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作者 | DefTruth 编辑 | 自动驾驶之心
原文链接:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/678903537
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前段时间参加了一些大模型的面试,大部分都要手撕CUDA,因此也整体复习了一遍CUDA优化相关的内容,整理了一些高频题的基本写法,保存在这里也便于日后自己复习。当然,有些代码不一定是最优化解,比如GEMM,想要在面试短短的30分钟内写一个好的GEMM Kernel,是有些难度的。印象比较深刻的是,其中有一场面试2个多小时,一个小时问项目,剩下一个小时在写GEMM,说实话,如果不是事先有准备过一些,直接上手写优化版还是会有点慌。就自己的经验而言,命中率还挺高(目前还没有遇到这些题目之外的),考虑深度优化的,一般也不会让你在面试短短几十分钟手撸出来。要是遇到有面试官让你手撸一个FlashAttention,那说明,你们实在是没有缘分,还是尽早好聚好散的好,或者提前结束面试,把时间省下来,出去吃顿烧烤也不错...,附GitHub链接:
https://github.com/DefTruth/cuda-learn-note
github.com/DefTruth/cuda-learn-note
TIPS: 文章整理为方便自己复习,不喜欢的请自动跳过哈。
相关kernel如下。也就是不到1000行代码,建议背下来,我个人是喜欢背记,背的过程中基本就慢慢理解所有细节。当然,每个人的学习方法都不一样哈,自己觉得舒服就行。
sgemm naive, sgemm + block-tile + k-tile + vec4
sgemv k32/k128/k16 kernel
warp/block reduce sum/max, block all reduce + vec4
dot product, dot product + vec4
elementwise, elementwise + vec4
histogram, histogram + vec4
softmax, softmax + vec4 (grid level memory fence)
sigmoid, sigmoid + vec4
relu, relu + vec4
layer_norm, layer_norm + vec4
rms_norm, rms_norm + vec4
....
题内话,大模型相关的岗位,手撕CUDA的概率非常大,leetcode反而写的少,就前段时间个人的经验,基本是4:1的比例,还是建议好好复习下CUDA。当然,这些只是最简单的kernel实现,比如flash_attn,FMHA这些优化手段,就不在这篇文章里写了,面试中基本都会问到。FlashAttention系列原理详解,可以看我写的另一篇文章:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <float.h>
- #include <vector>
- #include <algorithm>
- #include <cuda_runtime.h>
-
- #define WARP_SIZE 32
- #define INT4(value) (reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&(value))[0])
- #define FLOAT4(value) (reinterpret_cast<float4*>(&(value))[0])
-
- // SGEMM: Block Tile + K Tile, with smem
- // Block Tile (BM, BN) + K Tile (BK=32)
- // grid((N + BN - 1) / BN, (M + BM - 1) / BM), block(BN, BM)
- // a: MxK, b: KxN, c: MxN, compute: c = a * b, all row major
- __global__ void sgemm(float* a, float* b, float* c, int M, int N, int K) {
- // [1] Block Tile: 32x32的block处理c上一块32x32的元素计算
- // [2] K Tile: 使用共享内存,并将K分块为BK大小的块
- constexpr int BM = 32;
- constexpr int BN = 32;
- constexpr int BK = 32;
- __shared__ float s_a[BM][BK], s_b[BK][BN];
-
- int bx = blockIdx.x;
- int by = blockIdx.y;
- int tx = threadIdx.x;
- int ty = threadIdx.y;
- int tid = threadIdx.y * blockDim.x + tx; // tid within the block
- // load values to shared memory, 32x32 threads working together
- // to fetch data along the row direction of a and b both for s_a
- // and s_b 32x32x4x2=8KB, we use 32x32 threads within block to
- // load 32x32 elements from global memory to shared memory, namely,
- // each thread will load 1 element.
