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定义一个保存三个
int
值的tuple
,并将其成员分别初始化为10、20和30。
解:
auto t = tuple<int, int, int>{10, 20, 30};
定义一个
tuple
,保存一个string
、一个vector<string>
和一个pair<string, int>
。
解:
auto t = tuple<string, vector<string>, pair<string, int> >
重写12.3节中的
TextQuery
程序,使用tuple
代替QueryResult
类。你认为哪种设计更好?为什么?
解:
程序略。
我认为tuple
更方便。
编写并测试你自己版本的
findBook
函数。
解:
#include <iostream> #include <tuple> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include <utility> #include <numeric> #include "ex_17_4_SalesData.h" using namespace std; // matches有三个成员:1.一个书店的索引。2.指向书店中元素的迭代器。3.指向书店中元素的迭代器。 typedef tuple<vector<Sales_data>::size_type, vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator, vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator> matches; // files保存每家书店的销售记录 // findBook返回一个vector,每家销售了给定书籍的书店在其中都有一项 vector<matches> findBook(const vector<vector<Sales_data>> &files, const string &book) { vector<matches> ret; //初始化为空vector // 对每家书店,查找给定书籍匹配的记录范围 for (auto it = files.cbegin; it != files.cend(); ++it) { // 查找具有相同ISBN的Sales_data范围,found是一个迭代器pair auto found = equal_range(it->cbegin(), it->cend(), book, compareIsbn); if (found.first != found.second) // 此书店销售了给定书籍 // 记住此书店的索引及匹配的范围 ret.push_back(make_tuple(it - files.cbegin(), found.first, found.second)); } return ret; //如果未找到匹配记录,ret为空 } void reportResults(istream &in, ostream &os, const vector<vector<Sales_data> > &files){ string s; //要查找的书 while (in >> s){ auto trans = findBook(files, s); if (trans.empty()){ cout << s << " not found in any stores" << endl; continue; // 获得下一本要查找的书 } for (const auto &store : trans) // 对每家销售了给定书籍的书店 // get<n>返回store中tuple的指定的成员 os << "store " << get<0>(store) << " sales: " << accumulate(get<1>(store), get<2>(store), Sales_data(s)) << endl; } } int main(){ return 0; }
重写
findBook
,令其返回一个pair
,包含一个索引和一个迭代器pair。
解:
typedef std::pair<std::vector<Sales_data>::size_type, std::pair<std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator, std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator>> matches_pair; std::vector<matches_pair> findBook_pair(const std::vector<std::vector<Sales_data> > &files, const std::string &book) { std::vector<matches_pair> ret; for(auto it = files.cbegin(); it != files.cend(); ++it) { auto found = std::equal_range(it->cbegin(), it->cend(), book, compareIsbn); if(found.first != found.second) ret.push_back(std::make_pair(it - files.cbegin(), std::make_pair(found.first, found.second))); } return ret; }
重写
findBook
,不使用tuple
和pair
。
解:
struct matches_struct { std::vector<Sales_data>::size_type st; std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator first; std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator last; matches_struct(std::vector<Sales_data>::size_type s, std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator f, std::vector<Sales_data>::const_iterator l) : st(s), first(f), last(l) { } } ; std::vector<matches_struct> findBook_struct(const std::vector<std::vector<Sales_data> > &files, const std::string &book) { std::vector<matches_struct> ret; for(auto it = files.cbegin(); it != files.cend(); ++it) { auto found = std::equal_range(it->cbegin(), it->cend(), book, compareIsbn); if(found.first != found.second) ret.push_back(matches_struct(it - files.cbegin(), found.first, found.second)); } return ret; }
解释你更倾向于哪个版本的
findBook
,为什么。
解:
使用tuple
的版本。很明显更加灵活方便。
在本节最后一段代码中,如果我们将
Sales_data()
作为第三个参数传递给accumulate
,会发生什么?
