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MySQL使用连接查询(JOIN)是为了从多个相关表中获取数据。连接查询是一种强大且常用的操作,可以根据某些条件将两张或多张表中的数据组合在一起,返回一个联合结果集。
数据规范化:
提高查询效率:
复杂查询需求:
- SELECT users.username, orders.order_id
- FROM users
- INNER JOIN orders ON users.user_id = orders.user_id;
- SELECT users.username, orders.order_id
- FROM users
- LEFT JOIN orders ON users.user_id = orders.user_id;
- SELECT users.username, orders.order_id
- FROM users
- RIGHT JOIN orders ON users.user_id = orders.user_id;
- users. Username
- SELECT users.username, orders.order_id
- FROM users
- LEFT JOIN orders ON users.user_id = orders.user_id
- UNION
- SELECT users.username, orders.order_id
- FROM users
- RIGHT JOIN orders ON users.user_id = orders.user_id;
- users. Username
student 表:
uid
:学生的唯一标识(主键),自动递增。name
:学生姓名。age
:学生年龄。sex
:学生性别,使用枚举类型,值可以是'M'或'W'。course 表:
cid
:课程的唯一标识(主键),自动递增。cname
:课程名称。credit
:课程学分。exame 表:
uid
:学生ID,对应student
表中的uid
。cid
:课程ID,对应course
表中的cid
。time
:考试时间。score
:考试成绩。PRIMARY KEY(uid,cid)
:联合主键,确保每个学生在每门课程中只有一个成绩记录。- CREATE TABLE student(
- uid INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
- name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
- age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
- sex ENUM('M','W') NOT NULL);
-
- CREATE TABLE course(
- cid INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
- cname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
- credit TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL);
-
- CREATE TABLE exame(
- uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
- cid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
- time DATE NOT NULL,
- score FLOAT NOT NULL,
- PRIMARY KEY(uid,cid));
插入一些数据
- -- 插入数据到 student 表
- INSERT INTO student (name, age, sex) VALUES
- ('Alice', 20, 'W'),
- ('Bob', 21, 'M'),
- ('Charlie', 22, 'M'),
- ('David', 20, 'M'),
- ('Eve', 21, 'W');
-
- -- 插入数据到 course 表
- INSERT INTO course (cname, credit) VALUES
- ('Mathematics', 3),
- ('Physics', 4),
- ('Chemistry', 3),
- ('Biology', 2),
- ('Computer Science', 3);
-
- -- 插入数据到 exame 表
- INSERT INTO exame (uid, cid, time, score) VALUES
- (1, 1, '2024-01-10', 85.5),
- (1, 2, '2024-01-11', 90.0),
- (2, 1, '2024-01-9', 88.0),
- (2, 3, '2024-01-10', 92.5),
- (3, 4, '2024-01-12', 75.0),
- (3, 5, '2024-01-9', 80.0),
- (4, 2, '2024-01-12', 85.0),
- (4, 3, '2024-01-12', 87.5),
- (5, 1, '2024-01-11', 89.0),
- (5, 5, '2024-01-11', 95.0);
SELECT a.属性名1,a.属性名2,...,b,属性名1,b.属性名2... FROM table_name1 a inner join table_name2 b on a.id = b.id where a.属性名 满足某些条件;
- 预置条件:uid:1 cid:2
- select score from exame where uid=1 and cid=2;
- select a.uid,a.name,a.age,a.sex from student a where a.uid=1;
- select c.score from exame c where c.uid=1 and c.cid=2;
连接两张表查询
// on a.uid=c.uid 区分大表 和 小表,按照数据量来区分,小表永远是整表扫描,然后去大表搜索 // 从student小表中取出所有的a.uid,然后拿着这些uid去exame大表中搜索 // 对于inner join内连接,过滤条件写在where的后面和on连接条件里面,效果是一样的
- select a.uid,a.name,a.age,a.sex,c.score from student a
- inner join exame c on a.uid=c.uid where c.uid=1 and c.cid=2;
select b.cid,b.cname,b.credit from course b where b.cid=2;
- select a.uid,a.name,a.age,a.sex,b.cid,b.cname,b.credit,c.score
- from exame c
- inner join student a on c.uid=a.uid
- inner join course b on c.cid=b.cid
- where c.uid=1 and c.cid=2;
- select a.uid,a.name,a.age,a.sex,b.cid,b.cname,b.credit,c.score
- from exame c
- inner join student a on c.uid=a.uid
- inner join course b on c.cid=b.cid
- where c.cid=2 and c.score>=90.0;
- select b.cid,b.cname,b.credit,count(*)
- from exame c
- inner join course b on c.cid=b.cid
- where c.score>=90.0
- group by c.cid
- having c.cid=2;//分组以后的过滤
- select b.cid,b.cname,b.credit,count(*) cnt
- from exame c
- inner join course b on c.cid=b.cid
- where c.score>=90.0
- group by c.cid
- order by cnt;
SELECT a.属性名列表, b.属性名列表 FROM table_name1 a LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_name2 b on a.id = b.id;
- // 把left这边的表所有的数据显示出来,在右表中不存在相应数据,则显示NULL
- select a.* from User a left outer join Orderlist b on a.uid=b.uid where
- a.orderid is null;
例子:
select a.*,b.* from student a left join exame b on a.uid=b.uid;
找出没有考过试的
select a.*,b.* from student a left join exame b on a.uid=b.uid where b.cid is null;
内连接结果如下
左连接结果如下
问题,为啥左连接没有把左表全部信息显示,左连接和内连接结果一样
若把where条件放到连接条件on后面
原因分析:
先用b.cid把b表过滤下
这个内连接和外连接毫无区别,是一样的。所以外连接要把过滤条件写到on中
外连接查不存在的场景,还带有一定的限制条件,限制条件加到on的连接条件后面,where的过滤条件后面写null判空。
SELECT a.属性名列表, b.属性名列表 FROM table_name1 a LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_name2 b on a.id = b.id;
- // 把right这边的表所有的数据显示出来,在左表中不存在相应数据,则显示NULL
- select a.* from User a right outer join Orderlist b on a.uid=b.uid where
- b.orderid is null;
select * from student where uid not in (select distinct uid from exame);
select distinct uid from exame-》会产生一张中间表存储结果供外面的sql来查询
not in 对于索引的命中并不高
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