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Django是一个开源的Web框架,用于使用Python语言构建Web应用程序。它由一个高度可重用和可插拔的组件集合构成,使得开发者能够更快速、更轻松地构建功能强大的Web应用。Django采用了MVC(Model-View-Controller)的设计模式,但在Django中通常被称为MTV(Model-Template-View)。
以下是Django的一些关键特性和组件:
强大的ORM: Django内置了ORM系统,允许开发者使用Python代码而不是SQL语句与数据库交互。这简化了数据库操作和迁移过程。
模型-模板-视图(MTV)设计: Django采用了一种清晰的MTV设计模式,将应用程序的逻辑分成模型(数据层)、模板(表示层)和视图(业务逻辑层)。
自动化Admin界面: Django自动为模型生成管理界面,允许开发者轻松进行数据管理和查看。
强大的URL映射: Django使用灵活的URL映射机制,通过简单的配置,将URL映射到视图函数,使得URL管理变得简单而直观。
表单处理: Django提供了用于处理表单的强大机制,简化了用户输入的验证和处理。
安全性: Django内置了许多安全性功能,如防止CSRF攻击、XSS攻击和SQL注入。
多语言支持: Django支持多语言和多时区,允许开发者构建全球化的Web应用。
插件和可插拔应用: Django的可插拔应用机制使得开发者能够轻松集成第三方应用,并重用已有的代码。
模型(Model): 数据库的映射,定义了数据的结构和行为。
视图(View): 处理Web应用的业务逻辑,负责接收请求、处理数据、调用模板等。
模板(Template): 页面的呈现和展示,通过模板语言嵌入动态数据。
控制器(Controller): Django中的控制器的功能由视图和URL映射共同完成。
URLconf: URL配置,将URL映射到对应的视图函数。
中间件(Middleware): 提供处理请求和响应的钩子,用于实现全局功能,如安全性检查、缓存等。
Django是一个全面且高度集成的框架,适用于各种规模的Web应用程序开发。其开发方式注重代码的清晰性、可维护性和可扩展性,为开发者提供了一套强大而灵活的工具。
MVC - Model View Controller,模型(model)-视图(view)-控制器(controller)的缩写,是软件工程中的一种软件架构模式,Model模型中主要用于存储与数据库相关的字段或数据库通信方面的东西,Controller控制器用于存储URL的分发等,最后的View视图则是完善控制器中的路径分发,每一个路径对应一个view视图函数。
模型(M),控制器(C)和视图(V)三层,他们之间以一种插件式的、松耦合的方式连接在一起:
A.模型负责业务对象与数据库的映射(ORM)
B.视图负责与用户的交互(页面)
C.控制器接受用户的输入调用模型和视图完成用户的请求
ORM:对象关系映射(Object Relational Mapping,简称ORM,或O/RM,或O/R mapping)
通常情况下我们写代码用的是面向对象的方法,而我们的数据库无法支持面向对象的编程,为了解决两者之间的不同,就出现了ORM映射技术,使用这种技术我们无需关注sql语句的具体编写,只需要使用特定的API即可完成复杂的查询删除等任务,但有一个缺点,采用此技术在一定程度上会消耗系统部分资源,而对于非常复杂的查询工作,还是要使用纯SQL语句来写。
Django的MTV模式本质上和MVC是一样的,也是为了各组件间保持松耦合关系,只是定义上有些许不同,Django的MTV分别是值:
M 代表模型(Model): 负责业务对象和数据库的关系映射(ORM)。
T 代表模板 (Template):负责如何把页面展示给用户(html)。
V 代表视图(View): 负责业务逻辑,并在适当时候调用Model和Template。
除了以上三层之外,还需要一个URL分发器,它的作用是将一个个URL的页面请求分发给不同的View处理,View再调用相应的Model和Template,MTV的响应模式如下所示:
这种设计模式优势在于各组件都是松耦合的。每个由Django驱动的Web应用都有着明确的目的,并且可独立更改而不影响到其它的部分。
HTTP协议:Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(超文本传输协议),是用于万维网服务器与本地浏览器之间传输超文本的传送协议。
该协议是基于TCP/IP的请求协议
HTTP协议规定,请求从客户端发出,最后服务器端响应该请求并 返回。换句话说,肯定是先从客户端开始建立通信的,服务器端在没有 接收到请求之前不会发送响应无状态保存
HTTP是一种不保存状态,即无状态(stateless)协议。HTTP协议自身不对请求和响应之间的通信状态进行保存,协议对于发送过的请求或响应都不做持久化处理。
无连接:无连接的含义是限制每次连接只处理一个请求。服务器处理完客户的请求,并收到客户的应答后,即断开连接。采用这种方式可以节省传输时间。
HTTP请求方式
GET提交的数据会放在URL之后,以?分割URL和传输数据,参数之间以&相连,POST方法是把提交的数据放在HTTP包的Body中.
