python解释器cpython的源码简要介绍

0. 参考文档

参考文档如下：

• Your Guide to the CPython Source Code
• 【python】带你入门cpython源代码，让你不再一头雾水！尝试去读读python的实现吧！

1. 了解Cpython源码整体结构

python的解释器有好几种，但是最常见就是Cpython，所以我们这里主要介绍了Cpython的源码结构。

• cpython官网： https://cython.org
• cpython官方文档： https://cython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html

1.1. 下载Cpython源码

cpython的源码是开源的，我们可以从GitHub上下载其源码，方法如下:

git clone https://github.com/python/cpython
cd cpython
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1.2. 查看指定版本的源码

大家都知道cpython的源码是不停更新的，很多时候我们不需要看最新的代码，而是想要查看某一个具体版本的代码。

1.2.1. 查看cpython的tag的方法

具体的版本与具体的tag是相互对应的，在cpython的GitHub仓中可以看到所有的tag信息，如下:

当然我们也可以在clone到本地的代码仓中查看所有的tag信息，方法如下（这里只摘录了最新的tag）：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] git tag -n --sort=taggerdate | tail
v3.7.14         Python 3.7.14
v3.9.14         Python 3.9.14
v3.8.14         Python 3.8.14
v3.11.0rc2      Python 3.11.0rc2
v3.7.15         Python 3.7.15
v3.10.8         Python 3.10.8
v3.9.15         Python 3.9.15
v3.8.15         Python 3.8.15
v3.11.0         Python 3.11.0
v3.12.0a1       Python 3.12.0a1
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main]
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git clone默认只下载了main分支。

1.2.2. 查看我们指定的tag（或者说版本）

我打开自己电脑中的python，查看版本信息如下：

 ~/ python --version
Python 3.9.5
 ~/ python
Python 3.9.5 (v3.9.5:0a7dcbdb13, May  3 2021, 13:17:02)
[Clang 6.0 (clang-600.0.57)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> quit()
 ~/
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可以看到我电脑里面的python版本是Python 3.9.5， 我们查看cpython源码中python3.9.5 Tag的版本信息：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] git show v3.9.5 --oneline | head -n 20
tag v3.9.5

Python 3.9.5
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
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=Dt0E
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
0a7dcbdb13 Python 3.9.5
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main]
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因为上面输出的信息过多，所以我只提取了前20行，前20行中包含了我们最关键的commit信息。

可以看到我本地的python版本与tag V3.9.5中的版本信息是可以对应上的。

1.2.3. 切换到特定的tag（或者说版本）

接着以上面的V3.9.5为例，说明切换到这个tag的方法：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] git checkout tags/v3.9.5 -b v3.9.5
正在更新文件: 100% (3409/3409), 完成.
切换到一个新分支 'v3.9.5'
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [v3.9.5]
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查看这个版本最新10条的git log：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [v3.9.5] git log --oneline  | head
0a7dcbdb13 Python 3.9.5
bb2f3ff7a8 bpo-42800: Add audit events for f_code and tb_frame (GH-24182)
1536342c44 [3.9] Doc: Fix random.uniform example comment. (GH-25784) (GH-25843)
7f7dc67354 [3.9] Update macOS installer readme for 3.9.5 (GH-25836)
98035ec93f bpo-41129: Fix check for macOS SDK paths when building Python (GH-25785) (GH-25830)
ad73d1657c bpo-43434: Move sqlite3.connect audit event to sqlite3.Connection.__init__ (GH-25818)
e60b1e150d bpo-43990: Fix the footnote ordering in the operator precedence docs (GH-25805) (GH-25819)
5374fbc314 bpo-36384: Leading zeros in IPv4 addresses are no longer tolerated (GH-25099) (GH-25815)
cf6a79644c bpo-32745: Fix a regression in the handling of ctypes' c_wchar_p type (GH-8721) (#25812)
bb3ec9ceae bpo-41100: Update Misc/ACKS (GH-25808) (GH-25809)
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [v3.9.5]
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1.3. 查看特定的分支

如果我们更加关注某一个分支下的代码，可以参考本小节，查看所有的分支:

