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oracle命令大全_rbbsex

rbbsex
内容包括三大项:
    1.oracle基本操作语句

    2.SQLServer基本操作语句

    3.各种数据库连接方法

*********************oracle基本操作语句*************************
打开服务器
net start oracleservice
打开监听器
lsnrctl start
关闭服务器
net stop oracleservicebinbo
关闭监听器
lsnrctl stop
===============================================================
清屏
    
****************************************************************
数据字典 ===========desc user_views(关键词)
****************************************************************
===============================================================
查看当前用户的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
===============================================================
查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
===============================================================
查看当前用户的缺省表空间
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
===============================================================
换用户
conn as sysdba
sys
tsinghua
sqlplus "sys/tsinghua as sysdba"
conn sys/zl as sysdba
===============================================================
修改表结构
alter table test modify(name not null);
alter table test add(name varchar2(20));
alter table test drop column sex;
alter table test set unused column sex;
alter table test drop unused columns;
===============================================================
更改用户密码
sql>alter user 管理员 identified by 密码;
===============================================================
创建表空间的数据文件
sql>create tablespace test datafile 'd:\oracle\binbo.dbf' size 10m;
===============================================================
创建用户
sql>create user 用户名 identified by 用户名;
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tn pdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));
===============================================================
查看用户
sql>show user
===============================================================
检查语句是否有错
show error
===============================================================
锁定用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account lock
===============================================================
解除用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account unlock
===============================================================
删除用户
sql>drop user zl;
===============================================================
给用户创建表权限
sql>grant create table to 用户名;
===============================================================
授管理员权限
sql>grant dba to 用户名;
===============================================================
给用户登录权限
sql>grant connect to 用户名
===============================================================
给用户无限表空间权限
sql>grant unlinmited tablespace to 用户名;
===============================================================
收回权限
sql>revoke dba from 用户名;
===============================================================
查看用户下所有的表
            SQL>select * from user_tables;
===============================================================
查看名称包含log字符的表
            SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
                where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
===============================================================
查看某表的创建时间
            SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看某表的大小
            SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
                where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
            SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;


===============================================================

再添加一个表空间的数据文件
sql>alter tablespace test add datafile 'd:\oracle\test1.dbf' size 10m;
===============================================================
建表    SQL>create table studen(stuno int,stuname varchar(8) not null,stubirth date default to_date('1987-5-9','YYYY-MM-DD'));
向表结构中加入一列  SQL>alter table studen add(stuphoto varchar(9));
从表结构中删除一列  SQL>alter table studen drop column stuphoto;
修改表一列的长度    SQL>alter table studen modify(stuno number(4));
隐藏将要删除的一列  SQL>alter table studen set unused column stuphoto;
删除隐藏的列        SQL>alter table studen drop unused columns;
向表中加入约束      SQL>alter table studen add constraint pk primary key(stuno);
删除约束            SQL>alter table studen drop constraint pk;
===============================================================
创建表