解:
结果是0,以为Sales_data
是默认初始化的。
解释下列每个
bitset
对象所包含的位模式:
(a) bitset<64> bitvec(32);
// 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000
(b) bitset<32> bv(1010101);
// 00000000000011110110100110110101
(c) string bstr; cin >> bstr; bitset<8> bv(bstr);
// 根据输入的str转换成bitset
使用序列1、2、3、5、8、13、21初始化一个
bitset
,将这些位置置位。对另一个bitset
进行默认初始化,并编写一小段程序将其恰当的位置位。
解:
#include <iostream> #include <bitset> #include <vector> int main() { std::vector<int> v = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 }; std::bitset<32> bset; for (auto i : v) bset.set(i); std::bitset<32> bset2; for (unsigned i = 0; i != 32; ++i) bset2[i] = bset[i]; std::cout <<bset <<std::endl; std::cout <<bset2<<std::endl; }
定义一个数据结构,包含一个整型对象,记录一个包含10个问题的真/假测验的解答。如果测验包含100道题,你需要对数据结构做出什么改变(如果需要的话)?
解:
#include <iostream> #include <bitset> #include <utility> #include <string> #include <iostream> //class Quiz template<std::size_t N> class Quiz { public: //constructors Quiz() = default; Quiz(std::string& s) :bitquiz(s){ } //generate grade template<std::size_t M> friend std::size_t grade(Quiz<M> const&, Quiz<M> const&); //print template<std::size_t M> friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, Quiz<M> const&); //update bitset void update(std::pair<std::size_t, bool>); private: std::bitset<N> bitquiz; }; #endif template<std::size_t N> void Quiz<N>::update(std::pair<std::size_t, bool> pair) { bitquiz.set(pair.first, pair.second); } template<std::size_t M> std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, Quiz<M> const& quiz) { os << quiz.bitquiz; return os; } template<std::size_t M> std::size_t grade(Quiz<M> const& corAns, Quiz<M> const& stuAns) { auto result = stuAns.bitquiz ^ corAns.bitquiz; result.flip(); return result.count(); } int main() { //Ex17_11 std::string s = "1010101"; Quiz<10> quiz(s); std::cout << quiz << std::endl; //EX17_12 quiz.update(std::make_pair(1, true)); std::cout << quiz << std::endl; //Ex17_13 std::string answer = "10011"; std::string stu_answer = "11001"; Quiz<5> ans(answer), stu_ans(stu_answer); std::cout << grade(ans, stu_ans) << std::endl; return 0; }
使用前一题中的数据结构,编写一个函数,它接受一个问题编号和一个表示真/假解答的值,函数根据这两个参数更新测验的解答。
解:
参考17.11。
编写一个整型对象,包含真/假测验的正确答案。使用它来为前两题中的数据结构生成测验成绩。
解:
参考17.11。
编写几个正则表达式,分别触发不同错误。运行你的程序,观察编译器对每个错误的输出。
解:
#include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; #include <string> using std::string; #include <regex> using std::regex; using std::regex_error; int main() { // for ex17.14 // error_brack try{ regex r("[[:alnum:]+\\.(cpp|cxx|cc)$", regex::icase); } catch(regex_error e) { cout << e.what() << " code: " << e.code() << endl; } // for ex17.15 regex r("[[:alpha:]]*[^c]ei[[:alpha:]]*", regex::icase); string s; cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl; while(cin >> s && s != "q") { if(std::regex_match(s, r)) cout << "Input word " << s << " is okay!" << endl; else cout << "Input word " << s << " is not okay!" <<endl; cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl; } cout << endl; // for ex17.16 r.assign("[^c]ei", regex::icase); cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl; while(cin >> s && s != "q") { if(std::regex_match(s, r)) cout << "Input word " << s << " is okay!" << endl; else cout << "Input word " << s << " is not okay!" <<endl; cout << "Please input a word! Input 'q' to quit!" << endl; } return 0; }
编写程序,使用模式查找违反“i在e之前,除非在c之后”规则的单词。你的程序应该提示用户输入一个单词,然后指出此单词是否符号要求。用一些违反和未违反规则的单词测试你的程序。
解:
参考17.14。
如果前一题程序中的
regex
对象用"[^c]ei"
进行初始化,将会发生什么?用此模式测试你的程序,检查你的答案是否正确。
解:
参考17.14。
更新你的程序,令它查找输入序列中所有违反"ei"语法规则的单词。
解:
#include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; #include <string> using std::string; #include <regex> using std::regex; using std::sregex_iterator; int main() { string s; cout << "Please input a sequence of words:" << endl; getline(cin, s); cout << endl; cout << "Word(s) that violiate the \"ei\" grammar rule:" << endl; string pattern("[^c]ei"); pattern = "[[:alpha:]]*" + pattern + "[[:alpha:]]*"; regex r(pattern, regex::icase); for (sregex_iterator it(s.begin(), s.end(), r), end_it; it != end_it; ++it) cout << it->str() << endl; return 0; }
修改你的程序,忽略包含“ei`但并非拼写错误的单词,如“albeit”和“neighbor”。
解:
参考17.17。
为什么可以不先检查
m[4]
是否匹配了就直接调用m[4].str()
?