GET提交的数据大小有限制(因为浏览器对URL的长度有限制),而POST方法提交的数据没有限制.
GET与POST请求在服务端获取请求数据方式不同。
GET方式提交数据,会带来安全问题,而POST请求则相对安全。
1.如果是使用Pycharm创建的项目,直接创建项目,即可。
2.如果没有创建app的名字,也可以在进入django目录中,执行 python manage.py startapp MyWeb 命令创建.
更多django shell命令行参数。
- python manage.py shell #进入django shell
- python manage.py dbshell #进入django dbshell
- python manage.py check #检查django项目完整性
- python manage.py flush #清空数据库
- python manage.py compilemessages #编译语言文件
- python manage.py makemessages #创建语言文件
- python manage.py showmigrations #查看生成的数据库同步脚本
- python manage.py sqlflush #查看生成清空数据库的脚本
- python manage.py sqlmigrate #查看数据库同步的sql语句
- python manage.py dumpdata #导出数据
- python manage.py loaddata #导入数据
- python manage.py diffsettings #查看你的配置和django默认配置的不同之处
2.修改settings.py 配置文件,导入我们的app的名字,去掉csrf这个选项
- MIDDLEWARE = [
- 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', # 为了能够开心玩耍,把这个干掉
- ]
-
- INSTALLED_APPS = [
- 'django.contrib.admin',
- 'django.contrib.auth',
- 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
- 'django.contrib.sessions',
- 'django.contrib.messages',
- 'django.contrib.staticfiles',
- 'MyWeb.apps.MywebConfig' # 导入
- ]
3.来urls.py里面写一条路由,名字就叫hello , 映射到views.hello函数下处理此请求。
- from MyWeb import views # 导入
-
- urlpatterns = [
- path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
- path('hello/',views.hello)
- ]
4.最后在myweb里面的views.py设置一个视图函数,最后运行。
- from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
-
- # Create your views here.
- # 这个request必须加,不然会报错
- def hello(request):
- return HttpResponse("<h1>hello lyshark</h1>")
5.配置好以后,启动django,访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/ 完成了。
6.如果需要引入静态资源,需要设置一下settings.py
- # Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
- # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/static-files/
-
- # 这个路径是对应 src="/static/ 的别名
- # 如果这个路径改为 STATIC_URL = '/abc/' 那么<script src="/abc/xxx.js"></script>
- STATIC_URL = '/static/'
- STATICFILES_DIRS = (
- os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'static'),
- )
初始化Django
- D:\> pip install django # 安装
- D:\> django-admin startproject MyProject # 创建项目
- D:\MyProject> django-admin startapp MyWeb # 创建APP
- D:\MyProject> python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:80 # 启动Django
-
- D:\MyProject> python manage.py shell # 进入Django交互shell
- D:\MyProject> python manage.py dbshell # 进入DBShell
- D:\MyProject> python manage.py check # 检查Django完整性
修改一下django的配置文件settings.py
,导入我们生成APP的名字.
- MIDDLEWARE = [
- 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
- 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
- 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
- #'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', # 注释掉此行
- 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
- ]
- INSTALLED_APPS = [
- 'django.contrib.admin',
- 'django.contrib.auth',
- 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
- 'django.contrib.sessions',
- 'django.contrib.messages',
- 'django.contrib.staticfiles',
- 'MyWeb.apps.MywebConfig' # 添加此行,导入我们的APP的名字
- ]
然会修改urls.py
在这里写一条路由记录.
- from MyWeb import views
-
- urlpatterns = [
- path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
- path("hello/",views.hello,name="hello")
- ]
最后我们在views.py
视图函数里添加一条路由.
