Docker专题系列之一：docker在线安装+使用+常用命令

1.docker 安装

Docker 要求 CentOS 系统的内核版本高于 3.10

通过 uname -r 命令查看你当前的内核版本

[root@centos-nacos /]#  uname -r
3.10.0-1062.1.2.el7.x86_64
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安装一些必要的系统工具：
命令：
sudo yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
添加软件源信息：
sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
更新 yum 缓存：
sudo yum makecache fast
安装 Docker-ce：
sudo yum -y install docker-ce
启动 Docker 后台服务
sudo systemctl start docker
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2.配置镜像加速

[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
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    {
      "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
      "log-driver": "json-file",
      "log-opts": {
        "max-size": "100m"
      },
      "registry-mirrors": [
        "https://k7da99jp.mirror.aliyuncs.com/",
        "https://dockerhub.azk8s.cn",
        "https://registry.docker-cn.com"
      ],
      "storage-driver": "overlay2"
    }
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重启docker，并查看docker 信息

#重启docker
[root@localhost /]# systemctl restart docker
#查看docker信息
[root@localhost /]# docker info
Client:
 Debug Mode: false

Server:
 Containers: 0
  Running: 0
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 0
 Images: 0
 Server Version: 19.03.1
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: xfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: systemd
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb
 runc version: 425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f
 init version: fec3683
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 1
 Total Memory: 1.796GiB
 Name: localhost.localdomain
 ID: 6FNH:LEUB:ZXWH:X4G7:IJMH:AIA7:LJIC:CGZC:4XUD:6E6H:WPSF:ZPI2
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
  #以下为添加的镜像加速器
 Registry Mirrors:
  https://k7da99jp.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
  https://dockerhub.azk8s.cn/
  https://registry.docker-cn.com/
 Live Restore Enabled: false

WARNING: bridge-nf-call-iptables is disabled
WARNING: bridge-nf-call-ip6tables is disabled
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3.docker 使用

以安装mysql为例

查找镜像

[root@centos-nacos /]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   8713                [OK]                
mariadb                           MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS…   3048                [OK]                
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   645                                     [OK]
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   63                                      
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拉取镜像

docker pull 名称
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[root@centos-nacos /]# docker pull mysql # 默认拉取最新版本即8.0 版本的
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
80369df48736: Pull complete 
e8f52315cb10: Pull complete 
cf2189b391fc: Pull complete 
cc98f645c682: Pull complete 
27a27ac83f74: Pull complete 
fa1f04453414: Pull complete 
d45bf7d22d33: Pull complete 
3dbac26e409c: Pull complete 
9017140fb8c1: Pull complete 
b76dda2673ae: Pull complete 
bea9eb46d12a: Pull complete 
e1f050a38d0f: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:7345ce4ce6f0c1771d01fa333b8edb2c606ca59d385f69575f8e3e2ec6695eee
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest
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[root@centos-nacos /]# docker pull mysql:5.7 #拉取指定版本即5.7 版本的数据库
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
80369df48736: Already exists 
e8f52315cb10: Already exists 
cf2189b391fc: Already exists 
cc98f645c682: Already exists 
27a27ac83f74: Already exists 
fa1f04453414: Already exists 
d45bf7d22d33: Already exists 
c7d49ffebc56: Pull complete 
511a8052b204: Pull complete 
5d5df4c12444: Pull complete 
d482603a2922: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:44b33224e3c406bf50b5a2ee4286ed0d7f2c5aec1f7fdb70291f7f7c570284dd
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

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查看拉取的镜像

[root@centos-nacos /]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
mysql               5.7                 cd3ed0dfff7e        5 days ago          437MB
mysql               latest              c8ee894bd2bd        5 days ago          456MB

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REPOSITORY ：镜像名称

TAG :镜像版本，latest 指最新版本

IMAGE ID ：镜像ID

CREATED :创建时长

SIZE：镜像大小

运行镜像获取配置文件、日志文件及数据文件路径

[root@hadoop01 ~]# docker run -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d mysql
[root@hadoop01 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS        PORTS                                                  NAMES
f9f12cd5c68d   mysql     "docker-entrypoint.s…"   2 seconds ago   Up 1 second   0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, :::3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   happy_rhodes
 
[root@hadoop01 ~]# docker exec -it f9f12cd5c68d /bin/bash
#查看mysql日志位置
bash-4.4# cd /var/log/           
bash-4.4# ls
mysqld.log
bash-4.4# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 0 Oct 12 21:38 mysqld.log
#查看mysql二进制位置
bash-4.4# cd /var/lib/mysql
mysql/         mysql-files/   mysql-keyring/ 
#查看mysql配置文件位置
bash-4.4# cd /etc/mysql/
bash-4.4# ls
conf.d
#下载日志文件和配置文件
[root@hadoop01 ~]# docker cp f9f12cd5c68d:/var/log/mysqld.log /mydata/mysql-master/log/
[root@hadoop01 ~]# docker cp a4e3bed3be0c:/etc/mysql/conf.d /mydata/mysql-master/conf
[root@hadoop01 ~]# docker rm -f happy_rhodes     #删掉刚刚的创建的容器
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运行镜像并映射数据卷到本地硬盘