解:
如果不匹配,则m[4].str()
返回空字符串。
编写你自己版本的验证电话号码的程序。
解:
#include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; #include <string> using std::string; #include <regex> using std::regex; using std::sregex_iterator; using std::smatch; bool valid(const smatch& m); int main() { string phone = "(\\()?(\\d{ 3 })(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{ 3 })([-. ]?)(\\d{ 4 })"; regex r(phone); smatch m; string s; bool valid_record; // read each record from the input file while (getline(cin, s)) { valid_record = false; // for each matching phone number for (sregex_iterator it(s.begin(), s.end(), r), end_it; it != end_it; ++it) { valid_record = true; // check whether the number's formatting is valid if (valid(*it)) cout << "valid phone number: " << it->str() << endl; else cout << "invalid phone number: " << it->str() << endl; } if (!valid_record) cout << "invalid record!" << endl; } return 0; } bool valid(const smatch& m) { // if there is an open parenthesis before the area code if (m[1].matched) // the area code must be followed by a close parenthesis // and followed immediately by the rest of the number or a space return m[3].matched && (m[4].matched == 0 || m[4].str() == " "); else // then there can't be a close after the area code // the delimiters between the other two components must match return !m[3].matched && m[4].str() == m[6].str(); }
使用本节定义的
valid
函数重写8.3.2节中的电话号码程序。
解:
#include <iostream> using std::cerr; using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; using std::istream; using std::ostream; #include <fstream> using std::ifstream; using std::ofstream; #include <sstream> using std::istringstream; using std::ostringstream; #include <string> using std::string; #include <vector> using std::vector; #include <regex> using std::regex; using std::sregex_iterator; using std::smatch; struct PersonInfo { string name; vector<string> phones; }; bool valid(const smatch& m); bool read_record(istream& is, vector<PersonInfo>& people); void format_record(ostream& os, const vector<PersonInfo>& people); // fake function that makes the program compile string format(const string &num) { return num; } int main() { vector<PersonInfo> people; string filename; cout << "Please input a record file name: "; cin >> filename; cout << endl; ifstream fin(filename); if (read_record(fin, people)) { ofstream fout("data\\result.txt", ofstream::trunc); format_record(fout, people); } else { cout << "Fail to open file " << filename << endl; } return 0; } bool valid(const smatch& m) { // if there is an open parenthesis before the area code if (m[1].matched) // the area code must be followed by a close parenthesis // and followed immediately by the rest of the number or a space return m[3].matched && (m[4].matched == 0 || m[4].str() == " "); else // then there can't be a close after the area code // the delimiters between the other two components must match return !m[3].matched && m[4].str() == m[6].str(); } bool read_record(istream& is, vector<PersonInfo>& people) { if (is) { string line, word; // will hold a line and word from input, respectively // read the input a line at a time until cin hits end-of-file (or another error) while (getline(is, line)) { PersonInfo info; // create an object to hold this record's data istringstream record(line); // bind record to the line we just read record >> info.name; // read the name while (record >> word) // read the phone numbers info.phones.push_back(word); // and store them people.push_back(info); // append this record to people } return true; } else return false; } void format_record(ostream& os, const vector<PersonInfo>& people) { string phone = "(\\()?(\\d{ 3 })(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{ 3 })([-. ]?)