- from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
-
- def hello(request):
- return HttpResponse("<h1>hello lyshark</h1>")
有时候我们需要在本地引入JS或者静态资源,此时你需要修改一下Django的setting.py
里面的路径.
- # Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
- # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/static-files/
- # 此时我们的默认路径是/static/,那么前端就可以直接调用<script src="/static/lyshark.js">
- STATIC_URL = '/static/'
- STATICFILES_DIRS=(
- os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'static')
- )
简单的路由编写
- urlpatterns = [
- path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
- path('',views.index,name="index"), # 一条访问主站的路由
- path('login/id=<int:id>&name=<str:name>',views.login,name="login"), # 名称后面传递参数
- path('add/<int:x>/<int:y>/',views.add,name="add") # 路径中传递参数
- ]
-
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
- def index(request):
- return render(request,"index.html")
-
- def login(request, id, name):
- return HttpResponse("用户ID{} , 用户名{} ".format(id,name))
-
- def add(request,x,y):
- temp = int(x)+int(y)
- return HttpResponse("相加结果:{}".format(temp))
使用模板传递简单的参数
- **用户名: {{ user }} 密码:{{ pasd }} 标题:{{ title }}:**
-
- def index(request):
- username = "lyshark"
- password = "123123"
- title = "hello lyshark"
- return render(request,"index.html",{"user":username,"pasd":password,"title":title})
后端组装数据然后传递给前端
- **用户名: {{ user }} 密码:{{ pasd }} 标题:{{ title }}:**
-
- def index(request):
- username = "admin"
- password = "123123"
- title = "hello lyshark"
-
- dict = {
- "user": username,
- "pasd": password,
- "title": title
- }
- return render(request,"index.html",dict)
通过info变量遍历出指定字段元素
- **站点名称:{{ info.site }} 站点描述:{{ info.content }}:**
-
- def index(request):
- info = {"site":"blib.cn","content":"hello lyshark"}
- return render(request,"index.html",{"info":info})
通过for语句遍历打印列表数据
- {% for item in total %}
- **打印数据: {{ item }}:**<br>
- {% endfor %}
-
- def index(request):
- lists = ["HTML","CSS","JAVASCRIPT","Python","JQuery"]
- return render(request,"index.html",{"total":lists})
通过for语句倒序循环打印
- {% for item in total reversed%}
- **打印数据: {{ item }}:**<br>
- {% endfor %}
-
- def index(request):
- lists = ["1","2","3","4","5"]
- return render(request,"index.html",{"total":lists})
通过使用for循环遍历字典
- {% for key,value in info.items %}
- {{ key }} : {{ value }}
- {% endfor %}
-
- def index(request):
- info = {"site":"blib.cn","content":"hello lyshark"}
- info1 = {"site": "blib.cn", "content": "hello admin"}
-
- return render(request,"index.html",{"info":info,"info1":info1})
简单的路径拼接
- <a href="{{ request.path }}?uid=1">当前网址加参数</a>
-
- <!--获取当前路径 拼接成 /add/4/5-->
- {{ request.path }}{% url 'add' 4 5 %}
-
- def add(request,x,y):
- temp = int(x)+int(y)
- return HttpResponse("相加结果:{}".format(temp))
-
- def index(request):
- return render(request,"index.html")
判断用户是否登录
- {% if request.user.is_authenticated %}
- {{ request.user.username }},您好!
