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proxysql配置mysql读写分离_proxysql 2.5
作者：凡人多烦事01 | 2024-03-13 21:07:49
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proxysql 2.5
1. 不同类型的读写分离方案解析
数据库中间件最基本的功能就是实现读写分离， ProxySQL 当然也支持。而且 ProxySQL 支持的路由规则非常灵活，不仅可以实现最简单的读写分离，还可以将读/写都分散到多个不同的组，以及实现分库 sharding (分表sharding的规则比较难写，但也能实现)。
本文只描述通过规则制定的语句级读写分离，不讨论通过 ip/port, client, username, schemaname 实现的读写分离。
下面描述了ProxySQL能实现的常见读写分离类型
1.1 最简单的读写分离
这种模式的读写分离，严格区分后端的master和slave节点，且slave节点必须设置选项read_only=1
在ProxySQL上，分两个组，一个写组HG=10，一个读组HG=20。同时在ProxySQL上开启monitor模块的read_only监控功能，让ProxySQL根据监控到的read_only值来自动调整节点放在HG=10(master会放进这个组)还是HG=20(slave会放进这个组)
这种模式的读写分离是最简单的，只需在mysql_users表中设置用户的默认路由组为写组HG=10，并在mysql_query_rules中加上两条简单的规则(一个select for update，一个select)即可
这种读写分离模式，在环境较小时能满足绝大多数需求。但是需求复杂、环境较大时，这种模式就太过死板，因为一切都是monitor模块控制的
1.2 多个读组或写组的分离模式
前面那种读写分离模式，是通过 monitor 模块监控 read_only 来调整的，所以每一个后端集群必须只能分为一个写组，一个读组。
但如果想要区分不同的 select ，并将不同的 select 路由到不同的节点上。例如有些查询语句的开销非常大，想让它们独占一个节点/组，其它查询共享一个节点/组，怎么实现？
例如，下面这种模式
看上去非常简单。但是却能适应各种需求。例如，后端做了分库，对某库的查询要路由到特定的主机组
至于各个主机组是同一个主从集群(下图左边)，还是互相独立的主从集群环境(下图右边)，要看具体的需求，不过这种读写分离模式都能应付
在实现这种模式时，前提是不能开启monitor模块的read_only监控功能，也不要设置mysql_replication_hostgroup 表
例如，下面的配置实现的是上图左边的结构：写请求路由给HG=10，对test1库的select语句路由给HG=20，其它select路由给HG=30
mysql_servers: +--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+ | hostgroup_id | hostname | port | status | weight | +--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+ | 10 | host1 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 | | 20 | host2 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 | | 30 | host3 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 | +--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+ mysql_users: +----------+-------------------+ | username | default_hostgroup | +----------+-------------------+ | root | 10 | +----------+-------------------+ mysql_query_rules: +---------+-----------------------+----------------------+ | rule_id | destination_hostgroup | match_digest | +---------+-----------------------+----------------------+ | 1 | 10 | ^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$ | | 2 | 20 | ^SELECT.*test1\..* | | 3 | 30 | ^SELECT | +---------+-----------------------+----------------------+
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查看表结构的方式：
PRAGMA table_info("表名");
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2. ProxySQL实现读写分离示例
环境说明：
| IP | 角色 | 所需服务 |
|---|---|---|
| 192.168.159.136 | 读写分离解析主机 | proxysql |
| 192.168.159.137 | master | mysql或者mariadb |
| 192.168.159.144 | slave | mysql或者mariadb |
在做实验前，需要：
- 关闭防火墙和SELINUX
- 安装mysql并配置主从
2.1 安装ProxySQL
//下载proxysql的安装包，并安装 [root@porxysql ~]# wget http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/proxysql-2.0.x/centos/7/proxysql-2.0.13-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm [root@porxysql ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg proxysql-2.0.13-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm [root@porxysql ~]# yum -y localinstall proxysql-2.0.13-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm //启动proxysql并设置开机自动启动 [root@porxysql ~]# systemctl start proxysql [root@porxysql ~]# chkconfig proxysql on [root@porxysql ~]# ss -anlt State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:6032 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* //下载mariadb（客户端就行） [root@porxysql ~]# yum -y install mariadb //登录proxysql [root@porxysql ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h127.0.0.1 -P6032 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | seq | name | file | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | 0 | main | | | 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db | | 3 | stats | | | 4 | monitor | | | 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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2.2 配置主从
主上的操作
//配置网络源 [root@master yum.repos.d]# ls CentOS-Base.repo epel.repo //安装mariadb [root@master ~]# yum -y install mariadb* ............ //启动服务 [root@master ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service. [root@master ~]# ss -anlt State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* //创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用 [root@master ~]# mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 2 Server version: 5.5.65-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.159.144' identified by 'repl123.'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) //修改配置文件 [root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf ............ //添加以下内容 server-id=10 log-bin=mysql-bin //重启服务 [root@master ~]# systemctl restart mariadb [root@master ~]# ss -anlt State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* //查看主库的状态 [root@master ~]# mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 3 Server version: 5.5.65-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 245 | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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备上的操作