(\\d{ 4 })"; regex r(phone); smatch m; for (const auto &entry : people) { // for each entry in people ostringstream formatted, badNums; // objects created on each loop for (const auto &nums : entry.phones) { for (sregex_iterator it(nums.begin(), nums.end(), r), end_it; it != end_it; ++it) { // for each number // check whether the number's formatting is valid if (!valid(*it)) // string in badNums badNums << " " << nums; else // "writes" to formatted's string formatted << " " << format(nums); } } if (badNums.str().empty()) // there were no bad numbers os << entry.name << " " // print the name << formatted.str() << endl; // and reformatted numbers else // otherwise, print the name and bad numbers cerr << "input error: " << entry.name << " invalid number(s) " << badNums.str() << endl; } }
重写你的电话号码程序,使之允许在号码的三个部分之间放置任意多个空白符。
解:
参考17.21。
编写查找邮政编码的正则表达式。一个美国邮政编码可以由五位或九位数字组成。前五位数字和后四位数字之间可以用一个短横线分隔。
解:
#include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; #include<string> using std::string; #include <regex> using std::regex; using std::sregex_iterator; using std::smatch; bool valid(const smatch& m); int main() { string zipcode = "(\\d{5})([-])?(\\d{4})?\\b"; regex r(zipcode); smatch m; string s; while (getline(cin, s)) { //! for each matching zipcode number for (sregex_iterator it(s.begin(), s.end(), r), end_it; it != end_it; ++it) { //! check whether the number's formatting is valid if (valid(*it)) cout << "valid zipcode number: " << it->str() << endl; else cout << "invalid zipcode number: " << s << endl; } } return 0; } bool valid(const smatch& m) { if ((m[2].matched)&&(!m[3].matched)) return false; else return true; }
编写你自己版本的重拍电话号码格式的程序。
解:
#include <iostream> #include <regex> #include <string> using namespace std; string pattern = "(\\()?(\\d{3})(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{3})([-. ])?(\\d{4})"; string format = "$2.$5.$7"; regex r(pattern); string s; int main() { while(getline(cin,s)) { cout<<regex_replace(s,r,format)<<endl; } return 0; }
重写你的电话号码程序,使之只输出每个人的第一个电话号码。
解:
#include <iostream> #include <regex> #include <string> using namespace std; string pattern = "(\\()?(\\d{3})(\\))?([-. ])?(\\d{3})([-. ])?(\\d{4})"; string fmt = "$2.$5.$7"; regex r(pattern); string s; int main() { while(getline(cin,s)) { smatch result; regex_search(s,result,r); if(!result.empty()) { cout<<result.prefix()<<result.format(fmt)<<endl; } else { cout<<"Sorry, No match."<<endl; } } return 0; }
重写你的电话号码程序,使之对多于一个电话号码的人只输出第二个和后续号码。
解:
略
编写程序,将九位数字邮政编码的格式转换为
ddddd-dddd
。
解:
#include <iostream> #include <regex> #include <string> using namespace std; string pattern = "(\\d{5})([.- ])?(\\d{4})"; string fmt = "$1-$3"; regex r(pattern); string s; int main() { while(getline(cin,s)) { smatch result; regex_search(s,result, r); if(!result.empty()) { cout<<result.format(fmt)<<endl; } else { cout<<"Sorry, No match."<<endl; } } return 0; }
编写函数,每次调用生成并返回一个均匀分布的随机
unsigned int
。
解:
#include <iostream> #include <random> #include<string> // default version unsigned random_gen(); // with seed spicified unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed); // with seed and range spicified unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed, unsigned min, unsigned max); int main() { std::string temp; while(std::cin >> temp) std::cout << std::hex << random_gen(19, 1, 10) << std::endl; return 0; } unsigned random_gen() { static std::default_random_engine e; static std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> ud; return ud(e); } unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed) { static std::default_random_engine e(seed); static std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> ud; return ud(e); } unsigned random_gen(unsigned seed, unsigned min, unsigned max) { static std::default_random_engine e(seed); static std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> ud(min, max); return ud(e); }
修改上一题中编写的函数,允许用户提供一个种子作为可选参数。
解:
参考17.28。
再次修改你的程序,此次增加两个参数,表示函数允许返回的最小值和最大值。
解:
参考17.28。
对于本节中的游戏程序,如果在
do
循环内定义b
和e
,会发生什么?
解:
由于引擎返回相同的随机数序列,因此眉不循环都会创建新的引擎,眉不循环都会生成相同的值。
如果我们在循环内定义
resp
,会发生什么?