- {% else %}
- 请登陆,这里放登陆链接
- {% endif %}
使用if语句判断数据
- {% if username == "lyshark" and password == "123123" %}
- **恭喜你:**
- {% elif username == "admin" or password == "123123" %}
- **欢迎管理员:**
- {% else %}
- **这个都不是:**
- {% endif %}
-
- def index(request):
- username = "admin"
- password = "123123"
- return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username,"password":password})
if语句也可以判断列表元素
- {% if 1 in list %}
- **在里面:**
- {% elif 10 not in list %}
- ** 不在里面:**
- {% endif %}
-
- def index(request):
- list = [1,2,3,4,5]
- return render(request,"index.html",{"list":list})
最后的大总结:if与for语句的结合
- {% for item in info %}
- {% if forloop.first %}
- **开始了:**
- {% endif %}
- {{ forloop.counter }} : {{ item }}<br>
- {% if forloop.last %}
- **最后了:**
- {% endif %}
- {% endfor %}
-
- def index(request):
- list = map(str,range(100))
- return render(request,"index.html",{"info":list})
-
- forloop.counter 索引从 1 开始算
- forloop.counter0 索引从 0 开始算
- forloop.revcounter 索引从最大长度到 1
- forloop.revcounter0 索引从最大长度到 0
- forloop.first 当遍历的元素为第一项时为真
- forloop.last 当遍历的元素为最后一项时为真
- forloop.parentloop
- 用在嵌套的 for 循环中,获取上一层 for 循环的 forloop
常用的过滤器
- ** 列表长度: {{ total | length }}:**<br>
- ** 输出大小: {{ size | filesizeformat }}:**<br>
- ** 输出时间: {{ date | date:"Y-m-d" }}:**<br>
- ** 首字母大写: {{ title | capfirst }}:**<br>
- ** 从字符串中移除hello字符: {{title | cut:"hello" }}:**<br>
- ** 显示字符串第一个元素: {{ total | first }}:**<br>
- ** 显示字符串最后一个元素: {{ total | last }}:**<br>
- ** 大小写转换(upper/lower): {{ title | upper }}:**<br>
- ** 对数据切片: {{ title | slice:"2:-1" }}:**<br>
- **截断字符:{{ title | truncatechars:5 }}:**<br>
- **截断单词:{{ title | truncatewords:1 }}:**
-
- def index(request):
- filesize = 10240
- title = "hello lyshark"
- date = datetime.datetime.now()
- lists = ["1","2","3","4","5"]
- return render(request,"index.html",{"total":lists,"size":filesize,"date":date,"title":title})
自定义过滤器与标签
1.首先在Django项目下的APP里面,创建一个templatetags
的目录,这个目录名不能变.
- MyWeb/
- __init__.py
- models.py
- templatetags/
- __init__.py
- mysimple.py
- views.py
2.在templatetags
目录下创建任意的py文件,此处我们就创建一个mysimple.py
,并写入以下两条内容.
- from django import template
- from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
-
- register = template.Library() # 此处必须这样写
-
- # simple_tag(自定义标签):不会限制传参,但不支持if
- @register.simple_tag
- def simple_time(var1,var2,var3):
- temp = int(var1)+int(var2)+int(var3)
- return temp
-
- # filter(自定义过滤器):限制传参2个,但支持if
- @register.filter
- def My_filter(value, arg):
- # 传递一个参数的过滤器
- return str.upper(value) + arg
3.在我们需要使用自定义过滤器的时候,必须在index.html
中引入这个变量,然后在前端就可以调用了.
- # name: views.py
- def index(request):
- title = "hello"
- return render(request,"index.html",{"title":title})
-
- # name: index.html
- <!--引入自定义的过滤器-->
- {% load mysimple %}
-
- **自定义标签返回数值: {% simple_time 10 20 30 %}:** <!-- 传递多个参数 -->
- **传递一个参数的过滤器: {{ title | My_filter:'lyshark' }}:** <!-- 传递一个参数 -->
模板与模板继承
- 母板: {% block title %}{% endblock %}
- 子板继承: {% extends "base.html" %}
- 子板中使用其他模板: {% include "xx.html" %}
- 设置标题: {% block title %}{% endblock %}
- 使用CSS资源: {% block css %} {% endblock %}
- 使用JS资源: {% block js %} {% endblock %}
1.首先创建一个base.html
文件,以作为我们的母版.
- <html>
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- {% block css %}{% endblock %}
- </head>
- <body>
- <div class="pg-body">
- <div class="body-menu">
- <ul>
- <li><a href="/user">用户管理</a></li>
- <li><a href="/hosts">资产管理</a></li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <div class="body-content">
- {% block body %}{% endblock %} <!--占位符,用于填充子版块-->
- </div>
- </div>
- {% block js %}{% endblock %}
- </body>
- </html>
接着我们需要创建一个子板并继承母版,此处我们创建一个hosts.html
这样的文件.
- {% extends 'base.html' %}
- {% block js %} {% endblock %}
- {% block css %} {% endblock %}
-
- {% block body %}
- <table>
- {% for item in host %}
- <tr>
- <td>{{ item.hostname }}</td>
- <td>{{ item.port }}</td>
- </tr>
- {% endfor %}
- </table>
- {% endblock %}
我们继续创建一个user.html
,同样也是继承base.html
模板.
