where (hire_date > '2008-01-01' or salary < 5000) and commission_pct is null;
select employee_id,first_name,last_name,hire_date,salary,manager_id from employees order by first_name;
select employee_id,first_name,last_name,hire_date,salary,manager_id from employees order by first_name asc;
select employee_id,first_name,last_name,hire_date,salary,manager_id from employees order by first_name desc;
select employee_id,first_name,last_name,hire_date,salary,manager_id from employees order by manager_id desc;
select employee_id,first_name,last_name,hire_date,salary,manager_id from employees order by manager_id nulls first;
select employee_id,first_name,last_name,hire_date,salary,manager_id from employees order by manager_id nulls last;
--标椎sql获取前10条记录 select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary fetch first 10 rows only; --扩展 limit 获取前10条记录 select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary limit 10; --获取前10条数据中有相同数据时 select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary fetch first 10 rows with ties; --标椎sql分页 select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary offset 0 rows fetch first 10 rows only; select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary offset 10 rows fetch first 10 rows only; select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary offset 20 rows fetch first 10 rows only; …… --扩展 limit 分页 select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary offset 0 limit 10; select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary offset 10 limit 10; select first_name,last_name,salary from employees order by salary offset 20 limit 10; …… --查找 employees 表中月薪第二高的所有员工 select first_name,last_name,salary from employees where salary != (select max(salary) from employees) order by salary desc fetch first 1 rows with ties;
select count(*),count(manager_id) from employees;
--逗号(,)为分隔符聚合字符串,并去重倒序显示
select string_agg(distinct first_name,',' order by first_name desc) from employees;
select department_id,count(*) from employees group by department_id order by department_id;
select commission_pct,count(*) from employees group by commission_pct order by commission_pct;
select department_id,count(*) from employees group by department_id having count(*) > 10 order by department_id;
--哪些部门有超过2人的员工工资大于10000
select department_id,count(*) from employees where salary > 10000 group by department_id having count(*) > 2;
--对所有产品,所有年份进行汇总小计,并按产品进行所有年份合计总计。
select coalesce(item,'所有产品') "产品",coalesce(year,'所有年份') "年份",sum(quantity) from sales group by rollup (item,year);
select coalesce(item,'所有产品') "产品",coalesce(year,'所有年份') "年份",sum(quantity) from sales group by grouping sets((item,year),(item),());
--对所有产品,所有年份进行汇总小计,并按产品进行所有年份合计总计,按年份进行所有产品合计总计。
select coalesce(item,'所有产品') "产品",coalesce(year,'所有年份') "年份",sum(quantity) from sales group by cube (item,year);
select coalesce(item,'所有产品') "产品",coalesce(year,'所有年份') "年份",sum(quantity) from sales group by grouping sets((item,year),(item),(year),());
--区分源空值及分组空值
select item "产品",year "年份",sum(quantity),grouping(item),grouping(year) from sales group by cube (item,year);
--内连接 select d.department_id,e.first_name,d.department_name from employees e join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id; --左外连接 select d.department_id,e.first_name,d.department_name from employees e left join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id; --右外连接 select d.department_id,e.first_name,d.department_name from employees e right join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id; --全外连接 select d.department_id,e.first_name,d.department_name from employees e full join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id; --交叉连接 select d.department_id,e.first_name,d.department_name from employees e cross join departments d; --交叉连接打印九九乘法表 select concat(t1,'*',t2,'=',t1*t2) from generate_series(1,9) t1 cross join generate_series(1,9) t2; --USING 替代 ON 子句 select d.department_id,e.first_name,d.department_name from employees e join departments d using(department_id); --自然连接 select d.department_id,e.first_name,d.department_name from employees e natural join departments d;