- int load_smem_a_m = tid / 32; // 0~31, tid / 32, tid / BM, threadIdx.y
- int load_smem_a_k = tid % 32; // 0~31, tid % 32, tid % BK, threadIdx.x
- int load_smem_b_k = tid / 32; // 0~31, tid / 32, tid / BK, threadIdx.y
- int load_smem_b_n = tid % 32; // 0~31, tid % 32, tid % BN, threadIdx.x
- int load_gmem_a_m = by * BM + load_smem_a_m; // global row of a and c
- int load_gmem_b_n = bx * BN + load_smem_b_n; // global col of b and c
- // if (load_gmem_a_m >= M || load_gmem_b_n >= N) return;
-
- float sum = 0.f;
- for (int bk = 0; bk < (K + BK - 1) / BK; ++bk) {
- int load_gmem_a_k = bk * BK + load_smem_a_k;
- int load_gmem_a_addr = load_gmem_a_m * K + load_gmem_a_k;
- s_a[load_smem_a_m][load_smem_a_k] = a[load_gmem_a_addr];
- int load_gmem_b_k = bk * BK + load_smem_b_k;
- int load_gmem_b_addr = load_gmem_b_k * N + load_gmem_b_n;
- s_b[load_smem_b_k][load_smem_b_n] = b[load_gmem_b_addr];
- __syncthreads();
- #pragma unroll
- for (int k = 0; k < BK; ++k) {
- int comp_smem_a_m = load_smem_a_m;
- int comp_smem_b_n = load_smem_b_n;
- sum += s_a[comp_smem_a_m][k] * s_b[k][comp_smem_b_n];
- }
- __syncthreads();
- }
- int store_gmem_c_m = load_gmem_a_m;
- int store_gmem_c_n = load_gmem_b_n;
- int store_gmem_c_addr = store_gmem_c_m * N + store_gmem_c_n;
- c[store_gmem_c_addr] = sum;
- }
-
- // SGEMM: Block Tile + Thread Tile + K Tile + Vec4, with smem
- // BK:TILE_K=8 BM=BN=128
- // TM=TN=8 增加计算密度 BM/TM=16 BN/TN=16
- // dim3 blockDim(BN/TN, BM/TM);
- // dim3 gridDim((N + BN - 1) / BN, (M + BM - 1) / BM)
- __global__ void sgemm_thread_tile_vec4(
- float* a, float* b, float* c, int M, int N, int K) {
- // [1] Block Tile: 一个16x16的block处理C上大小为128X128的一个目标块
- // [2] Thread Tile: 每个thread负责计算TM*TN(8*8)个元素,增加计算密度
- // [3] K Tile: 将K分块,每块BK大小,迭代(K+BK-1/BK)次,
- // 每次计算TM*TN个元素各自的部分乘累加
- // [4] Vectorize: 减少load和store指令,使用float4
- constexpr int BM = 128;
- constexpr int BN = 128;
- constexpr int BK = 8;
- constexpr int TM = 8;
- constexpr int TN = 8;
-
- int bx = blockIdx.x;
- int by = blockIdx.y;
- int tx = threadIdx.x;
- int ty = threadIdx.y;
- int tid = threadIdx.y * blockDim.x + tx; // tid within the block
- __shared__ float s_a[BM][BK], s_b[BK][BN]; // 2*128*8*4=8KB
-
- // 0. 先计算shared memory中的索引
- // tid和需要加载的smem s_a[BM][BK] 之间的索引关系 BM=128 BK=8 按行读取 A行主序
- // 对于s_a每行8个数据,每个线程读取4个,需要2个线程;总共128行,需要128x2刚好256线程
- int load_smem_a_m = tid / 2; // tid/2 (128/8)*(128/8)=256 threads per block, tid/2->[0,128), BM=128 0~127
- int load_smem_a_k = (tid % 2 == 0) ? 0 : 4; // (tid%2 == 0) ? 0 : 4, col of s_a 0,4
- // tid和需要加载的smem s_b[BK][BN] 之间的索引关系 BK=8 BN=128 按行读取 B行主序
- // 对于s_b每行128个数据,每个线程读4个数据,需要32个线程;总共8行,需要32x8=256个线程
- int load_smem_b_k = tid / 32; // tid/32, row of s_b 256/32=8 行 0~7
- int load_smem_b_n = (tid % 32) * 4; // (tid % 32) * 4, col of s_b 0,4,...,124
- // 1. 再计算全局内存中的索引
- // 要加载到s_a中的元素对应到A全局内存中的行数 每个block负责出C中大小为BM*BN的块
- int load_gmem_a_m = by * BM + load_smem_a_m; // global row of a and c
- int load_gmem_b_n = bx * BN + load_smem_b_n; // global col of b and c
-
- float r_c[TM][TN] = {0.0}; // 8x8
- // 2. 先对K进行分块,每块BK大小
- for (int bk = 0; bk < (K + BK - 1) / BK; ++bk) {
- // 加载数据到共享内存smem s_a BM*BK 128*8 vectorize float4
- int load_gmem_a_k = bk * BK + load_smem_a_k; // global col of a
- int load_gmem_a_addr = load_gmem_a_m * K + load_gmem_a_k;
- FLOAT4(s_a[load_smem_a_m][load_smem_a_k]) = FLOAT4(a[load_gmem_a_addr]);
- // 加载数据到共享内存smem s_b BK*BN 8*128 vectorize float4
- int load_gmem_b_k = bk * BK + load_smem_b_k; // global row of b
- int load_gmem_b_addr = load_gmem_b_k * N + load_gmem_b_n;
- FLOAT4(s_b[load_smem_b_k][load_smem_b_n]) = FLOAT4(b[load_gmem_b_addr]);
- __syncthreads();
- #pragma unroll
- for (int k = 0; k < BK; k++) {
- // 3. 每个线程负责计算BM*BN(12x128)中的TM*TN(8x8)个元素
- #pragma unroll
- for (int m = 0; m < TM; m++) {
- #pragma unroll
- for (int n = 0; n < TN; n++) {
- // k from 0~7,0 ~ BK, ty and tx range from 0 to 15, 16x8=128
- int comp_smem_a_m = ty * TM + m; // 128*8 128/TM(8)=16 M方向 16线程
- int comp_smem_b_n = tx * TN + n; // 8*128 128/TN(8)=16 N方向 16线程