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] git branch -a
* main
  remotes/origin/3.10
  remotes/origin/3.11
  remotes/origin/3.7
  remotes/origin/3.8
  remotes/origin/3.9
  remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/main
  remotes/origin/backport-c3648f4-3.11
  remotes/origin/branch-v3.11.0
  remotes/origin/gh-93963/remove-importlib-resources-abcs
  remotes/origin/gh-98098/zipfile-packages
  remotes/origin/main
  remotes/origin/refactor-wait_for
  remotes/origin/revert-96579-mdk-stick-to-python-syntax
  remotes/origin/shared-testcase
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] 
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我们假设需要查看python3.8的实现，方法如下：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] git fetch origin 3.8              
来自 https://github.com/python/cpython
 * branch                  3.8        -> FETCH_HEAD
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] git branch           
* main
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [main] git checkout 3.8 
正在更新文件: 100% (3549/3549), 完成.
分支 '3.8' 设置为跟踪 'origin/3.8'。
切换到一个新分支 '3.8'
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [3.8] git branch      
* 3.8
  main
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/ [3.8] 
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下面就以这个分支为例，说明cpython源码中各个部分的大概作用。

1.4. 整个源码文件夹简要介绍

源码中各个文件夹的大概含义如下：

cpython/
│
├── Doc      ← Source for the documentation
├── Grammar  ← The computer-readable language definition
├── Include  ← The C header files
├── Lib      ← Standard library modules written in Python
├── Mac      ← macOS support files
├── Misc     ← Miscellaneous files
├── Modules  ← Standard Library Modules written in C
├── Objects  ← Core types and the object model
├── Parser   ← The Python parser source code
├── PC       ← Windows build support files
├── PCbuild  ← Windows build support files for older Windows versions
├── Programs ← Source code for the python executable and other binaries
├── Python   ← The CPython interpreter source code
└── Tools    ← Standalone tools useful for building or extending Python
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这里面有很多文件夹，但是我们常用的只有几个，下面会单独介绍这写常用的文件夹。

2. Cpython解释器本身源码简要介绍

2.1. Python解释器本身的实现

首先最重要的就是Python解释器本身的实现，也就是【Python文件夹】中的内容：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Python/ [3.8] ls
Python-ast.c          dtoa.c                getcompiler.c         modsupport.c          pystrtod.c
README                dup2.c                getcopyright.c        mysnprintf.c          pythonrun.c
_warnings.c           dynamic_annotations.c getopt.c              mystrtoul.c           pytime.c
asdl.c                dynload_aix.c         getplatform.c         opcode_targets.h      strdup.c
ast.c                 dynload_dl.c          getversion.c          pathconfig.c          structmember.c
ast_opt.c             dynload_hpux.c        graminit.c            peephole.c            symtable.c
ast_unparse.c         dynload_shlib.c       hamt.c                preconfig.c           sysmodule.c
bltinmodule.c         dynload_stub.c        import.c              pyarena.c             thread.c
bootstrap_hash.c      dynload_win.c         importdl.c            pyctype.c             thread_nt.h
ceval.c               errors.c              importdl.h            pyfpe.c               thread_pthread.h
ceval_gil.h           fileutils.c           importlib.h           pyhash.c              traceback.c
clinic                formatter_unicode.c   importlib_external.h  pylifecycle.c         wordcode_helpers.h
codecs.c              frozen.c              importlib_zipimport.h pymath.c
compile.c             frozenmain.c          initconfig.c          pystate.c
condvar.h             future.c              makeopcodetargets.py  pystrcmp.c
context.c             getargs.c             marshal.c             pystrhex.c
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Python/ [3.8] 
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比如我们常用到的内置函数，就是在bltinmodule.c文件中实现的, 前面的内容如下：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Python/ [3.8] head bltinmodule.c 
/* Built-in functions */

#include "Python.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include "ast.h"
#undef Yield   /* undefine macro conflicting with <winbase.h> */
#include "pycore_object.h"        // _PyObject_GC_TRACK()
#include "pycore_pystate.h"
#include "pycore_tupleobject.h"

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Python/ [3.8] 
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比如反射机制用到的getattr()函数的实现就在bltinmodule.c文件中， 如下：

/* AC: cannot convert yet, as needs PEP 457 group support in inspect */
static PyObject *
builtin_getattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
{
    PyObject *v, *name, *result;

    if (!_PyArg_CheckPositional("getattr", nargs, 2, 3))
        return NULL;

    v = args[0];
    name = args[1];
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "getattr(): attribute name must be string");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (nargs > 2) {
        if (_PyObject_LookupAttr(v, name, &result) == 0) {
            PyObject *dflt = args[2];
            Py_INCREF(dflt);
            return dflt;
        }
    }
    else {
        result = PyObject_GetAttr(v, name);
    }
    return result;
}
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当然这里面有调用到了PyObject_GetAttr(),我们需要一级一级查找了, 这里就不详细介绍了。