--case 条件及等值 select employee_id,first_name,last_name, case when salary < 5000 then '低收入' when salary between 5000 and 10000 then '中收入' else '高收入' end as "薪资", case department_id when 110 then '管理' when 100 then '研发' else '其他' end as "部门" from employees; --行转列两种写法 select count(case department_id when 10 then 1 end) as "部门10", count(case department_id when 20 then 1 end) as "部门20", count(case department_id when 30 then 1 end) as "部门30", count(case department_id when 40 then 1 end) as "部门40", count(*) filter (where department_id=50) as "部门50" from employees ; --部门编号为50的则显示null,其他部门编号正常显示,销售提成为 null 的显示 999 select employee_id,first_name,last_name,nullif(department_id,50),coalesce(commission_pct,999) from employees;
--算数运算符 select 2+1 "加",2-1 "减",2*1 "乘",4/2 "除",4%3 "求余",2^3 "求幂",|/9 "平方根",||/8 "立方根",3! as "阶乘",!!3 "阶乘2",@ -5 "绝对值"; --绝对值函数 select abs(-5); --取整函数 select ceil(-12.3) "向上取整",floor(-12.3) "向下取整",round(-12.5) "四舍五入取整",trunc(-12.3) "向零取整"; --乘方开方函数 select power(2,3) "乘方",sqrt(4) "平方根",cbrt(8) "立方根"; --整数商余数函数 select div(7,3) "整数商",mod(7,3) "余数"; --π select pi(); --随机数函数(0-1) select random(); select first_name from employees order by random() limit 1; --字符串连接 select concat(t1,'*',t2,'=',t1*t2) from generate_series(1,9) t1 cross join generate_series(1,9) t2; select t1||'*'||t2||'='||t1*t2 from generate_series(1,9) t1 cross join generate_series(1,9) t2; --字符串拼接(自定义分隔符) select concat_ws('#',1,2,3,4); --字符串长度 select bit_length('瀚高') "比特数",length('瀚高') "字符数",octet_length('瀚高') "字节数"; --大小写转换 select lower('HighgGo db') "小写",upper('HighgGo db') "大写",initcap('HighgGo db') "首字母大写"; --字符串反转 select reverse('上海自来水'); --获取当前时间 select current_date,current_time,current_timestamp,clock_timestamp(),localtimestamp,now(),statement_timestamp(); --to_date 字符串转时间函数 select to_date('2023/01/10','YYYY/MM/DD'); --to_char 其他类型转字符串函数 select to_char(current_timestamp,'HH24:MI:SS'),to_char(interval '5h 12m 30s','HH12:MI:SS'),to_char(-125.8,'999D99'); --to_number 字符串转数字函数 select to_number('¥125.8','L999D9'); --隐式转换 select 1+'2','todo: '||current_timestamp;
--子查询 select * from employees where salary >= (select avg(salary) from employees); --IN select * from departments where department_id in (select distinct department_id from employees where hire_date >= '2008-01-01'); --ALL select * from departments where department_id in (select distinct department_id from employees where hire_date >= '2008-01-01'); 等价 select * from employees where salary > (select max(salary) from employees where department_id = 80); --ANY(SOME) select * from employees where salary > any(select salary from employees where department_id = 80); select * from employees where salary > some(select salary from employees where department_id = 80); 等价 select * from employees where salary > (select min(salary) from employees where department_id = 80); --查询每个部门的总工资(关联子查询) select d.department_name,(select sum(salary) from employees where department_id = d.department_id) from departments d; --查询大于所在部门平均公司的员工信息(关联子查询) select * from employees e where salary > (select avg(salary) from employees where department_id = e.department_id); --横向子查询 select d.department_name,t.sum_sal from departments d join lateral (select sum(salary) sum_sal from employees where department_id = d.department_id) t on true; --EXTSTS select * from departments d where exists(select 1 from employees where department_id = d.department_id and hire_date > date '2008-01-01');
--18 和 19 年的所有优秀员工(并集) select emp_id from excellent_emp where year = 2018 union all select emp_id from excellent_emp where year = 2019; --18 和 19 年都是优秀员工的员工(交集) select emp_id from excellent_emp where year = 2018 intersect all select emp_id from excellent_emp where year = 2019; --19 年新晋优秀员工(差集) select emp_id from excellent_emp where year = 2019 except all select emp_id from excellent_emp where year = 2018; --优先级 select * from (values(1)) t1 union all select * from (values(1)) t2 intersect select * from (values(1)) t3; (select * from (values(1)) t1 union all select * from (values(1)) t2) intersect select * from (values(1)) t3;
--查询部门平均薪资 with department_avg(department_id,avg_sal) as ( select department_id,avg(salary) avg_sal from employees group by department_id ) select d.department_name,da.avg_sal from departments d join department_avg da using(department_id); --查询部门组织架构 with recursive emp_path(emp_id,emp_name,path) as ( select employee_id,first_name||','||last_name,first_name||','||last_name from employees where manager_id is null union all select employee_id,first_name||','||last_name,path||'->'||first_name||','||last_name from employees e join emp_path p on(e.manager_id = p.emp_id) ) select * from emp_path;