- r_c[m][n] += s_a[comp_smem_a_m][k] * s_b[k][comp_smem_b_n];
- }
- }
- }
- __syncthreads();
- }
-
- #pragma unroll
- for (int m = 0; m < TM; ++m) {
- int store_gmem_c_m = by * BM + ty * TM + m;
- #pragma unroll
- for (int n = 0; n < TN; n += 4) {
- int store_gmem_c_n = bx * BN + tx * TN + n;
- int store_gmem_c_addr = store_gmem_c_m * N + store_gmem_c_n;
- FLOAT4(c[store_gmem_c_addr]) = FLOAT4(r_c[m][n]);
- }
- }
- }
这里gemm的实现比较简单,只使用了CUDA Cores,并且只实现Block Tile + K Tile以及Block Tile + K Tile+Thread Tile+向量化的版本。主要在于如何加载gmem中的数据到smem,也就是把全局内存中的数据索引mapping到共享内存中的。核心思维:把一个block中的线程id按照线性来理解,然后把这个线性的id和全局内存索引以及共享内存索引进行匹配。比如Block Tile + K Tile的实现,block内一共32x32个Threads,需要加载到smem的数据也是32x32,那么,最简单的做法,只需要每个线程加载一个互不重复数据即可。NOTE,本文的gemm kernel修改自:紫气东来:CUDA(三):通用矩阵乘法:从入门到熟练
- // Warp Reduce Sum
- template<const int kWarpSize = WARP_SIZE>
- __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {
- #pragma unroll
- for (int mask = kWarpSize >> 1; mask >= 1; mask >>= 1) {
- val += __shfl_xor_sync(0xffffffff, val, mask);
- }
- return val;
- }
-
- // Warp Reduce Max
- template<const int kWarpSize = WARP_SIZE>
- __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_max(float val) {
- #pragma unroll
- for (int mask = kWarpSize >> 1; mask >= 1; mask >>= 1) {
- val = fmaxf(val, __shfl_xor_sync(0xffffffff, val, mask));
- }
- return val;
- }
-
- // Block reduce sum/max/min device helper for Layer/RMS Norm/Softmax etc.
- // grid 1D block 1D, grid(N/128), block(128)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS=128>
- __device__ __forceinline__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {
- // always <= 32 warps per block (limited by 1024 threads per block)
- constexpr int NUM_WARPS = (NUM_THREADS + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- int warp = threadIdx.x / WARP_SIZE;
- int lane = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;
- static __shared__ float shared[NUM_WARPS];
-
- val = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(val);
- if (lane == 0) shared[warp] = val;
- __syncthreads();
- val = (lane < NUM_WARPS) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;
- val = warp_reduce_sum<NUM_WARPS>(val);
- return val;
- }
-
- template<const int NUM_THREADS=128>
- __device__ __forceinline__ float block_reduce_max(float val) {
- // always <= 32 warps per block (limited by 1024 threads per block)
- constexpr int NUM_WARPS = (NUM_THREADS + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- int warp = threadIdx.x / WARP_SIZE;
- int lane = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;
- static __shared__ float shared[NUM_WARPS];
-
- val = warp_reduce_max<WARP_SIZE>(val);
- if (lane == 0) shared[warp] = val;
- __syncthreads();
- val = (lane < NUM_WARPS) ? shared[lane] : -FLT_MAX;
- val = warp_reduce_max<NUM_WARPS>(val);
- return val;
- }
warp reduce几乎已经成为大部分reduce kernel的标准写法了,比如vLLM中,就是这种经典的写法。所以,先搞懂warp reduce(也就是搞懂各种warp functions的用法),再去写其他kernel,思路就会容易很多。需要注意的是,warp函数处理的是寄存器上的数据,也就是说,此时,没必要先加载数据到smem,再进行reduce,直接加载到寄存器即可(以前犯过这个小错误...)。Warp Functions建议参考:jhang:CUDA编程入门之Warp-Level Primitives
- // Block All Reduce Sum
- // grid(N/128), block(128)
- // a: Nx1, y=sum(a)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS = 128>
- __global__ void block_all_reduce_sum(float* a, float* y, int N) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x;
- int idx = blockIdx.x * NUM_THREADS + tid;
- constexpr int NUM_WARPS = (NUM_THREADS + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- __shared__ float reduce_smem[NUM_WARPS];
- // keep the data in register is enougth for warp operaion.
- float sum = (idx < N) ? a[idx] : 0.0f;
- int warp = tid / WARP_SIZE;
- int lane = tid % WARP_SIZE;
- // perform warp sync reduce.
- sum = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(sum);
- // warp leaders store the data to shared memory.
- if (lane == 0) reduce_smem[warp] = sum;
- __syncthreads(); // make sure the data is in shared memory.
- // the first warp compute the final sum.
