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MySQL 数据备份和数据恢复_mysqldump恢复数据库

作者：小小林熬夜学编程 | 2024-04-20 21:04:28

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mysqldump恢复数据库

一、数据备份

1、概述

数据备份是数据库管理员非常重要的工作之一。系统意外崩溃或者硬件的损坏都可能导致数据库的丢失，因此MySQL数据管理员需要定期进行数据库备份，使得意外发生尽可能的减少损失。

2、MySQLdump命令备份

该备份方式是系统自己提供的一种备份方式，可以更具需求选择选项。

基本语法

mysqldump -u 用户名 -h 主机名 -p 密码 数据库名[ 表名] > 备份文件目录/文件名.sql

mysqldump 常用选项：
           --defaults-file= 备份到默认配置文件
           -A, --all-databases 备份所有库
           -B, --databases               备份结果多了创建库和切换库命令---这个便于数据恢复。
           -d, --no-data 只备份结构，不备份数据
           -R 可以备份存储过程和函数

可以用 mysqldump --help命令来查看其他选项

1）备份单个数据库中的所有表


mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 数据库名 > /备份目录/文件名.sql
mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 -B 数据库名 > /备份目录/文件名.sql --会备份库的创建和切换到这个库的命令

2) 备份数据中某个或多个表

多个表空格间隔

mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 库名 表名1 [表名2……] > /备份目录/[表名1|表名2|……].sql

3) 备份所有数据库

mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 -A > /备份目录/文件名.sql

4）备份多个库

mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 --databases 数据库1 [数据库2 ……] > /备份目录/文件.sql

5) 只备份一个表或多个表结构

mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 -d 库名 表名1 [表名2……] > /备份目录/[表名1|表名2|……].sql

二、数据恢复

1）使用mysql命令恢复

mysql -u用户名 -p'密码' 数据库 < /选择备份数据的路径.sql文件

2）进入数据库，使用 source 加载备份文件恢复

需要创建数据，然后切换到该数据库。


mysql -u用户名 -p'密码' -e 'source /恢复文件的路径.sql文件'
 
#方法2 
#进入数据库，创建一个数据库，然后切换到创建的数据库，再执行下面命令
source 文件路径

三、数据备份与恢复应用

素材


CREATE DATABASE booksDB;
use booksDB;
 
CREATE TABLE books
(
bk_id  INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
bk_title VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
copyright YEAR NOT NULL
);
 
INSERT INTO books
VALUES (11078, 'Learning MySQL', 2010),
(11033, 'Study Html', 2011),
(11035, 'How to use php', 2003),
(11072, 'Teach youself javascript', 2005),
(11028, 'Learing C++', 2005),
(11069, 'MySQL professional', 2009),
(11026, 'Guide to MySQL 5.5', 2008),
(11041, 'Inside VC++', 2011);
 
CREATE TABLE authors
(
auth_id     INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
auth_name  VARCHAR(20),
auth_gender CHAR(1)
);
 
INSERT INTO authors  
VALUES (1001, 'WriterX' ,'f'),
(1002, 'WriterA' ,'f'),
(1003, 'WriterB' ,'m'),
(1004, 'WriterC' ,'f'),
(1011, 'WriterD' ,'f'),
(1012, 'WriterE' ,'m'),
(1013, 'WriterF' ,'m'),
(1014, 'WriterG' ,'f'),
(1015, 'WriterH' ,'f');
 
CREATE TABLE authorbook
(
auth_id  INT NOT NULL,
bk_id   INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (auth_id, bk_id),
FOREIGN KEY (auth_id) REFERENCES authors (auth_id),
FOREIGN KEY (bk_id) REFERENCES books (bk_id)
);
 
INSERT INTO authorbook
VALUES (1001, 11033), (1002, 11035), (1003, 11072), (1004, 11028),
(1011, 11078), (1012, 11026), (1012, 11041), (1014, 11069);

1、使用mysqldump命令备份数据库中的所有表

[root@master ~]# mkdir /backup

利用mysqldump备份


[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pRedHat@123 -B booksDB > /backup/booksDB.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master ~]# cat /backup/booksDB.sql
-- MySQL dump 10.13  Distrib 5.7.18, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost    Database: booksDB
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version	5.7.18
 
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
 
--
-- Current Database: `booksDB`
--
 
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `booksDB` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */;
 
USE `booksDB`;
 