--显示每个部门员工信息及其平均薪资 select employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id,salary,avg(salary) over(partition by department_id) from employees; --移动平均值 select employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id,salary,avg(salary) over(partition by department_id rows between 1 preceding and 1 following) from employees; --薪资排序 select employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id,salary, row_number() over(order by salary desc), rank() over(order by salary desc), dense_rank() over(order by salary desc), percent_rank() over(order by salary desc), cume_dist() over(order by salary desc), ntile(5) over(order by salary desc) from employees; 等价 select employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id,salary, row_number() over w, rank() over w, dense_rank() over w, percent_rank() over w, cume_dist() over w, ntile(5) over w from employees window w as (order by salary desc); --取值窗口函数 select employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id,salary, first_value(salary) over w, last_value(salary) over (order by salary desc rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following), nth_value(salary,3) over (order by salary desc rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following), lag(salary,1) over w, lead(salary,1) over w from employees window w as (order by salary desc);
--单行插入 insert into dept(department_id,department_name) values(1,'Adminstration'); insert into dept values(2,'Marketing'); --多行插入 insert into emp values (200,'Jennifer','Whalen','2020-01-01',4400.00,NULL,1), (201,'Michael','Hartstein','2020-02-02',13000.00,NULL,2), (202,'Pat','Fay',default,6000.00,201,2); --复制数据 create table emp1 (like emp); insert into emp1 select * from emp; --返回插入数据 insert into dept values (30,'Purchasing') returning department_id,department_name;
--单表更新
update emp set salary = salary + 1000,department_id = 2 where employee_id = 200;
--跨表更新
update emp1 set
salary = emp.salary,
department_id = emp.department_id,
manager_id = emp.manager_id
from emp where emp1.employee_id = emp.employee_id;
--返回更新后的数据
update emp set salary = salary + 1000,department_id = 2 where employee_id = 200
returning first_name,last_name,salary;
--单表删除
delete from emp1 where employee_id = 201;
--跨表删除
delete from emp1 using emp where emp1.employee_id = emp.employee_id;
等价
delete from emp1 where emp1.employee_id in (select employee_id from emp);
--返回被删除的数据
delete from emp1 returning *;
--主键冲突不做处理
insert into emp values (200,'Jennifer','Whalen','2020-01-01',4400.00,NULL,1)
on conflict (employee_id) do nothing;
--主键冲突更新目标数据
insert into emp values (200,'Jennifer','Whalen','2020-01-01',4400.00,NULL,1)
on conflict on constraint emp_pkey
do update set
first_name = EXCLUDED.first_name,
last_name = EXCLUDED.last_name,
hire_date = EXCLUDED.hire_date,
salary = EXCLUDED.salary,
manager_id =EXCLUDED.manager_id,
department_id = EXCLUDED.department_id;
--deletes 通用表达式 with deletes as ( delete from employees where employee_id = 206 returning * ) insert into employees_history select * from deletes; table employees_history; --insert 通用表达式 with inserts as ( insert into employees values (206,'William','Gietz','WGIETZ','515.123.8181','2002-06-07','AC_ACCOUNT',8800.00,NULL,205,110) returning * ) insert into employees_history select * from inserts; table employees_history; --update 通用表达式 delete from employees_history; -- 清除历史记录 with updates as ( update employees set salary = salary + 500 where employee_id = 206 returning * ) insert into employees_history select * from employees where employee_id = 206; table employees_history;
CREATE DATABASE name;
DROP DATABASE name;
ALTER DATABASE name ALLOW_CONNECTIONS true|false;
ALTER DATABASE name CONNECTION LIMIT connlimit;
ALTER DATABASE name CONNECTION IS_TEMPLATE true|false;
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name;
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner;
ALTER DATABASE name SET TABLESPACE new_tablespace;
ALTER DATABASE name SET configuration_parameter {TO|=} {value|DEFAULT};