- sum = (lane < NUM_WARPS) ? reduce_smem[lane] : 0.0f;
- if (warp == 0) sum = warp_reduce_sum<NUM_WARPS>(sum);
- if (tid == 0) atomicAdd(y, sum);
- }
-
- // Block All Reduce Sum + float4
- // grid(N/128), block(128/4)
- // a: Nx1, y=sum(a)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS = 128/4>
- __global__ void block_all_reduce_sum_vec4(float* a, float* y, int N) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x;
- int idx = (blockIdx.x * NUM_THREADS + tid) * 4;
- constexpr int NUM_WARPS = (NUM_THREADS + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- __shared__ float reduce_smem[NUM_WARPS];
-
- float4 reg_a = FLOAT4(a[idx]);
- // keep the data in register is enougth for warp operaion.
- float sum = (idx < N) ? (reg_a.x + reg_a.y + reg_a.z + reg_a.w) : 0.0f;
- int warp = tid / WARP_SIZE;
- int lane = tid % WARP_SIZE;
- // perform warp sync reduce.
- sum = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(sum);
- // warp leaders store the data to shared memory.
- if (lane == 0) reduce_smem[warp] = sum;
- __syncthreads(); // make sure the data is in shared memory.
- // the first warp compute the final sum.
- sum = (lane < NUM_WARPS) ? reduce_smem[lane] : 0.0f;
- if (warp == 0) sum = warp_reduce_sum<NUM_WARPS>(sum);
- if (tid == 0) atomicAdd(y, sum);
- }
block all reduce是在warp reduce的基础上进行的,reduce_smem这部分的共享内存申请无法避免,这是用来同步每个warp之间得到局部结果。注意,最后,还需要atomicAdd做一个block级别的原子操作,以得到全局的和。float4向量化优化访存,可以减缓WarpScheduler发送指令的压力。
- // SGEMV: Warp SGEMV K32
- // 假设K为32的倍数,每个warp负责一行
- // grid(M/4), block(32,4) blockDim.x=32=K, blockDim.y=4
- // a: MxK, x: Kx1, y: Mx1, compute: y = a * x
- __global__ void sgemv_k32(float* a, float* x, float* y, int M, int K) {
- int tx = threadIdx.x; // 0~31
- int ty = threadIdx.y; // 0~4
- int bx = blockIdx.x; // 0~M/4
- int lane = tx % WARP_SIZE; // 0~31
- int m = bx * blockDim.y + ty; // (0~M/4) * 4 + (0~3)
- if (m < M) {
- float sum = 0.0f;
- int NUM_WARPS = (K + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- #pragma unroll
- for (int w = 0; w < NUM_WARPS; ++w) {
- // 若NUM_WARPS>=2,先将当前行的数据累加到第一个warp中
- int k = w * WARP_SIZE + lane;
- sum += a[m * K + k] * x[k];
- }
- sum = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(sum);
- if (lane == 0) y[m] = sum;
- }
- }
-
- // SGEMV: Warp SGEMV K128 + Vec4
- // 假设K为128的倍数 float4
- // grid(M/4), block(32,4) blockDim.x=32=K, blockDim.y=4
- // a: MxK, x: Kx1, y: Mx1, compute: y = a * x
- __global__ void sgemv_k128(float* a, float* x, float* y, int M, int K) {
- // 每个线程负责4个元素,一个warp覆盖128个元素
- int tx = threadIdx.x; // 0~31
- int ty = threadIdx.y; // 0~3
- int bx = blockIdx.x; // 0~M/4
- int lane = tx % WARP_SIZE; // 0~31
- int m = blockDim.y * bx + ty; // (0~M/4) * 4 + (0~3)
-
- if (m < M) {
- float sum = 0.0f;
- // process 4*WARP_SIZE elements per warp.
