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转战MySQL Shell！数据库备份新姿势，轻松搞定备份操作！

作者：小桥流水78 | 2024-08-20 08:46:01

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mysql-shell-8.0.35-linux-glibc2.17-x86-64bit.tar.gz

MySQL8.0后续版本中主推使用MySQL Shell进行相关日常管理及维护操作，如果后续移除了mysqldump等命令后，如何进行数据库备份等相关操作呢？本文开始进行数据库备份的操作。

1. MySQL Shell 安装

1.1 下载

可以在MySQL官网进行下载，地址https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/shell/

需要根据操作系统类型、版本及glibc版本选择对应的文件下载，例如：


[root@VM-4-14-centos ~]# uname  -a 
Linux VM-4-14-centos 3.10.0-1160.99.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Sep 13 14:19:20 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@VM-4-14-centos ~]# ldd --version
ldd (GNU libc) 2.17
Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper.

因此可以选择如下版本下载

1.2 部署

上传文件至目标目录后解压文件

解压后建议配置软链接

tar -zxvf mysql-shell-8.0.35-linux-glibc2.17-x86-64bit.tar.gz

可以看到对应的工具了

ln -s mysql-shell-8.0.35-linux-glibc2.17-x86-64bit mysql-shell

建议再配置一下环境变量

将“/usr/local/mysql-shell/bin"追加至/etc/profile中

在其他位置直接运行mysqlsh命令，即可得到如下结果：

此时，完成了mysql shell部署。

2. 进行数据库备份

2.1 登录数据库

使用mysqlsh登录数据库，并列出库名，例如：


[root@VM-4-14-centos ~]# mysqlsh -u root  -p -S /data/mysql/mysql3306/tmp/mysql.sock
Please provide the password for 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock': *********
Save password for 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock'? [Y]es/[N]o/Ne[v]er (default No): 
MySQL Shell 8.0.35
 
 
Copyright (c) 2016, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.
Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
 
 
Type '\help' or '\?' for help; '\quit' to exit.
Creating a session to 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock'
Fetching schema names for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
Your MySQL connection id is 10
Server version: 8.0.33-25 Percona Server (GPL), Release 25, Revision 60c9e2c5
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost  JS > \sql
Switching to SQL mode... Commands end with ;
Fetching global names for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
 MySQL  localhost  SQL > show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| testdb             |
| testdb1            |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.0008 sec)
 MySQL  localhost  SQL >

其中登录语法为：

mysqlsh -u root  -p -S /data/mysql/mysql3306/tmp/mysql.sock

输入密码后即可登录成功，输入密码后会确认是否保存密码，建议选择No(默认值）。

登录成功后，可以选择\sql ，即SQL命令模式。

2.2 备份整个实例

创建备份目录

mkdir -p /data/backup

登录数据库

mysqlsh -u root  -p -S /data/mysql/mysql3306/tmp/mysql.sock

登录后是在js模式下，备份数据是在JS模式下进行，因此不用切换。

备份整个实例


MySQL  localhost  JS > util.dumpInstance("/data/backup")
Acquiring global read lock
Global read lock acquired
Initializing - done 
2 out of 6 schemas will be dumped and within them 12 tables, 0 views.
2 out of 5 users will be dumped.
Gathering information - done 
All transactions have been started
Locking instance for backup
Global read lock has been released
Writing global DDL files
Writing users DDL
Running data dump using 4 threads.
NOTE: Progress information uses estimated values and may not be accurate.
Writing schema metadata - done       
Writing DDL - done         
Writing table metadata - done         
Starting data dump
129% (870 rows / ~670 rows), 0.00 rows/s, 0.00 B/s uncompressed, 0.00 B/s compressed
Dump duration: 00:00:00s                                                            
Total duration: 00:00:00s                                                           
Schemas dumped: 2                                                                   
Tables dumped: 12                                                                   
Uncompressed data size: 14.06 MB                                                    
Compressed data size: 4.88 MB                                                       
Compression ratio: 2.9                                                              
Rows written: 870                                                                   
Bytes written: 4.88 MB                                                              
Average uncompressed throughput: 14.06 MB/s                                         
Average compressed throughput: 4.88 MB/s                                            
MySQL  localhost  JS >

如无异常，即完成了实例备份。可见，备份效率比较高（4线程处理）。

备份后，备份目录结果里可以查看结果如下：

其中的主要文件解释：

@.done.json： 该文件记录了备份结束时间，每个库下每个表的大小等信息，例如，

@.json：该文件记录了客户端版本，备份类型（实例、库或表等），元数据信息以及binlog信息（点位及GTID）。例如

@.sql, @.post.sql：这两个文件记录注释信息. 导入数据时, 我们可以通过这两个文件自定义的SQL. 在数据导入前和数据导入后执行，本次为全量备份，因此只有版本等注释信息

库名.json： 记录的是对应库名、表等信息

库名.sql: 具体的建库SQL脚本

库名@表名.json:记录了对于的表的元数据信息，包括库名，表名，字段名，主键等信息

库名@表名.sql: 具体的建表SQL脚本

库名@表名@@*.tsv.zst： 具体数据文件

库名@表名@@*.tsv.zst.idx： 具体索引文件

@.users.sql : 数据库用户信息，包含创建用户以及授权的SQL脚本

2.3 备份指定库

创建备份目录：重新创建一个专用于备份指定库的目录

mkdir -p data/backup/backup_schemas

使用shellsh登录数据库，并查看当前有哪些库


# mysqlsh -u root  -p -S /data/mysql/mysql3306/tmp/mysql.sock
Please provide the password for 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock': *********
Save password for 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock'? [Y]es/[N]o/Ne[v]er (default No): 
MySQL Shell 8.0.35
 