//配置网络源 [root@slave ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/ CentOS-Base.repo epel.repo //安装mariadb [root@slave ~]# yum -y install mariadb* ............ //修改配置文件 [root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf ............ //添加以下内容 server-id=20 relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //重启服务 [root@slave ~]# systemctl restart mariadb [root@slave ~]# ss -anlt State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* //查看并启动主从复制 [root@slave ~]# mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 3 Server version: 5.5.65-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.159.137',master_user='repl',master_password='repl123.',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',master_log_pos=245; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) //查看从服务器状态 MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status \G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.159.137 Master_User: repl Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 245 Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 529 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 245 Relay_Log_Space: 823 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 10 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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测试验证有没有完成主从同步
//在从上创建个库 MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create database school; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | school | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) //在备上查看 MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | school | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) //成功配置好了主从
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2.3 配置proxysql
2.3.1 mysql主库添加proxysql可以增删改查的账号
MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on *.* to 'proxysql'@'192.168.159.136' identified by '123456@qwq';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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2.3.2 添加 mysql 主机到 mysql_servers 表中
hostgroup_id 10表示写组，20表示读组
MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(10,'192.168.159.137',3306,1,'Write Group'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(20,'192.168.159.144',3306,1,'Read Group'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment from mysql_servers; +--------------+-----------------+------+--------+-------------+ | hostgroup_id | hostname | port | weight | comment | +--------------+-----------------+------+--------+-------------+ | 10 | 192.168.159.137 | 3306 | 1 | Write Group | | 20 | 192.168.159.144 | 3306 | 1 | Read Group | +--------------+-----------------+------+--------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) //加载到runtime里去 MySQL [(none)]> load mysql servers to run; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) //保存到disk里去 MySQL [(none)]> save mysql servers to disk; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) //添加刚才在master上创建的账号 proxysql //default_hostgroup 默认组设置为写组，也就是1; MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup,transaction_persistent)values('proxysql','123456@qwq',1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_users \G *************************** 1. row *************************** username: proxysql # 后端mysql实例的用户名 password: 123456@qwq # 后端mysql实例的密码 active: 1 # active=1表示用户生效，0表示不生效 use_ssl: 0 default_hostgroup: 1 # 用户默认登录到哪个hostgroup_id下的实例 default_schema: NULL # 用户默认登录后端mysql实例时连接的数据库，这个地方为NULL的话，则由全局变量mysql-default_schema决定，默认是information_schema schema_locked: 0 transaction_persistent: 1 # 如果设置为1，连接上ProxySQL的会话后，如果在一个hostgroup上开启了事务，那么后续的sql都继续维持在这个hostgroup上，不论是否会匹配上其它路由规则，直到事务结束。虽然默认是0 fast_forward: 0 # 忽略查询重写/缓存层，直接把这个用户的请求透传到后端DB。相当于只用它的连接池功能，一般不用，路由规则 .* 就行了 backend: 1 frontend: 1 max_connections: 10000 # 该用户允许的最大连接数 comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) //加载到runtime里去 MySQL [(none)]> load mysql users to run; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) //保存到disk里去 MySQL [(none)]> save mysql users to disk; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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2.4 添加健康检测的帐号
2.4.1 在主上添加属于proxysql的只读账号
MariaDB [(none)]> grant select on *.* to 'monitor'@'192.168.159.%' identified by 'monitor';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
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2.4.2 在proxysql主机端修改变量设置健康检测的账号