还有查看字节码时候常用的文件ceval.c, 在文件的最前面也有简单的功能介绍：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Python/ [3.8] head ceval.c  

/* Execute compiled code */

/* XXX TO DO:
   XXX speed up searching for keywords by using a dictionary
   XXX document it!
   */

/* enable more aggressive intra-module optimizations, where available */
#define PY_LOCAL_AGGRESSIVE
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Python/ [3.8] 
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2.2. Python解释器Cpython的头文件【Include文件夹】

Cpython自然很多是用c实现，c的最核心的头文件存放在【Include文件夹】中。
如果我们只写python代码，通常不会用到这个文件夹。但是如果我们想做python的 C Extension（也就是C扩展），那么肯定会用到【Include文件夹】中的内容：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Include/ [3.8] ls
Python-ast.h          datetime.h            iterobject.h          py_curses.h           pystrtod.h
Python.h              descrobject.h         listobject.h          pyarena.h             pythonrun.h
abstract.h            dictobject.h          longintrepr.h         pycapsule.h           pythread.h
asdl.h                dtoa.h                longobject.h          pyctype.h             pytime.h
ast.h                 dynamic_annotations.h marshal.h             pydebug.h             rangeobject.h
bitset.h              enumobject.h          memoryobject.h        pydtrace.d            setobject.h
bltinmodule.h         errcode.h             methodobject.h        pydtrace.h            sliceobject.h
boolobject.h          eval.h                modsupport.h          pyerrors.h            structmember.h
bytearrayobject.h     fileobject.h          moduleobject.h        pyexpat.h             structseq.h
bytes_methods.h       fileutils.h           namespaceobject.h     pyfpe.h               symtable.h
bytesobject.h         floatobject.h         node.h                pyhash.h              sysmodule.h
cellobject.h          frameobject.h         object.h              pylifecycle.h         token.h
ceval.h               funcobject.h          objimpl.h             pymacconfig.h         traceback.h
classobject.h         genobject.h           odictobject.h         pymacro.h             tracemalloc.h
code.h                graminit.h            opcode.h              pymath.h              tupleobject.h
codecs.h              grammar.h             osdefs.h              pymem.h               typeslots.h
compile.h             import.h              osmodule.h            pyport.h              ucnhash.h
complexobject.h       internal              parsetok.h            pystate.h             unicodeobject.h
context.h             interpreteridobject.h patchlevel.h          pystrcmp.h            warnings.h
cpython               intrcheck.h           picklebufobject.h     pystrhex.h            weakrefobject.h
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Include/ [3.8] 
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在python中一切皆对象，有关对象的头文件是object.h, 其中特别重要的两个类型PyObject, PyVarObject 的定义就在这个文件中：

/* Nothing is actually declared to be a PyObject, but every pointer to
 * a Python object can be cast to a PyObject*.  This is inheritance built
 * by hand.  Similarly every pointer to a variable-size Python object can,
 * in addition, be cast to PyVarObject*.
 */
typedef struct _object {
    _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA
    Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;
    struct _typeobject *ob_type;
} PyObject;

/* Cast argument to PyObject* type. */
#define _PyObject_CAST(op) ((PyObject*)(op))

typedef struct {
    PyObject ob_base;
    Py_ssize_t ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part */
} PyVarObject;
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2.3. Python语言本身解析【Parser文件夹】

如果想要了解Python的语言本身解析过程，也就是python词法分析、语法分析的实现，可以查看【Parser文件夹】：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Parser/ [3.8] ls
Python.asdl  asdl.py      grammar1.c   myreadline.c parser.c     parsetok.c   token.c      tokenizer.h
acceler.c    asdl_c.py    listnode.c   node.c       parser.h     pgen         tokenizer.c
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Parser/ [3.8] 
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2.4. Python内建对象的实现【Object文件夹】