- {% extends 'base.html' %}
-
- {% block js %} {% endblock %}
- {% block css %} {% endblock %}
-
- {% block body %}
- <ul>
- {% for item in user_list %}
- <li>{{ item.username }},{{ item.salary }}</li>
- {% endfor %}
- </ul>
- {% endblock %}
此处我们需要在urls.py
里面写好路由分发.
- from django.contrib import admin
- from django.urls import path
- from MyWeb import views
-
- urlpatterns = [
- path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
- path('',views.index,name="index"),
- path('hosts/',views.hosts,name="hosts"),
- path('user/',views.userinfo,name="user")
- ]
然后写好views.py
中的视图函数,默认我们返回base.html
这个页面.
- from django.shortcuts import render
- from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
-
- def index(request):
- return render(request,"base.html")
-
- def hosts(request):
- hosts_list = []
- for i in range(10):
- temp = {'hostname':'192.168.1.'+str(i),'port':80}
- hosts_list.append(temp)
- return render(request,'hosts.html',{'host':hosts_list})
-
- def userinfo(request):
- user_list = []
- for i in range(10):
- temp = {'username': 'user' + str(i),'salary':80}
- user_list.append(temp)
- return render(request,'user.html',{'user_list':user_list})
简单的用户登录
- # name:login.html
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <body lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>Title</title>
- </head>
- <form action="{% url 'login' %}" method="post"> # 通过模板获取到login的试图
- <input type="text" name="username" />
- <input type="text" name="password" />
- <input type="submit" name="提交"/>
- </form>
- </body>
- </html>
-
- # name: urls.py
- from django.contrib import admin
- from django.urls import path
- from MyWeb import views
-
- urlpatterns = [
- path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
- path('login/', views.login, name="login") # name是给视图起一个名字
- ]
-
- # name:views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
-
- def login(request):
- if request.method == "GET":
- return render(request,"index.html")
- elif request.method == "POST":
- username = request.POST.get("username")
- password = request.POST.get("password")
- return HttpResponse("您提交的用户:{} 密码:{}".format(username,password))
普通Form表单的提交
- <!-- name:index.html -->
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <form action="/" method="post">
- <p>账号:<input type="text" name="username"><span>{{ error.username }}</span></p>
- <p>密码:<input type="password" name="password"><span>{{ error.password }}</span></p>
- <input type="submit" value="提交请求">
- </form>
- </body>
- </html>
- # name: views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
-
- def index(request):
- if request.method == "GET":
- return render(request,"index.html")
- else:
- username = request.POST.get("username")
- password = request.POST.get("password")
- error = {"username":"","password":""}
- if len(username) > 10:
- error["username"]="用户名不能大于10"
- if len(password) < 5:
- error["password"] = "密码不能小于5"
- return render(request,"index.html",{"error":error})
实现单项选择框
- <form action="/index/" method="post">
-
- 选择A:
-
- <select name="tag_select_a">
-
- {% for item in total_a %}
-
- <option value = "{{ item }}"> {{ item }} </option>
-
- {% endfor %}
- </select>
- 选择B:
- <select name="tag_select_b">
- {% for item in total_b %}
- <option value = "{{ item }}"> {{ item }} </option>
- {% endfor %}
- </select>
- <input type="submit" value="提交选择">
- </form>
- def index(request):
- if request.method == "GET":
- tag_select_a = ["HTML", "CSS", "JAVASCRIPT", "Python", "JQuery"]
- tag_select_b = ["MySQL","Oracle","MSSQL"]
- return render(request, "index.html", {"total_a": tag_select_a,"total_b": tag_select_b})
- elif request.method == "POST":
- select_a = request.POST.get("tag_select_a")
- select_b = request.POST.get("tag_select_b")
- return HttpResponse("选择A: {} 选择B: {}".format(select_a,select_b))<b>普通Form表单的提交</b>
提交账号密码
- <!-- name:index.html -->
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <form action="/" method="post">
- <p>账号:<input type="text" name="username"><span>{{ error.username }}</span></p>
- <p>密码:<input type="password" name="password"><span>{{ error.password }}</span></p>
- <input type="submit" value="提交请求">
- </form>
- </body>
- </html>
- # name: views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
-
- def index(request):
- if request.method == "GET":
- return render(request,"index.html")
- else:
- username = request.POST.get("username")
- password = request.POST.get("password")
- error = {"username":"","password":""}
- if len(username) > 10:
- error["username"]="用户名不能大于10"
- if len(password) < 5:
- error["password"] = "密码不能小于5"
- return render(request,"index.html",{"error":error})
Form实现登录表单
- <!--name:index.html-->
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <form action="/" method="post" novalidate>
- <p>账号: {{ form.username }} {{ form.username.errors.0 }}</p>
- <p>密码: {{ form.password }} {{ form.errors.password }}</p>
- <p>重复: {{ form.RepeatPass }} {{ form.errors.RepeatPass }}</p>
- <input type="submit" value="提交">
- </form>
- </body>
- </html>
- # name:views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
- from django.forms import Form,fields,widgets
- from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-
- class LoginForm(Form):
- username = fields.CharField(
- required = True,
- max_length = 10,
- error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},
- widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"placeholder":"请输入用户名","class":"form-control"})
- )
- password = fields.CharField(
- required = True,
- max_length=10,
- error_messages={"required":"密码字段不能为空","min_length":"密码最小长度为5"},
- widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"placeholder":"请输入密码","class":"form-control"})
- )
- RepeatPass = fields.CharField(
- required=True,
- max_length=10,
- error_messages={"required":"密码字段不能为空","min_length":"密码最小长度为5"},
- widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"placeholder":"重复输入密码","class":"form-control"})
- )
-
- # 自定义方法(局部钩子)密码必须包含字母和数字
- def clean_password(self):
- if self.cleaned_data.get("password").isdigit() or self.cleaned_data.get("password").isalpha():
- raise ValidationError("密码必须包含数字和字母")
- else:
- return self.cleaned_data["password"]
- # 自定义方法(全局钩子, 检验两个字段),检验两次密码是否一致
- def clean_RepeatPass(self):
- if self.cleaned_data.get("password") != self.cleaned_data.get("RepeatPass"):
- raise ValidationError("两次输入密码不正确")
- else:
- return self.cleaned_data
-
- def index(request):
- if request.method =="GET":
- form = LoginForm()
- return render(request, "index.html", {"form": form})
- else:
- form = LoginForm(request.POST)
- if form.is_valid():
- # username = form.data['username']
- data = form.cleaned_data
- username = data.get("username")
- password = data.get("password")
- print(username,password)
- return render(request, "index.html", {"form": form})
- return render(request, "index.html", {"form": form})
其他常用Form表单
- <!--name: index.html-->
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <form action="/" method="post">
- {% for field in form %}
- <p>{{ field.label_tag }} {{ field }} {{ field.errors.0 }}</p>
- {% endfor %}
- <input type="submit" value="提交" />
- </form>
- </body>
- </html>
- # name: views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
- from django.forms import Form,fields,widgets
-
- class MyForm(Form):
- hobby = fields.ChoiceField(
- label="单选框:",
- required=True,
- initial=1, # 默认选择1号
- choices=( (1,"篮球"),(2,"足球"),(3,"乒乓球"),(4,"滚球")),
- widget=widgets.RadioSelect()
- )
- select = fields.ChoiceField(
- label="单选框(默认):",
- required=True,
- initial=1,
- choices=( (1,"篮球"),(2,"足球"),(3,"乒乓球"),(4,"滚球")),
- widget=widgets.Select()
- )
- multiple = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
- label="复选框",
- choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "羽毛球"), (4, "排球")),
- initial=[2, 4],
- widget=widgets.SelectMultiple()
- )
- checkbox = fields.ChoiceField(
- label="单项复选框",
- initial="checked", # 默认为勾选
- widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()
- )
- multselect = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
- label="多项复选框",
- choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "羽毛球"), (4, "排球")),
- initial=[1, 3],
- widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple()
- )
- data = fields.DateField(
- label="选择日期",
- widget = widgets.DateInput(attrs={"type":"date"})
- )
- def index(request):
- if request.method=="GET":
- form = MyForm()
- return render(request,"index.html",{"form":form})
- else:
- form = MyForm(request.POST)
- if form.is_valid():
- data = form.cleaned_data
- print(data.get("hobby"))
- return HttpResponse("hello lyshark")
Form实现用户注册
- <!--name: index.html-->
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <div>
- <form action="/" method="post">
- <p>{{ form.username.label }} {{ form.username }}</p>
- <p>{{ form.password.label }} {{ form.password }}</p>
- <p>{{ form.mobile.label }} {{ form.mobile }} </p>
- <p>{{ form.email.label }} {{ form.email }} </p>
- <p>{{ form.text }} </p>
- <p><input type="submit" value="提交请求"></p>
- </form>
- </div>
- </body>
- </html>
- # name: models.py
- from django.db import models
-
