Ubuntu18.04上Flask的部署流程_ubuntu上flask + nginx

Ubuntu18.04+Flask+Nginx+Uwsgi+MySQL

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1.系统环境说明

• Ubuntu 18.04
• Python 3.9
• MySQL 5.6

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2.创建Python环境

2.1 升级系统自带Python版本

1. 可以使用以下命令查看系统自带Python版本:

python -V
python3 -V
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2. 安装Python 3.9，bash中输入python并按两下Tab键可以看到所有Python版本。

sudo apt update
sudo apt install software-properties-common -y
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
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sudo apt update
sudo apt install python3.9 -y
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3. 将Python 3.9设为默认版本

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.6 1
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.9 2
sudo update-alternatives --config python3
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  运行上面的指令结果如下：

There are 2 choices for the alternative python3 (providing /usr/bin/python3).

  Selection    Path                Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/bin/python3.9   2         auto mode
  1            /usr/bin/python3.6   1         manual mode
  2            /usr/bin/python3.9   2         manual mode
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4. 安装pip:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install python3-pip -y
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sudo apt install python3.9-venv -y
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  使用pip3 -V查看是否安装成功。

2.2 创建vitualenv虚拟环境

1. 安装vitualenv：

sudo apt-get install python-virtualenv -y
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2. 创建虚拟环境:

mkdir env
cd env
virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3.9 py39env
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3. 将虚拟环境设为自启动

sudo vim ~/.bashrc
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# 在~/.bashrc末尾添加
source /root/env/py39env/bin/activate
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source ~/.bashrc
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  虚拟环境激活后bash前面有（py39env）标示，后面内容都在该环境下进行。

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3.安装与配置uwsgi

3.1 离线安装uwsgi

1. 安装：

sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev -y
sudo apt-get install python3.9-dev -y
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cd ~
mkdir uwsgi
cd uwsgi
wget http://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-latest.tar.gz
tar -zxvf uwsgi-latest.tar.gz
cd uwsgi-2.0.20/
sudo python3 uwsgiconfig.py --build
make
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2. 将uwsgi设为全局命令

sudo ln -s /root/uwsgi/uwsgi-2.0.20/uwsgi /usr/bin/uwsgi
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  测试：

cd ~
uwsgi
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  如果安装成功则结果如下：

*** Starting uWSGI 2.0.20 (64bit) on [Thu Jun 16 10:28:37 2022] ***
compiled with version: 7.5.0 on 16 June 2022 07:26:14
os: Linux-4.4.0 #1 SMP Tue Aug 25 11:59:26 MSK 2020
nodename: 158t.c.hostens.cloud
machine: x86_64
clock source: unix
detected number of CPU cores: 1
current working directory: /root
detected binary path: /root/uwsgi/uwsgi-2.0.20/uwsgi
!!! no internal routing support, rebuild with pcre support !!!
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) *** 
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI without its master process manager ***
your processes number limit is 62987
your memory page size is 4096 bytes
detected max file descriptor number: 1024
lock engine: pthread robust mutexes
thunder lock: disabled (you can enable it with --thunder-lock)
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) *** 
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) *** 
The -s/--socket option is missing and stdin is not a socket.
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3.2 部署项目(此处使用git)

1. 安装Git

sudo apt-get install git -y
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2. 下载项目:(并使用pip3安装项目所需第三方依赖)

git clone <你的项目地址>
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3.3 配置uwsgi

  进入项目根目录，创建uwsgi.ini文件：

vim uwsgi.ini
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  文件中输入以下内容后保存(注意删除其中的中文注释)：

[uwsgi]
#ip和端口要与Nginx配置文件一致
socket=127.0.0.1:5000 

#项目的根目录
chdir=<你的项目根目录>

#启动文件，注意这里是相对项目根目录的地址。
wsgi-file=<你的启动文件>

#启动文件实例的名称
callable=app 

processes=4 

threads=10

master=true

virtualenv=/root/env/py39env

#启用多线程
enable-threads=true

preload=true

lazy-apps=true

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4.安装和配置Nginx

4.1 安装Nginx

sudo apt-get install nginx -y
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4.2 配置Nginx