- int NUM_WARPS = (((K + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE) + 4 - 1) / 4;
- #pragma unroll
- for (int w = 0; w < NUM_WARPS; ++w) {
- int k = (w * WARP_SIZE + lane) * 4;
- float4 reg_x = FLOAT4(x[k]);
- float4 reg_a = FLOAT4(a[m * K + k]);
- sum += (reg_a.x * reg_x.x + reg_a.y * reg_x.y
- + reg_a.z * reg_x.z + reg_a.w * reg_x.w);
- }
- sum = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(sum);
- if(lane == 0) y[m] = sum;
- }
- }
-
- // SGEMV: Warp SGEMV K16
- // 假设K为16 < 32,每个warp负责2行,每行有16个元素
- // NUM_THREADS=128, NUM_WARPS=NUM_THREADS/WARP_SIZE;
- // NUM_ROWS=NUM_WARPS * ROW_PER_WARP, grid(M/NUM_ROWS), block(32,NUM_WARPS)
- // a: MxK, x: Kx1, y: Mx1, compute: y = a * x
- template<const int ROW_PER_WARP = 2>
- __global__ void sgemv_k16(float* A, float* x, float* y, int M, int K) {
- constexpr int K_WARP_SIZE = (WARP_SIZE + ROW_PER_WARP - 1) / ROW_PER_WARP;
- int tx = threadIdx.x; // 0~31
- int ty = threadIdx.y; // 0~NUM_WARPS
- int bx = blockIdx.x; // 0~M/NUM_ROWS (NUM_ROWS=NUM_WARPS * ROW_PER_WARP)
- int lane = tx % WARP_SIZE; // 0~31
- int k = lane % K_WARP_SIZE; // 0~15
- // gloabl row of a: MxK and y:Mx1, blockDim.y=NUM_WARPS
- int m = (blockDim.y * bx + ty) * ROW_PER_WARP + lane / K_WARP_SIZE;
- if (m < M) {
- float sum = A[m * K + k] * x[k];
- sum = warp_reduce_sum<K_WARP_SIZE>(sum);
- // 注意是k == 0,而不是lane == 0
- if(k == 0) y[m] = sum;
- }
- }
估计有些大佬倒立都能写sgemv的各种优化版了,核心思路其实也是基于warp reduce,考虑K的不同情况进行优化。本文的sgemv kernel修改自:有了琦琦的棍子:深入浅出GPU优化系列:gemv优化
- // Dot Product
- // grid(N/128), block(128)
- // a: Nx1, b: Nx1, y=sum(elementwise_mul(a,b))
- template<const int NUM_THREADS = 128>
- __global__ void dot(float* a, float* b, float* y, int N) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x;
- int idx = blockIdx.x * NUM_THREADS + tid;
- constexpr int NUM_WARPS = (NUM_THREADS + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- __shared__ float reduce_smem[NUM_WARPS];
-
- // keep the data in register is enougth for warp operaion.
- float prod = (idx < N) ? a[idx] * b[idx] : 0.0f;
- int warp = tid / WARP_SIZE;
- int lane = tid % WARP_SIZE;
- // perform warp sync reduce.
- prod = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(prod);
- // warp leaders store the data to shared memory.
- if (lane == 0) reduce_smem[warp] = prod;
- __syncthreads(); // make sure the data is in shared memory.
- // the first warp compute the final sum.
- prod = (lane < NUM_WARPS) ? reduce_smem[lane] : 0.0f;
- if (warp == 0) prod = warp_reduce_sum<NUM_WARPS>(prod);
- if (tid == 0) atomicAdd(y, prod);
- }
-
- // Dot Product + Vec4
- // grid(N/128), block(128/4)
- // a: Nx1, b: Nx1, y=sum(elementwise_mul(a,b))
- template<const int NUM_THREADS = 128/4>
- __global__ void dot_vec4(float* a, float* b, float* y, int N) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x;
- int idx = (blockIdx.x * NUM_THREADS + tid) * 4;
- constexpr int NUM_WARPS = (NUM_THREADS + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- __shared__ float reduce_smem[NUM_WARPS];
-
- float4 reg_a = FLOAT4(a[idx]);
- float4 reg_b = FLOAT4(b[idx]);
- float prod = (idx < N) ? (reg_a.x * reg_b.x + reg_a.y * reg_b.y
- + reg_a.z * reg_b.z + reg_a.w * reg_b.w) : 0.0f;
- int warp = tid / WARP_SIZE;
- int lane = tid % WARP_SIZE;
- // perform warp sync reduce.
- prod = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(prod);
- // warp leaders store the data to shared memory.
- if (lane == 0) reduce_smem[warp] = prod;
- __syncthreads(); // make sure the data is in shared memory.
- // the first warp compute the final sum.
- prod = (lane < NUM_WARPS) ? reduce_smem[lane] : 0.0f;
- if (warp == 0) prod = warp_reduce_sum<NUM_WARPS>(prod);
- if (tid == 0) atomicAdd(y, prod);
- }
dot product kernel的核心就是block reduce,不多说了。
- // ElementWise Add
- // grid(N/128), block(128)
- // a: Nx1, b: Nx1, c: Nx1, c = elementwise_add(a, b)
- __global__ void elementwise_add(float* a, float* b, float* c, int N) {
- int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
- if (idx < N) c[idx] = a[idx] + b[idx];
- }
-
- // ElementWise Add + Vec4
- // grid(N/128), block(128/4)
- // a: Nx1, b: Nx1, c: Nx1, c = elementwise_add(a, b)
- __global__ void elementwise_add_vec4(float* a, float* b, float* c, int N) {
- int idx = 4 * (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x);