- class User(models.Model):
- id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
- username = models.CharField(max_length=64)
- password = models.CharField(max_length=32)
- mobile = models.CharField(max_length=32)
- email = models.EmailField(max_length=64)
- text = models.CharField(max_length=128)
- # name: views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
- from MyWeb import models
- from django.forms import Form,fields,widgets
- from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
- from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-
- class UserForm(Form):
- username = fields.CharField(
- label = "账号: ", # 给表单加一个标签
- required = True, # 不允许字段为空值
- min_length=4, # 设置最小长度
- max_length = 10, # 设置最大长度
- validators=[ RegexValidator(r'^[0-9a-zA-Z]+$',"用户账号只能使用,0-9a-z") ],
- error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空","invalid":"无效的用户名",
- "min_length":"最小长度为5","max_length":"最大长度为10"},
- widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"placeholder":"请输入用户名","class":"form-control"})
- )
- password = fields.CharField(
- label = "密码: ",
- required = True,
- min_length=5,
- max_length=10,
- error_messages={"required":"密码字段不能为空","min_length":"密码最小长度为5"},
- widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"placeholder":"请输入密码","class":"form-control"})
- )
- mobile = fields.CharField(
- label = "手机: ",
- required=True,
- validators=[RegexValidator('[0-9]', "手机号必须是数字")],
- error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},
- widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"placeholder": "手机号","class": "form-control"})
- )
- email = fields.EmailField(
- label="邮箱: ",
- required=True,
- error_messages={"required":"邮箱不能为空!!","invalid":"无效的邮箱"},
- widget=widgets.EmailInput(attrs={"placeholder": "邮箱", "class": "form-control"})
- )
- text = fields.CharField(
- required=True,
- widget=widgets.Textarea(attrs={"placeholder": "畅言,欢迎留言...", "class": "form-control",
- "style":"margin: 0px; width: 203px; height: 98px;"})
- )
-
- def index(request):
- if request.method =="GET":
- form = UserForm()
- return render(request, "index.html", {"form": form})
- else:
- form = UserForm(request.POST)
- if form.is_valid():
- # username = form.data['username']
- data = form.cleaned_data
- username = data.get("username")
-
- is_exits = models.User.objects.filter(username="admin").count()
- if is_exits != 0:
- return HttpResponse("您注册的用户已存在")
- else:
- models.User.objects.create(**data)
- return HttpResponse("恭喜您的账号注册完成了")
- else:
- return render(request, "index.html", {"form": form.errors})
- return render(request, "index.html", {"form": form})
实现用户验证
index.html
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"></script>
- </head>
- <body>
-
- <form action="/" method="post">
- <p> {{ form.email }}</p>
- <p> {{ form.code }} <a id="fetch_code" class="fetch-code" href="javascript:void(0);">获取验证码</a></p>
- <input type="submit" value="提交">
- </form>
-
-
- <script type="text/javascript">
- $("#fetch_code").click(function(){
- var email = $("#email").val(); // 获取到用户邮箱
- if(email.trim().length != 0)
- {
- $("#fetch_code").empty();
- $("#fetch_code").text("发送成功");
- $.ajax({
- url:"/send_msg/",
- type:"POST",
- data:{email:email},
- dataType:"json",
- success:function(recv){
- }
- })
- }
- })
-
- </script>
models.py
- from django.db import models
-
- class SendMsg(models.Model):
- id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
- code = models.CharField(max_length=6)
- email = models.CharField(max_length=32, db_index=True)
- count = models.IntegerField(default=0)
- times = models.IntegerField(default=0)
-
- class UserInfo(models.Model):
- id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
- username = models.CharField(max_length=32, unique=True)
- password = models.CharField(max_length=32)
- email = models.CharField(max_length=32, unique=True)
views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
- from django.core.mail import send_mail, send_mass_mail, EmailMultiAlternatives
- import re,time,random
- from MyWeb import models
-
- def SendMail(rand,user):
- title = "本次注册验证码是: {} 十分钟以内有效.".format(rand)
- ret = send_mail("Django 邮件通知",title,"smtpwho@163.com",[user])
- if ret:
- return 1
- return 0
- def send_msg(request):
- if request.method=="POST":
- email = request.POST.get("email")
- ret = re.match(r'^[0-9a-zA-Z\_\-]+(\.[0-9a-zA-Z\_\-]+)*@[0-9a-zA-Z]+(\.[0-9a-zA-Z]+){1,}$', email)
- if ret == None:
- print("不合法")
- else:
- ret = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(email=email).count()
- if ret == 1:
- print("你的邮箱已经注册了,请换一个..")