--
-- Table structure for table `authorbook`
--
 
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `authorbook`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `authorbook` (
  `auth_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `bk_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`auth_id`,`bk_id`),
  KEY `bk_id` (`bk_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `authorbook_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`auth_id`) REFERENCES `authors` (`auth_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `authorbook_ibfk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`bk_id`) REFERENCES `books` (`bk_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
 
--
-- Dumping data for table `authorbook`
--
 
LOCK TABLES `authorbook` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `authorbook` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `authorbook` VALUES (1012,11026),(1004,11028),(1001,11033),(1002,11035),(1012,11041),(1014,11069),(1003,11072),(1011,11078);
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `authorbook` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
 
--
-- Table structure for table `authors`
--
 
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `authors`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `authors` (
  `auth_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `auth_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `auth_gender` char(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`auth_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
 
--
-- Dumping data for table `authors`
--
 
LOCK TABLES `authors` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `authors` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `authors` VALUES (1001,'WriterX','f'),(1002,'WriterA','f'),(1003,'WriterB','m'),(1004,'WriterC','f'),(1011,'WriterD','f'),(1012,'WriterE','m'),(1013,'WriterF','m'),(1014,'WriterG','f'),(1015,'WriterH','f');
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `authors` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
 
--
-- Table structure for table `books`
--
 
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `books`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `books` (
  `bk_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `bk_title` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `copyright` year(4) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`bk_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
 
--
-- Dumping data for table `books`
--
 
LOCK TABLES `books` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `books` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `books` VALUES (11026,'Guide to MySQL 5.5',2008),(11028,'Learing C++',2005),(11033,'Study Html',2011),(11035,'How to use php',2003),(11041,'Inside VC++',2011),(11069,'MySQL professional',2009),(11072,'Teach youself javascript',2005),(11078,'Learning MySQL',2010);
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `books` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;
 
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;
 
-- Dump completed on 2023-08-21 18:00:50

2、备份booksDB数据库中的books表


[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pRedHat@123 booksDB books > /backup/booksDB_books.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master backup]# ls
booksDB_books.sql  booksDB.sql
[root@master backup]# cat booksDB_books.sql 
-- MySQL dump 10.13  Distrib 5.7.18, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost    Database: booksDB
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version	5.7.18
 
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
 
--
-- Table structure for table `books`
--
 
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `books`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `books` (
  `bk_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `bk_title` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `copyright` year(4) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`bk_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
 
--
-- Dumping data for table `books`
--
 
LOCK TABLES `books` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `books` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `books` VALUES (11026,'Guide to MySQL 5.5',2008),(11028,'Learing C++',2005),(11033,'Study Html',2011),(11035,'How to use php',2003),(11041,'Inside VC++',2011),(11069,'MySQL professional',2009),(11072,'Teach youself javascript',2005),(11078,'Learning MySQL',2010);
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `books` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;
 
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;
 
-- Dump completed on 2023-08-21 18:28:06

3、使用mysqldump备份booksDB和test数据库


[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pRedHat@123 --databases booksDB test > /backup/DB_booksDB_test.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

可以查看备份

4、使用mysqldump备份服务器中的所有数据库


[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pRedHat@123 -A > /backup/DB_all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

查看备份的数据，内容较多

5、使用mysql命令还原第二题导出的books表

把传在一个全新的主机上

[root@master ~]# scp 192.168.78.143:/backup/booksDB_books.sql /backup

在主机2上去查看

因为我们之前备份的时候没有选择备份数据库，创建一个数据库


mysql> create database DB1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| DB1                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

先查看该数据库里面是没有表

再进行备份


[root@master2 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Root@123;MySQL' DB1 < /backup/booksDB_books.sql 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

再查看你备份后的数据库

6、进入数据库使用source命令还原第二题导出的book表。

同样要先创建一个数据库


mysql> create database DB2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> use DB2;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

再进行恢复数据


#先切换到要恢复的数据库中,再用下面的source恢复
mysql> source /backup/booksDB_books.sql;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 8 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 8  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

再查看


mysql> select * from books;
+-------+--------------------------+-----------+
| bk_id | bk_title                 | copyright |
+-------+--------------------------+-----------+
| 11026 | Guide to MySQL 5.5       |      2008 |
| 11028 | Learing C++              |      2005 |
| 11033 | Study Html               |      2011 |
| 11035 | How to use php           |      2003 |
| 11041 | Inside VC++              |      2011 |
| 11069 | MySQL professional       |      2009 |
| 11072 | Teach youself javascript |      2005 |
| 11078 | Learning MySQL           |      2010 |
+-------+--------------------------+-----------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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