- if (idx < N) {
- float4 reg_a = FLOAT4(a[idx]);
- float4 reg_b = FLOAT4(b[idx]);
- float4 reg_c;
- reg_c.x = reg_a.x + reg_b.x;
- reg_c.y = reg_a.y + reg_b.y;
- reg_c.z = reg_a.z + reg_b.z;
- reg_c.w = reg_a.w + reg_b.w;
- FLOAT4(c[idx]) = reg_c;
- }
- }
elementwise可以考虑加点向量化进行访存优化。
- // Histogram
- // grid(N/128), block(128)
- // a: Nx1, y: count histogram
- __global__ void histogram(int* a, int* y, int N) {
- int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
- if (idx < N) atomicAdd(&(y[a[idx]]), 1);
- }
-
- // Histogram + Vec4
- // grid(N/128), block(128/4)
- // a: Nx1, y: count histogram
- __global__ void histogram_vec4(int* a, int* y, int N) {
- int idx = 4 * (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x);
- if (idx < N) {
- int4 reg_a = INT4(a[idx]);
- atomicAdd(&(y[reg_a.x]), 1);
- atomicAdd(&(y[reg_a.y]), 1);
- atomicAdd(&(y[reg_a.z]), 1);
- atomicAdd(&(y[reg_a.w]), 1);
- }
- }
统计频数直方图,很简单,两行代码搞定。
- // Softmax x: N, y: N
- // grid(N/128), block(K=128)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS = 128>
- __global__ void softmax(float* x, float* y, float* total, int N) {
- const int tid = threadIdx.x;
- const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + tid;
- constexpr int NUM_WARPS = (NUM_THREADS + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE;
- __shared__ float reduce_smem[NUM_WARPS];
-
- float sum = (idx < N) ? expf(x[idx]) : 0.0f;
- int warp = tid / WARP_SIZE;
- int lane = tid % WARP_SIZE;
- sum = warp_reduce_sum<WARP_SIZE>(sum);
- if (lane == 0) reduce_smem[warp] = sum;
- __syncthreads();
- // compute the final sum in each warp
- sum = (lane < NUM_WARPS) ? reduce_smem[lane] : 0.0f;
- sum = warp_reduce_sum<NUM_WARPS>(sum); // sum(e^x_0,...,e^x_n-1)
- // get the total sum of all blocks.
- if (tid == 0) atomicAdd(total, sum);
- __threadfence(); // grid level memory fence 注意这里需要网格级别的内存同步
- // e^x_i/sum(e^x_0,...,e^x_n-1)
- if (idx < N) y[idx] = block_smem[tid] / (*total);
- }
-
- // Softmax x: N, y: N
- // grid(N/128), block(K=128)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS = 128>
- __global__ void softmax_v2(float* x, float* y, float* total, int N) {
- const int tid = threadIdx.x;
- const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + tid;
-
- float exp_val = (idx < N) ? expf(x[idx]) : 0.0f;
- float sum = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(exp_val);
- // get the total sum of all blocks.
- if (tid == 0) atomicAdd(total, sum);
- __threadfence(); // grid level memory fence 注意这里需要网格级别的内存同步
- // e^x_i/sum(e^x_0,...,e^x_n-1)
- if (idx < N) y[idx] = exp_val / (*total);
- }
-
- // Softmax Vec4 x: N, y: N
- // grid(N/128), block(128/4)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS = 128/4>
- __global__ void softmax_v2_vec4(float* x, float* y, float* total, int N) {
- const int tid = threadIdx.x;
- const int idx = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + tid) * 4;
-
- float4 reg_x = FLOAT4(x[idx]);
- float4 reg_exp;
- reg_exp.x = (idx < N) ? expf(reg_x.x) : 0.0f;
- reg_exp.y = (idx < N) ? expf(reg_x.y) : 0.0f;
- reg_exp.z = (idx < N) ? expf(reg_x.z) : 0.0f;
- reg_exp.w = (idx < N) ? expf(reg_x.w) : 0.0f;
- float exp_val = (reg_exp.x + reg_exp.y + reg_exp.z + reg_exp.w);
- float sum = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(exp_val);
- // get the total sum of all blocks.
- if (tid == 0) atomicAdd(total, sum);
- __threadfence(); // grid level memory fence 注意这里需要网格级别的内存同步
- // e^x_i/sum(e^x_0,...,e^x_n-1)
- if (idx < N) {
- float4 reg_y;
- reg_y.x = reg_exp.x / (*total);
- reg_y.y = reg_exp.y / (*total);
- reg_y.z = reg_exp.z / (*total);
- reg_y.w = reg_exp.w / (*total);
- FLOAT4(y[idx]) = reg_y;
- }
- }
softmax稍微要注意的就是内存同步的问题,这里,你需要做一个网格级别的同步,而不能仅仅是block级别,否则拿不到全局的exp sum作为分母项。因此使用 __threadfence
这个网格及内存同步操作。不过效率我还没测过,实在要高效的话,可能得整成FA2那样的 1-pass + online softmax的实现。不过,如果是面试的话,就不要太为难自己了... ,但是FA1/FA2的论文很经典,强烈建议多读几遍。
- // Sigmoid x: N, y: N y=1/(1+exp(-x))
- // grid(N/128), block(K=128)
- __global__ void sigmoid(float* x, float* y, int N) {
- int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
- if (idx < N) y[idx] = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-x[idx]));
- }
-
- // Sigmoid x: N, y: N y=1/(1+exp(-x)) Vec4
- // grid(N/128), block(128/4)
- __global__ void sigmoid_vec4(float* x, float* y, int N) {