[root@centos-nacos /]# docker run -p 3306:3306 --privileged=true --restart=always --name mysql5.7 -v /usr/local/docker/mysql/8.0-01/conf:/etc/mysql -v /usr/local/docker/mysql/8.0-01/log:/var/log -v /usr/local/docker/mysql/8.0-01/data:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d mysql:5.7
#运行成功出现以下结果
84ef62005aad2cc2dd0aea1ab9170495e488eaded0e3c21f4861586f5147337b
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-p 3306:3306：将容器的 3306 端口映射到主机的 3306 端口。
–privileged=true：赋予容器内部运行的mysql超级用户权限。
–restart=always：容器随docker自启动。
–name mysql5.7：给容器命名。
-v /usr/local/docker/mysql/8.0-01/conf:/etc/mysql：将主机当前目录下的 conf/my.cnf 挂载到容器的 /etc/mysql/my.cnf。

-v /usr/local/docker/mysql/8.0-01/log:/var/log：将主机当前目录下的 log 目录挂载到容器的 /log。

-v /usr/local/docker/mysql/8.0-01/data:/var/lib/mysql ：将主机当前目录下的data目录挂载到容器的 /var/lib/mysql

**-e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456：**初始化 root 用户的密码。

-d mysql:5.7 ： 从mysql:5.7镜像创建容器并在后台运行。

查询已启动的容器

[root@centos-nacos /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                               NAMES
658c3bb9cd2b        mysql:5.7           "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago       Up 2 seconds        0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysql5.7

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连接数据库

再启动mysql 最新版本的，由于我们启动5.7 占用了3306 端口，所以我们要更改映射端口号为3307

[root@centos-nacos /]# docker run -p 3307:3306 --name mysql8.0 -v $PWD/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v $PWD/logs:/logs -v $PWD/data:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d mysql:latest
2cff2731d3042fe3d13b8ee1466ff6ba9b71881e545b188007e40ea307e8a266

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查看正在运行的镜像,分别运行了两个不同版本的数据库

[root@centos-nacos /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                               NAMES
2cff2731d304        mysql:latest        "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago       Up 2 seconds        33060/tcp, 0.0.0.0:3307->3306/tcp   mysql8.0
658c3bb9cd2b        mysql:5.7           "docker-entrypoint.s…"   12 minutes ago      Up 26 seconds       0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysql5.7

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连接数据库，报错，由于mysql8.0 之后密码加密方式进行了更改

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-fpkpbgiX-1638932168087)(D:\d-hs-logs\images\20191023111326.png)]

则需进入容器中修改密码

[root@centos-nacos /]# docker exec -it 2cff2731d304 /bin/bash #进入容器
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登录mysql 并进行更改

root@4d3fbee0d162:/# mysql -u root -p #登录
Enter password: #输入密码
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 9
Server version: 8.0.18 MySQL Community Server - GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>
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按照步骤输入以下内容

mysql> grant all PRIVILEGES on *.* to 'root'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> ALTER user 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456' PASSWORD EXPIRE NEVER;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> ALTER user 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;#使修改生效
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> exit;
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重新登录

问题：

mysql 5.7 + 及以上 出现mysql sql_mode=only_full_group_by

ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY：对于GROUP BY聚合操作，如果在 SELECT 中的列，没有在 GROUP BY 中出现，那么这个SQL是不合法的，因为列不在GROUP BY从句中。

解决方案修改 etc/my.cnf

[root@centos-nacos conf]# vi my.cnf 

[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
#加入以下内如即可 即sql_mode 中去除了 only_full_group_by

#5.7 版本加这句
sql_mode = "STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
#8.0 版本加这句
sql_mode = "STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"

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注5.7 版本和8.0 版本的sql_mode不一样

可以试用工具查询

#全局查询，然后复制里面的值出来，删除掉only_full_group_by 即可
SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode;
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Docker 常用命令

• 查看 Docker 版本

docker version
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• 从 Docker 文件构建 Docker 映像

docker build -t image-name docker-file-location
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• 运行 Docker 映像

docker run -d image-name
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• 查看可用的 Docker 映像

docker images
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• 查看最近的运行容器

docker ps -l
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• 查看所有正在运行的容器

docker ps -a
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• 停止运行容器

docker stop container_id
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• 删除一个镜像

docker rmi image-name
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• 删除所有镜像

docker rmi $(docker images -q)
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• 强制删除所有镜像

docker rmi -f $(docker images -q)
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• 删除所有虚悬镜像

docker rmi $(docker images -q -f dangling=true)
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• 删除所有容器

docker rm $(docker ps -a -q)
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• 进入 Docker 容器

docker exec -it container-id /bin/bash
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• 查看所有数据卷

docker volume ls
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• 删除指定数据卷

docker volume rm [volume_name]
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• 删除所有未关联的数据卷

docker volume rm $(docker volume ls -qf dangling=true)
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• 从主机复制文件到容器

docker cp host_path containerID:container_path
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• 从容器复制文件到主机

docker cp containerID:container_path host_path
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docker run -d --name gitlab-runner --restart always -v /srv/gitlab-runner/config:/etc/gitlab-runner -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock gitlab/gitlab-runner:latest