python内建了很多对象，它们的实现存放在【Object文件夹】中：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Objects/ [3.8] ls
README                clinic                frameobject.c         moduleobject.c        tupleobject.c
abstract.c            codeobject.c          funcobject.c          namespaceobject.c     typeobject.c
accu.c                complexobject.c       genobject.c           object.c              typeslots.inc
boolobject.c          descrobject.c         interpreteridobject.c obmalloc.c            typeslots.py
bytearrayobject.c     dict-common.h         iterobject.c          odictobject.c         unicodectype.c
bytes_methods.c       dictnotes.txt         listobject.c          picklebufobject.c     unicodeobject.c
bytesobject.c         dictobject.c          listsort.txt          rangeobject.c         unicodetype_db.h
call.c                enumobject.c          lnotab_notes.txt      setobject.c           weakrefobject.c
capsule.c             exceptions.c          longobject.c          sliceobject.c
cellobject.c          fileobject.c          memoryobject.c        stringlib
classobject.c         floatobject.c         methodobject.c        structseq.c
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Objects/ [3.8] 
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如果你想看python中List对象的实现：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Objects/ [3.8] head listobject.c
/* List object implementation */

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_object.h"
#include "pycore_pystate.h"
#include "pycore_tupleobject.h"
#include "pycore_accu.h"

#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
#include <stddef.h>
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Objects/ [3.8] 
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python中字典对象的实现：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Objects/ [3.8] head dictobject.c
/* Dictionary object implementation using a hash table */

/* The distribution includes a separate file, Objects/dictnotes.txt,
   describing explorations into dictionary design and optimization.
   It covers typical dictionary use patterns, the parameters for
   tuning dictionaries, and several ideas for possible optimizations.
*/

/* PyDictKeysObject

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Objects/ [3.8] 
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3. Cpython标准库

除了解释器本身外，cpython最关键的就是标准库的实现了，毕竟python是自带电池的语言嘛。。。
cpython的标准库由两部分构成：

• 由python编写的标准库
• 由c语言编写的标准库

3.1. 由python编写的标准库的实现

这里我们先介绍由python编写的标准库，它存放的路径是【Lib文件夹】，如下：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Lib/ [3.8] ls
__future__.py       cmd.py              fractions.py        multiprocessing     runpy.py            test
__phello__.foo.py   code.py             ftplib.py           netrc.py            sched.py            textwrap.py
_bootlocale.py      codecs.py           functools.py        nntplib.py          secrets.py          this.py
_collections_abc.py codeop.py           genericpath.py      ntpath.py           selectors.py        threading.py
_compat_pickle.py   collections         getopt.py           nturl2path.py       shelve.py           timeit.py
_compression.py     colorsys.py         getpass.py          numbers.py          shlex.py            tkinter
_dummy_thread.py    compileall.py       gettext.py          opcode.py           shutil.py           token.py
_markupbase.py      concurrent          glob.py             operator.py         signal.py           tokenize.py
_osx_support.py     configparser.py     gzip.py             optparse.py         site-packages       trace.py
_py_abc.py          contextlib.py       hashlib.py          os.py               site.py             traceback.py
_pydecimal.py       contextvars.py      heapq.py            pathlib.py          smtpd.py            tracemalloc.py
_pyio.py            copy.py             hmac.py             pdb.py              smtplib.py          tty.py
_sitebuiltins.py    copyreg.py          html                pickle.py           sndhdr.py           turtle.py
_strptime.py        crypt.py            http                pickletools.py      socket.py           turtledemo
_threading_local.py csv.py              idlelib             pipes.py            socketserver.py     types.py
_weakrefset.py      ctypes              imaplib.py          pkgutil.py          sqlite3             typing.py
abc.py              curses              imghdr.py           platform.py         sre_compile.py      unittest
aifc.py             dataclasses.py      imp.py              plistlib.py         sre_constants.py    urllib
antigravity.py      datetime.py         importlib           poplib.py           sre_parse.py        uu.py
argparse.py         dbm                 inspect.py          posixpath.py        ssl.py              uuid.py
ast.py              decimal.py          io.py               pprint.py           stat.py             venv
asynchat.py         difflib.py          ipaddress.py        profile.py          statistics.py       warnings.py
asyncio             dis.py              json                pstats.py           string.py           wave.py
asyncore.py         distutils           keyword.py          pty.py              stringprep.py       weakref.py
base64.py           doctest.py          lib2to3             py_compile.py       struct.py           webbrowser.py
bdb.py              dummy_threading.py  linecache.py        pyclbr.py           subprocess.py       wsgiref
binhex.py           email               locale.py           pydoc.py            sunau.py            xdrlib.py
bisect.py           encodings           logging             pydoc_data          symbol.py           xml
bz2.py              ensurepip           lzma.py             queue.py            symtable.py         xmlrpc
cProfile.py         enum.py             mailbox.py          quopri.py           sysconfig.py        zipapp.py
calendar.py         filecmp.py          mailcap.py          random.py           tabnanny.py         zipfile.py
cgi.py              fileinput.py        mimetypes.py        re.py               tarfile.py          zipimport.py
cgitb.py            fnmatch.py          modulefinder.py     reprlib.py          telnetlib.py
chunk.py            formatter.py        msilib              rlcompleter.py      tempfile.py
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Lib/ [3.8] 
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比如我们想要了解python的多进程的实现，可以打开multiprocessing文件夹, 内部文件如下：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Lib/multiprocessing/ [3.8] tree ./          
./
├── __init__.py
├── connection.py
├── context.py
├── dummy
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── connection.py
├── forkserver.py
├── heap.py
├── managers.py
├── pool.py
├── popen_fork.py
├── popen_forkserver.py
├── popen_spawn_posix.py
├── popen_spawn_win32.py
├── process.py
├── queues.py
├── reduction.py
├── resource_sharer.py
├── resource_tracker.py
├── shared_memory.py
├── sharedctypes.py
├── spawn.py
├── synchronize.py
└── util.py