ALTER DATABASE name SET configuration_parameter FROM CURRENT;
ALTER DATABASE name RESET configuration_parameter;
ALTER DATABASE name RESET ALL;
CREATE ROLE|USER role_name;
DROP ROLE|USER role_name;
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name WITH PASSWORD 'password';
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name WITH PASSWORD NULL;
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name VALID UNTIL 'May 4 12:00:00 2015 +1';
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name VALID UNTIL 'infinity';
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name CREATEROLE CREATEDB;
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name SET maintenance_work_mem = 100000;
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name {IN DATABASE name} SET configuration_parameter {TO|=} {value|DEFAULT};
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name {IN DATABASE name} SET configuration_parameter FROM CURRENT;
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name {IN DATABASE name} RESET configuration_parameter;
ALTER ROLE|USER role_name {IN DATABASE name} RESET ALL;
CREATE SCHEMA schema_name;
DROP SCHEMA schema_name;
ALTER SCHEMA schema_name RENAME TO new_name;
ALTER SCHEMA schema_name OWNER TO new_owner;
CREATE TABLE table_name; DROP TABLE table_name; ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_name; ALTER TABLE table_name SET SCHEMA new_schema; ALTER TABLE table_name OWNER TO role_name; ALTER TABLE table_name SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name; ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype; ALTER TABLE table_name DROP column_name; ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER column_name TYPE datatype; ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME column_name TO new_column_name; ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER column_name {SET|DROP} NOT NULL; ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER column_name SET DEFAULT expression; ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME CONSTRAINT constraint_name TO new_constraint_name; ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY(id); ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE(id); ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK(id > 100); ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY(id) REFERENCES reftable(id); ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
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--授权cc用户连接数据库syd grant connect on database syd to cc; --授权cc访问syd模式权限 grant usage on schema syd to cc; --把syd用户的权限授予用户cc grant syd to cc; --授权syd用户可以访问syd模式下的syd表 grant select,insert,update,delete on syd.syd to syd; --授权syd用户可以访问syd模式下的所有表 grant select,insert,update,delete on all tables in schema syd to syd; --授权syd用户可以更新syd模式下的syd表的name列 grant update (name) on syd.syd to syd; --授予syd用户对syd模式下的syd表,查看更新name、age字段,插入name字段的权限 grant select (name,age),update (name,age),insert(name) on syd.syd to syd; --授权syd用户可以使用syd模式下的seq_id_seq序列 grant select,update on sequence syd.seq_id_seq to syd; --授权syd用户可以使用syd模式下的所有序列 grant select,update on all sequences in schema syd to syd; --授权默认表权限 alter default privileges in schema syd grant select,insert,update,delete on tables to syd --授权默认自增序列权限 alter default privileges in schema syd grant select,update on sequences to syd;
--回收cc用户连接数据库syd的权限 revoke connect on database syd from cc; --回收cc访问syd模式的权限 revoke usage on schema syd from cc; --回收cc用户的syd权限 revoke syd from cc; --回收syd用户可以访问syd模式下的syd表的权限 revoke select,insert,update,delete on syd.syd from syd; --回收syd用户可以访问syd模式下的所有表的权限 revoke select,insert,update,delete on all tables in schema syd from syd; --回收syd用户可以更新syd模式下的syd表的name列的权限 revoke update (name) on syd.syd from syd; --回收syd用户对syd模式下的syd表,查看更新name、age字段,插入name字段的权限 revoke select (name,age),update (name,age),insert(name) on syd.syd from syd; --回收syd用户可以使用syd模式下的seq_id_seq序列的权限 revoke select,update on sequence syd.seq_id_seq from syd; --回收syd用户可以使用syd模式下的所有序列的权限 revoke select,update on all sequences in schema syd from syd; --回收默认表权限 alter default privileges in schema syd revoke select,insert,update,delete on tables from syd --回收默认自增序列权限 alter default privileges in schema syd revoke select,update on sequences from syd;
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