 
Copyright (c) 2016, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.
Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
 
 
Type '\help' or '\?' for help; '\quit' to exit.
Creating a session to 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock'
Fetching schema names for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
Your MySQL connection id is 28
Server version: 8.0.33-25 Percona Server (GPL), Release 25, Revision 60c9e2c5
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost  JS > \sql
Switching to SQL mode... Commands end with ;
Fetching global names for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
 MySQL  localhost  SQL > show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| testdb             |
| testdb1            |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.0010 sec)

备份指定的库（schema）,如果多个库，则用逗号分隔


MySQL  localhost  SQL > \js
Switching to JavaScript mode...
 MySQL  localhost  JS > util.dumpSchemas(['testdb'],'/data/backup/backup_schemas')
Acquiring global read lock
Global read lock acquired
Initializing - done 
1 schemas will be dumped and within them 11 tables, 0 views.
Gathering information - done 
All transactions have been started
Locking instance for backup
Global read lock has been released
Writing global DDL files
Running data dump using 4 threads.
NOTE: Progress information uses estimated values and may not be accurate.
Writing schema metadata - done       
Writing DDL - done         
Writing table metadata - done         
Starting data dump
130% (862 rows / ~662 rows), 0.00 rows/s, 0.00 B/s uncompressed, 0.00 B/s compressed
Dump duration: 00:00:00s                                                            
Total duration: 00:00:00s                                                           
Schemas dumped: 1                                                                   
Tables dumped: 11                                                                   
Uncompressed data size: 14.06 MB                                                    
Compressed data size: 4.88 MB                                                       
Compression ratio: 2.9                                                              
Rows written: 862                                                                   
Bytes written: 4.88 MB                                                              
Average uncompressed throughput: 14.06 MB/s                                         
Average compressed throughput: 4.88 MB/s                                            
 MySQL  localhost  JS >

以上则备份完成。

到对于目录下查看备份结果如下：

2.4 备份指定表

再次先创建目录


[root@VM-4-14-centos ~]# mkdir -p /data/backup/backup_tables
[root@VM-4-14-centos ~]# cd /data/backup/backup_tables
[root@VM-4-14-centos backup_tables]#

登录数据库，并查看库及表名


[root@VM-4-14-centos backup_tables]# mysqlsh -u root  -p -S /data/mysql/mysql3306/tmp/mysql.sock
Please provide the password for 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock': *********
Save password for 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock'? [Y]es/[N]o/Ne[v]er (default No): 
MySQL Shell 8.0.35
 
 
Copyright (c) 2016, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.
Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
 
 
Type '\help' or '\?' for help; '\quit' to exit.
Creating a session to 'root@/data%2Fmysql%2Fmysql3306%2Ftmp%2Fmysql.sock'
Fetching schema names for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
Your MySQL connection id is 35
Server version: 8.0.33-25 Percona Server (GPL), Release 25, Revision 60c9e2c5
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost  JS > \sql
Switching to SQL mode... Commands end with ;
Fetching global names for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
 MySQL  localhost  SQL > show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| testdb             |
| testdb1            |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.0009 sec)
 MySQL  localhost  SQL > use testdb1
Default schema set to `testdb1`.
Fetching global names, object names from `testdb1` for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
 MySQL  localhost  testdb1  SQL > show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_testdb1 |
+-------------------+
| test1             |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.0014 sec)
 MySQL  localhost  testdb1  SQL >

进行指定表的备份，如果多个表，则表名用逗号分隔


MySQL  localhost  testdb1  JS >  util.dumpTables('testdb1',['test1'],'/data/backup/backup_tables')
Acquiring global read lock
Global read lock acquired
Initializing - done 
1 tables and 0 views will be dumped.
Gathering information - done 
All transactions have been started
Locking instance for backup
Global read lock has been released
Writing global DDL files
Running data dump using 4 threads.
NOTE: Progress information uses estimated values and may not be accurate.
Writing schema metadata - done       
Writing DDL - done       
Writing table metadata - done       
Starting data dump
100% (8 rows / ~8 rows), 0.00 rows/s, 0.00 B/s uncompressed, 0.00 B/s compressed
Dump duration: 00:00:00s                                                        
Total duration: 00:00:00s                                                       
Schemas dumped: 1                                                               
Tables dumped: 1                                                                
Uncompressed data size: 157 bytes                                               
Compressed data size: 90 bytes                                                  
Compression ratio: 1.7                                                          
Rows written: 8                                                                 
Bytes written: 90 bytes                                                         
Average uncompressed throughput: 157.00 B/s                                     
Average compressed throughput: 90.00 B/s                                        
 MySQL  localhost  testdb1  JS >

查看备份结果：

至此，备份数据库实例、库、表的命令已简单演示完毕，实际生产使用过程基本会用脚本实现，大家可以自行编写，也可以联系我加群沟通。

往期精彩回顾

1. MySQL高可用之MHA集群部署

2. mysql8.0新增用户及加密规则修改的那些事

3. 比hive快10倍的大数据查询利器-- presto

4. 监控利器出鞘：Prometheus+Grafana监控MySQL、Redis数据库

5. PostgreSQL主从复制--物理复制

6. MySQL传统点位复制在线转为GTID模式复制

7. MySQL敏感数据加密及解密

8. MySQL数据备份及还原（一）

9. MySQL数据备份及还原（二）

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