1 directory, 23 files
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Lib/multiprocessing/ [3.8] 
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3.2. 由c编写的标准库的实现

由c编写的标准库，它存放的路径是【Modules文件夹】，如下：

 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Modules/ [3.8] ls
README                     _pickle.c                  binascii.c                 pwdmodule.c
Setup                      _posixsubprocess.c         cjkcodecs                  pyexpat.c
_abc.c                     _queuemodule.c             clinic                     readline.c
_asynciomodule.c           _randommodule.c            cmathmodule.c              resource.c
_bisectmodule.c            _scproxy.c                 config.c.in                rotatingtree.c
_blake2                    _sha3                      errnomodule.c              rotatingtree.h
_bz2module.c               _sqlite                    expat                      selectmodule.c
_codecsmodule.c            _sre.c                     faulthandler.c             sha1module.c
_collectionsmodule.c       _ssl                       fcntlmodule.c              sha256module.c
_contextvarsmodule.c       _ssl.c                     gc_weakref.txt             sha512module.c
_cryptmodule.c             _ssl_data.h                gcmodule.c                 signalmodule.c
_csv.c                     _ssl_data_111.h            getaddrinfo.c              socketmodule.c
_ctypes                    _ssl_data_300.h            getbuildinfo.c             socketmodule.h
_curses_panel.c            _stat.c                    getnameinfo.c              spwdmodule.c
_cursesmodule.c            _statisticsmodule.c        getpath.c                  sre.h
_datetimemodule.c          _struct.c                  grpmodule.c                sre_constants.h
_dbmmodule.c               _testbuffer.c              hashlib.h                  sre_lib.h
_decimal                   _testcapimodule.c          hashtable.c                symtablemodule.c
_elementtree.c             _testimportmultiple.c      hashtable.h                syslogmodule.c
_functoolsmodule.c         _testinternalcapi.c        itertoolsmodule.c          termios.c
_gdbmmodule.c              _testmultiphase.c          ld_so_aix.in               testcapi_long.h
_hashopenssl.c             _threadmodule.c            main.c                     timemodule.c
_heapqmodule.c             _tkinter.c                 makesetup                  tkappinit.c
_io                        _tracemalloc.c             makexp_aix                 tkinter.h
_json.c                    _uuidmodule.c              mathmodule.c               unicodedata.c
_localemodule.c            _weakref.c                 md5module.c                unicodedata_db.h
_lsprof.c                  _winapi.c                  mmapmodule.c               unicodename_db.h
_lzmamodule.c              _xxsubinterpretersmodule.c nismodule.c                winreparse.h
_math.c                    _xxtestfuzz                ossaudiodev.c              xxlimited.c
_math.h                    addrinfo.h                 overlapped.c               xxmodule.c
_multiprocessing           arraymodule.c              parsermodule.c             xxsubtype.c
_opcode.c                  atexitmodule.c             posixmodule.c              zlibmodule.c
_operator.c                audioop.c                  posixmodule.h
 ~/Code/Read/cpython/Modules/ [3.8] 
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