# 进入到nginx配置文件的目录
cd /etc/nginx
# 修改配置文件，注意先对nginx.conf进行备份
cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.bak
vim nginx.conf
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  需要找到或在http{}中添加server{}部分并修改，为了能修改项目根目录，还需要把开始的user值www-data改为root。配置文件可以通过nginx -t找到。

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx; #服务器外网的ip地址, 也可以是你的域名，或者两者都有，用空格隔开
    root         <与uwsgi中的项目根目录一致>;

    location / {
        include     uwsgi_params;
        uwsgi_pass      127.0.0.1:5000; #这里与uwsgi配置文件里的socket保持一致
    }
}
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  使用nginx -t检查是否有问题，尝试启动nginx。(启动报错请先执行关闭再启动。)

nginx #启动nginx
pkill -9 nginx #关闭nginx服务
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4.3 打开80端口

1. 安装ufw

sudo apt-get install ufw
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2. 打开端口

ufw enable
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ufw allow 80
ufw allow 22 #记得开放SSH端口
ufw reload
ufw status
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5.安装与配置MySQL

5.1 安装MySQL

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mysql-server -y
sudo apt-get install mysql-client -y
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5.2 配置MySQL

1. 初始化配置

sudo mysql_secure_installation
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  配置时推荐选项(参考https://blog.csdn.net/weixx3/article/details/80782479):

#1
VALIDATE PASSWORD PLUGIN can be used to test passwords...
Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No: N (我的选项)

#2
Please set the password for root here...
New password: (输入密码)
Re-enter new password: (重复输入)

#3
By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user,
allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have
a user account created for them...
Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : N (我的选项)

#4
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from
'localhost'. This ensures that someone cannot guess at
the root password from the network...
Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y (我的选项)

#5
By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that
anyone can access...
Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : N (我的选项)

#6
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes
made so far will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y (我的选项)
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  检查MySQL服务运行状态用systemctl status mysql.service指令。

2. 配置远程访问

vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf
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# 将bind-address改为0.0.0.0
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
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3. 允许root用户被访问

  输入mysql -u root -p后进入mysql,再依次输入：

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY "<你的密码>";
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use mysql;
update user set host = '%' where user = 'root';
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  如果还存在问题可以参考https://blog.csdn.net/weixx3/article/details/80782479和https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46765649/article/details/123754890

4. 修改MySQL的编码格式为utf-8：

sudo vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf
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  在[mysqld]下增加：

character-set-server=utf8
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  然后：

sudo vi /etc/mysql/conf.d/mysql.cnf
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  在[mysql]下增加：

default-character-set=utf8
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  最后重启mysql：

/etc/init.d/mysql restart
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6.Flask配置

  Flask的依赖可通过pip3进行安装，需要使用export设置环境变量FLASK_APP，即export FLASK_APP=xxx.py。在启动之前需要创建数据库并初始化各表。

  为了能在后台运行，需要安装screen：

sudo apt-get install screen -y
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  使用指令创建后台bash如下：

screen -S <后台名称>
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  启动nginx后启动uwsgi:

pkill -9 nginx
pkill -9 uwsgi
nginx
uwsgi /root/<你的项目地址>/uwsgi.ini
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参考链接：
https://blog.csdn.net/xujianjun229/article/details/118500154
https://blog.csdn.net/G_D_L_Dupai/article/details/122498187
http://t.zoukankan.com/GavinSimons-p-10775293.html
https://blog.csdn.net/trium_KW/article/details/124849163
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/435731668
https://www.runoob.com/python3/python-uwsgi.html
https://blog.csdn.net/weixx3/article/details/80782479
https://blog.csdn.net/tanhuanzheng/article/details/108960426
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46765649/article/details/123754890
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_29761395/article/details/104076771
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_39808877/article/details/111010702
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38613380/article/details/111315277
https://www.likecs.com/show-203364581.html