解:
会报错,while
条件中用到了resp
。
修改11.3.6节中的单词转换程序,允许对一个给定单词有多种转换方式,每次随机选择一种进行实际转换。
解:
#include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <fstream> using std::ifstream; #include <string> using std::string; #include <vector> using std::vector; #include <random> using std::default_random_engine; using std::uniform_int_distribution; #include <ctime> using std::time; #include <algorithm> using std::sort; using std::find_if; #include <utility> using std::pair; int main() { typedef pair<string, string> ps; ifstream i("d.txt"); vector<ps> dict; string str1, str2; // read wirds from dictionary while (i >> str1 >> str2) { dict.emplace_back(str1, str2); } i.close(); // sort words in vector sort(dict.begin(), dict.end(), [](const ps &_ps1, const ps &_ps2){ return _ps1.first < _ps2.first; }); i.open("i.txt"); default_random_engine e(unsigned int(time(0))); // read words from text while (i >> str1) { // find word in dictionary vector<ps>::const_iterator it = find_if(dict.cbegin(), dict.cend(), [&str1](const ps &_ps){ return _ps.first == str1; }); // if word doesn't exist in dictionary if (it == dict.cend()) { // write it itself cout << str1 << ' '; } else { // get random meaning of word uniform_int_distribution<unsigned> u (0, find_if(dict.cbegin(), dict.cend(), [&str1](const ps &_ps){ return _ps.first > str1; }) - it - 1); // write random meaning cout << (it + u(e))->second << ' '; } } return 0; }
编写一个程序,展示如何使用表17.17和表17.18中的每个操作符。
解:
略
修改第670页中的程序,打印2的平方根,但这次打印十六进制数字的大写形式。
解:
#include <iostream> #include<iomanip> #include <math.h> using namespace std; int main() { cout <<"default format: " << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << "scientific: " << scientific << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << "fixed decimal: " << fixed << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << "hexidecimal: " << uppercase << hexfloat << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << "use defaults: " << defaultfloat << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << "\n\n"; } //17.36 //Modify the program from the previous exercise to print the various floating-point values so that they line up in a column. #include <iostream> #include<iomanip> #include <math.h> using namespace std; int main() { cout <<left<<setw(15) << "default format:" <<setw(25)<< right<< 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << left << setw(15) << "scientific:" << scientific << setw(25) << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << left << setw(15) << "fixed decimal:" << setw(25) << fixed << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << left << setw(15) << "hexidecimal:" << setw(25) << uppercase << hexfloat << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << '\n' << left << setw(15) << "use defaults:" << setw(25) << defaultfloat << right << 100 * sqrt(2.0) << "\n\n"; }
修改上一题中的程序,打印不同的浮点数,使它们排成一列。
解:
参考17.36。
用未格式化版本的
getline
逐行读取一个文件。测试你的程序,给定一个文件,既包含空行又包含长度超过你传递给geiline
的字符数组大小的行。
解:
//17.37 //Use the unformatted version of getline to read a file a line at a time. //Test your program by giving it a file that contains empty lines as well as lines that are //longer than the character array that you pass to getline. #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; //int main () { // ifstream myfile("F:\\Git\\Cpp-Primer\\ch17\\17_37_38\\test.txt"); // if (myfile) cout << 1 << endl; // char sink [250]; // // while(myfile.getline(sink,250)) // { // cout << sink << endl; // } // return 0; //} //17.38 //Extend your program from the previous exercise to print each word you read onto its own line. //#include <iostream> //#include <fstream> //#include <iomanip> // //using namespace std; // //int main () { // ifstream myfile ("F:\\Git\\Cpp-Primer\\ch17\\17_37_38\\test.txt"); // char sink [250]; // // while(myfile.getline(sink,250,' ')) // { // cout << sink << endl; // } // return 0; //} int main() { std::cout << "Standard Output!\n"; std::cerr << "Standard Error!\n"; std::clog << "Standard Log??\n"; }
扩展上一题中你的程序,将读入的每个单词打印到它所在的行。
解:
参考17.37。
对本节给出的
seek
程序,编写你自己的版本。
解:
略
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