MySQL [(none)]> set mysql-monitor_username='monitor';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
MySQL [(none)]> set mysql-monitor_password='monitor';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
MySQL [(none)]> load mysql variables to run;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec
MySQL [(none)]> save mysql variables to disk;
Query OK, 134 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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2.5 添加读写分离的路由规则
- 将 select 查询语句全部路由至 hostgroup_id=20的组(也就是读组)
- 但是 select * from tb for update 这样的语句是会修改数据的，所以需要单独定义，将它路由至 hostgroup_id=10的组(也就是写组)
- 其他没有被规则匹配到的组将会被路由至用户默认的组(mysql_users 表中的 default_hostgroup)
MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(1,1,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$',10,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(30,1,'^SELECT',20,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(2,1,"^SHOW",20,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply from mysql_query_rules; +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+ | rule_id | active | match_digest | destination_hostgroup | apply | +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+ | 1 | 1 | ^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$ | 10 | 1 | | 2 | 1 | ^SHOW | 20 | 1 | | 30 | 1 | ^SELECT | 20 | 1 | +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> load mysql query rules to run; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> save mysql query rules to disk; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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2.6 验证读写分离
2.6.1 登录 proxysql 客户端
登录用户是刚才我们在 mysql_user 表中创建的用户，端口为6033
[root@proxysql ~]# mysql -uproxysql -p123456@qwq -h127.0.0.1 -P6033 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 5 Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | school | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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2.6.2 修改数据库和查询
//创建两个数据库 MySQL [(none)]> create database teacher; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create database sprite; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) //查询数据库创建成功没 MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | school | | sprite | | teacher | | test | +--------------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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2.6.3 验证读写分离是否成功
MySQL [(none)]> select * from stats_mysql_query_digest\G *************************** 1. row *************************** hostgroup: 10 schemaname: information_schema username: proxysql client_address: digest: 0x7088F6EA1D547993 digest_text: create database sprite count_star: 1 first_seen: 1597436113 last_seen: 1597436113 sum_time: 10000967 min_time: 10000967 max_time: 10000967 sum_rows_affected: 0 sum_rows_sent: 0 *************************** 2. row *************************** hostgroup: 10 schemaname: information_schema username: proxysql client_address: digest: 0x7A58004EB07C2DC9 digest_text: create database teacher count_star: 1 first_seen: 1597435469 last_seen: 1597435469 sum_time: 10001950 min_time: 10001950 max_time: 10001950 sum_rows_affected: 0 sum_rows_sent: 0 *************************** 3. row *************************** hostgroup: 20 schemaname: information_schema username: proxysql client_address: digest: 0xFC83CD3FFE618224 digest_text: select @@Version count_star: 1 first_seen: 1597435251 last_seen: 1597435251 sum_time: 2283 min_time: 2283 max_time: 2283 sum_rows_affected: 0 sum_rows_sent: 1 *************************** 4. row *************************** hostgroup: 20 schemaname: information_schema username: proxysql client_address: digest: 0x02033E45904D3DF0 digest_text: show databases count_star: 1 first_seen: 1597436069 last_seen: 1597436069 sum_time: 864 min_time: 864 max_time: 864 sum_rows_affected: 0 sum_rows_sent: 6 *************************** 5. row *************************** hostgroup: 1 schemaname: information_schema username: proxysql client_address: digest: 0x02033E45904D3DF0 digest_text: show databases count_star: 6 first_seen: 1597435164 last_seen: 1597435640 sum_time: 60006449 min_time: 10000188 max_time: 10001719 sum_rows_affected: 0 sum_rows_sent: 0 *************************** 6. row *************************** hostgroup: 1 schemaname: information_schema username: proxysql client_address: digest: 0xD98E7BF9DDFEA113 digest_text: KILL ? count_star: 2 first_seen: 1597435617 last_seen: 1597435622 sum_time: 0 min_time: 0 max_time: 0 sum_rows_affected: 0 sum_rows_sent: 0
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至此，读写分离成功！！！
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