- int idx = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;
- if (idx < N) {
- float4 reg_x = FLOAT4(x[idx]);
- float4 reg_y;
- reg_y.x = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-reg_x.x));
- reg_y.y = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-reg_x.y));
- reg_y.z = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-reg_x.z));
- reg_y.w = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-reg_x.w));
- FLOAT4(y[idx]) = reg_y;
- }
- }
- // Relu x: N, y: N y=max(0,x)
- // grid(N/128), block(K=128)
- __global__ void relu(float* x, float* y, int N) {
- int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
- if (idx < N) y[idx] = fmaxf(0.0f, x[idx]);
- }
-
- // Relu x: N, y: N y=max(0,x) Vec4
- // grid(N/128/4), block(128/4)
- __global__ void relu_vec4(float* x, float* y, int N) {
- int idx = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;
- if (idx < N) {
- float4 reg_x = FLOAT4(x[idx]);
- float4 reg_y;
- reg_y.x = fmaxf(0.0f, reg_x.x);
- reg_y.y = fmaxf(0.0f, reg_x.y);
- reg_y.z = fmaxf(0.0f, reg_x.z);
- reg_y.w = fmaxf(0.0f, reg_x.w);
- FLOAT4(y[idx]) = reg_y;
- }
- }
- // Layer Norm: x: NxK(K=128<1024), y': NxK, y'=x-mean(x)/std(x) each row
- // mean(x) = sum(x)/K, 1/std(x) = rsqrtf( sum( (x-mean(x))^2 )/K ) each row
- // grid(N*K/K), block(K<1024) N=batch_size*seq_len, K=hidden_size
- // y=y'*g + b (g: scale, b: bias)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS=128>
- __global__ void layer_norm(float* x, float* y, float g, float b, int N, int K) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x; // 0..K-1
- int bid = blockIdx.x; // 0..N-1
- int idx = bid * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
- const float epsilon = 1e-5f;
-
- __shared__ float s_mean; // shared within block
- __shared__ float s_variance; // shared within block
- float value = (idx < N * K) ? x[idx] : 0.0f; // load once only
- float sum = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(value);
- if (tid == 0) s_mean = sum / (float) K;
- // wait for s_mean in shared memory to be ready for all threads
- __syncthreads();
- float variance = (value - s_mean) * (value - s_mean);
- variance = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(variance);
- if (tid == 0) s_variance = rsqrtf(variance / (float) K + epsilon);
- // wait for s_variance in shared memory to be ready for all threads
- __syncthreads();
- if (idx < N * K) y[idx] = ((value - s_mean) * s_variance) * g + b;
- }
-
- // Layer Norm Vec4: x: NxK(K=128<1024), y': NxK, y'=x-mean(x)/std(x) each row
- // mean(x) = sum(x)/K, 1/std(x) = rsqrtf( sum( (x-mean(x))^2 )/K ) each row
- // grid(N*K/K), block(K/4<1024) N=batch_size*seq_len, K=hidden_size
- // y=y'*g + b (g: scale, b: bias)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS=128/4>
- __global__ void layer_norm_vec4(float* x, float* y, float g, float b, int N, int K) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x; // 0..K-1
- int bid = blockIdx.x; // 0..N-1
- int idx = (bid * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;
- const float epsilon = 1e-5f;
-
- __shared__ float s_mean; // shared within block
- __shared__ float s_variance; // shared within block
- float4 reg_x = FLOAT4(x[idx])
- float value = (idx < N * K) ? (reg_x.x + reg_x.y
- + reg_x.z + reg_x.w) : 0.0f;
- float sum = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(value);
- if (tid == 0) s_mean = sum / (float) K;
- // wait for s_mean in shared memory to be ready for all threads
- __syncthreads();
- float4 reg_x_hat;
- reg_x_hat.x = reg_x.x - s_mean;
- reg_x_hat.y = reg_x.y - s_mean;
- reg_x_hat.z = reg_x.z - s_mean;
- reg_x_hat.w = reg_x.w - s_mean;
- float variance = reg_x_hat.x * reg_x_hat.x + reg_x_hat.y * reg_x_hat.y
- + reg_x_hat.z * reg_x_hat.z + reg_x_hat.w * reg_x_hat.w;
- variance = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(variance);
- if (tid == 0) s_variance = rsqrtf(variance / (float) K + epsilon);
- // wait for s_variance in shared memory to be ready for all threads
- __syncthreads();
- float4 reg_y;
- reg_y.x = reg_x_hat.x * s_variance * g + b;
- reg_y.y = reg_x_hat.y * s_variance * g + b;
- reg_y.z = reg_x_hat.z * s_variance * g + b;
- reg_y.w = reg_x_hat.w * s_variance * g + b;
- if (idx < N * K) FLOAT4(y[idx]) = reg_y;
- }
layer norm实现的核心同样也是block reduce和warp reduce,然后再整点向量化...