- else:
- ret = models.SendMsg.objects.filter(email=email).count() # 查询出如果存在sendmsg表里,则不能让其注册
- if ret !=0:
- print("等待超时,暂时不嫩注册..")
- times = int(time.time())
- if times >=models.SendMsg.objects.filter(email=email).values("times"):
- print(times)
- else:
- print("时间还没到")
-
- else:
- rand = random.randint(10000,20000)
- if SendMail(rand,email):
- times = int(time.time()+60) # 一分钟只能注册一次
- models.SendMsg.objects.create(email=email,code=rand,times=times)
- return render(request,"reg.html")
-
- def reg(request):
- if request.method == "POST":
- email = request.POST.get("email")
- code = request.POST.get("code")
- ret = models.SendMsg.objects.filter(email=email).values("email","code")[0]
- if ret['email']==email and ret['code']==code:
- print("正确了")
- username = request.POST.get("username")
- password = request.POST.get("password")
- ret = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=username).count()
- if ret == 0:
- # 等于0说明没有这个用户,可以注册
- models.UserInfo.objects.create(username=username,password=password,email=email)
- print("注册完成了")
- else:
- print("这个账号重复了,请换一个...")
- else:
- print("验证码错误")
- return render(request, "reg.html")
urls.py
- from django.contrib import admin
- from django.urls import path
- from MyWeb import views
- urlpatterns = [
- path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
- path("reg/",views.reg),
- path("send_msg/",views.send_msg)
- ]
settings.py
- STATIC_URL = '/static/'
- EMAIL_USER_TLS = True
- EMAIL_PORT = 25
- EMAIL_HOST = "smtp.163.com"
- EMAIL_HOST_USER = "smtpwho@163.com"
- EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = "123456789"
重写父类方法:通过form表单重写init方法,实现数据库动态添加,前端动态显示,以两个选择框为例
- # name: models.py
- from django.db import models
-
- class DBHost(models.Model):
- id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
- host = models.CharField(max_length=32)
- title = models.CharField(max_length=32)
-
- # name:index.html
- {{ form.title }}
- {{ form.host }}
- # name:views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render
- from django.forms import Form,fields,widgets
- from MyWeb import models
-
- class DBHost(Form):
- title = fields.IntegerField(widget=widgets.Select(choices=[]))
- host = fields.IntegerField(widget=widgets.SelectMultiple(choices=[]))
-
- # 重写父类的 __init__ 方法
- def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
- super(DBHost, self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
- self.fields['title'].widget.choices = models.DBHost.objects.all().values_list("id","title")
- self.fields['host'].widget.choices = models.DBHost.objects.all().values_list("id", "host")
-
- def index(request):
- form = DBHost()
- return render(request,"index.html",{"form":form})
给Form表单返回数据: Form表单可以返回默认数据,我们可以通过编号查询到指定数据的默认参数,并返回到编辑框中.
- # name:views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render
- from django.forms import Form,fields,widgets
- from MyWeb import models
-
- class MyForm(Form):
- host = fields.CharField(required=True,widget=widgets.TextInput())
- title = fields.CharField(required=True, widget=widgets.TextInput())
-
- def index(request):
- nid = request.GET.get("id") # 通过ID获取到记录
- qset = models.DBHost.objects.filter(id=nid).values("host","title")
- dic = qset[0] # 转为字典
-
- form = MyForm(dic) # 传递到前端编辑框中
- return render(request,"index.html",{"form":form})
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