- // RMS Norm: x: NxK(K=128<1024), y': NxK, y'=x/rms(x) each row
- // 1/rms(x) = rsqrtf( sum(x^2)/K ) each row
- // grid(N*K/K), block(K<1024) N=batch_size*seq_len, K=hidden_size
- // y=y'*g (g: scale)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS=128>
- __global__ void rms_norm(float* x, float* y, float g, int N, int K) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x; // 0..K-1
- int bid = blockIdx.x; // 0..N-1
- int idx = bid * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
- const float epsilon = 1e-5f;
-
- __shared__ float s_variance; // shared within block
- float value = (idx < N * K) ? x[idx] : 0.0f; // load once only
- float variance = value * value;
- variance = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(variance);
- if (tid == 0) s_variance = rsqrtf(variance / (float) K + epsilon);
- // wait for s_variance in shared memory to be ready for all threads
- __syncthreads();
- if (idx < N * K) y[idx] = (value * s_variance) * g;
- }
-
- // RMS Norm Vec4: x: NxK(K=128<1024), y': NxK, y'=x/rms(x) each row
- // 1/rms(x) = rsqrtf( sum(x^2)/K ) each row
- // grid(N*K/K), block(K/4<1024) N=batch_size*seq_len, K=hidden_size
- // y=y'*g (g: scale)
- template<const int NUM_THREADS=128/4>
- __global__ void rms_norm_vec4(float* x, float* y, float g, int N, int K) {
- int tid = threadIdx.x; // 0..K-1
- int bid = blockIdx.x; // 0..N-1
- int idx = (bid * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;
- const float epsilon = 1e-5f;
-
- __shared__ float s_variance; // shared within block
- float4 reg_x = FLOAT4(x[idx]);
- float variance = (idx < N * K) ? (reg_x.x * reg_x.x + reg_x.y * reg_x.y
- + reg_x.z * reg_x.z + reg_x.w * reg_x.w) : 0.0f;
- variance = block_reduce_sum<NUM_THREADS>(variance);
- if (tid == 0) s_variance = rsqrtf(variance / (float) K + epsilon);
- // wait for s_variance in shared memory to be ready for all threads
- __syncthreads();
- float4 reg_y;
- reg_y.x = reg_x.x * s_variance * g;
- reg_y.y = reg_x.y * s_variance * g;
- reg_y.z = reg_x.z * s_variance * g;
- reg_y.w = reg_x.w * s_variance * g;
- if (idx < N * K) FLOAT4(y[idx]) = reg_y;
- }
rms norm实现的核心同样也是block reduce和warp reduce...,然后再加点float4向量化什么的。
- struct Box {
- float x1, y1, x2, y2, score;
- float area() const {return (std::abs(x2 - x1 + 1)) * std::abs(y2 - y1 + 1); }
- float iou_of(const Box& other) const{
- float inner_x1 = x1 > other.x1 ? x1 : other.x1;
- float inner_y1 = y1 > other.y1 ? y1 : other.y1;
- float inner_x2 = x2 < other.x2 ? x2 : other.x2;
- float inner_y2 = y2 < other.y2 ? y2 : other.y2;
- float inner_h = inner_y2 - inner_y1 + 1.0f;
- float inner_w = inner_x2 - inner_x1 + 1.0f;
- float inner_area = inner_h * inner_w;
- return (inner_area / (area() + tbox.area() - inner_area));
- }
- }
- void hard_nms(std::vector<Box> &input, std::vector<Box> &output, float iou_threshold){
- if (input.empty()) return;
- std::sort(input.begin(), input.end(),[](Box& a, Box& b) { return a.score > b.score; });
- int box_num = input.size();
- std::vector<int> merged(box_num, 0);
- for (int i = 0; i < box_num; ++i) {
- if (merged[i]) continue;
- merged[i] = 1;
- for (int j = i + 1; j < box_num; ++j) {
- if (merged[j]) continue;
- float iou = input[i].iou_of(input[j]);
- if (iou > iou_threshold) merged[j] = 1;
- }
- output.push_back(input[i]);
- }
- }
CV相关的经常会要手撕NMS,也记录下。
可以发现,大部分kernel的基本写法都是依赖warp reduce和block reduce的,基本上只要熟练应用warp functions各种场景的写法,应该问题不大;softmax需要考虑网格级同步的问题,或者online softmax以及FlashAttention;sgemm的优化是个很大的课题,不是案例中写的这么简单,但是入门的话,基本就是tiling的思想以及如何做索引之间的mapping;sgemv的优化则主要考虑K不同的值(因为M为1了),比如K=16,64,128等情况下,如何按照warp来处理;relu、sigmoid等都是elementwise的操作,很好实现,可以再考虑加点向量化优化访存;layer norm和rms norm在数学上其实也是挺清晰简单的,落实到cuda kernel时,只要按照逐个token来处理,headdim没有超过1024的情况下(一个block最多可以放1024个threads),可以放到一个block处理,这样并行化就很好写。当然,核心还是warp reduce和block reduce;NMS是乱入的,没有CUDA版本,别问了...
最后,附GitHub repo:
https://github.com/DefTruth/cuda-learn-note/
github.com/DefTruth/cuda-learn-note/
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