sql>create table 用户名(name varchar2(20),password varchar(20)) tablespace 空间名;
===============================================================
添加字段
sql>alter table test add(column_x char(10) not null);
===============================================================
更改字段
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x char (20));
===============================================================
删除字段
    如待删除域属于某个索引,则不允许删除操作,必须将此域先设置为NULL。
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x null);
sql>update emp set column_x=null;
sql>commit;
sql>alter table emp drop(column_x);
===============================================================
选择表空间
sql>alter user 用户名 default tablespace test;
===============================================================
管理员删除别的用户中的表
sql>drop table 用户名.表名;
===============================================================
退出
sql>exit;
===============================================================
默认进入
sql>sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
===============================================================
查看数据库
sql>show parameter block;
===============================================================
写大量语句用记事本,新建方式。
输入"ed"回车
保存后
输入"/"运行;
===============================================================
查询用户有多少表
sql>select * from tab;
===============================================================
SQLServer取时间
sql>select getdate
oracle 取时间
sql>sysdate;
===============================================================
操作表结构数据库定义语言命令
(不记录在日志文件中)
create table建表
sql>create table test(name varchar2(20),age date,sex char(2));
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('aa',sysdate,'男');
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('bb',to_date('1888-8-8',"yyyy-aa-dd hh24:mi:ss"),'男');
sql>select * from test;
===============================================================
查询男和女总数
sql>select sex,count(sex) from test group by sex;
---------------------------------------------------------------
test表中数据输入test1表中
SQLSserver---select * into test1 from test;
oracle---create table test1 as select * from test;
---------------------------------------------------------------
更改会话时间
sql>alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';
---------------------------------------------------------------
sql>show parameter block 表和视图
sql>show parameter date 查数据结构
---------------------------------------------------------------
SQLServer中
--删除表中相同数据
sql>create table test1 as select distinct * from test;
--删除表数据
sql>truncate table test;
--把test中数据输入到test1中
sql>insert into test(select * from test1);
---------------------------------------------------------------
rowid(表中存储地址相当表id)和rownum(表序号)称伪列(用法)
sql>select name,age,sex,rowid,rownum from test1;
查出前三行
sql>select * from test where rownum<=3;
查出后三行
sql>select * from (select name n,age a,sex s,rownum r from test) where r>(select count(*) from test)-3;
删除后三行
SQL> delete from test where name not in(select name from test where rownum<=(select count(*) from test)-3);
删除相同行
sql>delete from test where rowid not in(select max(rowid) from test group by name,age,sex);
删除所有表
sql>select  'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool c:\test.sql;
sql>select  'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool off
sql>@c:\test.sql;
---------------------------------------------------------------
alter table修改表
truncate table节段表(只删除数据)
drop table删除表
===============================================================
查看表结构
desc 表名;
===============================================================
查出成绩的前三名
sql>select * from (select * from stu order by score desc) where rownum<=3;
===============================================================
更改字符集
SQL>startup mount
SQL>alter system enable restricted session;
SQL>alter system set job_queue_processes=0;
SQL>alter database open;
SQL>alter database character set ZHS16GBK;
SQL>shutdown
SQL>startup
===============================================================
将一张表或几张表中的域重新组合后插入新表。
假定原先的两张表为emp,work,现选择部分数据域合并为emp_work
建立emp_work
SQL>insert into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
这样的方式仍然要使用回滚段,为加快数据迁移速度,可将insert替换成insert /*+APPEND*/(大小写不论),指示oracle以直通方式直接写数据文件,绕过回滚空间。
SQL>insert /*+APPEND*/ into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
===============================================================
DDL数据定义语言(create,alter,drop)
DML数据操纵语言(insert,select,delete,update)
TCL事务控制语言(commit,savepoint,rollback)
DCL数据控制语言(GRANT  REVOKE)
===============================================================

一个表中的某一列输到另一个表中
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
===============================================================
事务
rollback;
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
commit;提交
===============================================================
COMMIT - 提交并结束事务处理
ROLLBACK -  撤销事务中已完成的工作
SAVEPOINT – 标记事务中可以回滚的点
SQL>  update order_master set del_date ='30-8月-05' Where orderno <= 'o002';
    
SQL>  savepoint mark1;
SQL>  delete FROM order_master Where orderno = 'o002';
SQL>  savepoint mark2;
SQL>  rollback TO SAVEPOINT mark1;
SQL>  COMMIT;
===============================================================
换名
set sqlprompt "scott>";
===============================================================
GRANT 授予权限
SQL> GRANT Select ON vendor_master TO accounts WITH GRANT OPTION;
REVOKE 撤销已授予的权限
SQL> REVOKE Select, Update ON order_master FROM MARTIN;
===============================================================
比较操作符
SQL> Select vencode,venname,tel_no
     FROM vendor_master
     Where venname LIKE 'j___s';
SQL> Select orderno FROM order_master
     Where del_date IN (‘06-1月-05’,‘05-2月-05');
SQL> Select itemdesc, re_level
     FROM  itemfile
     Where qty_hand < max_level/2;
===============================================================
逻辑操作符
SQL> Select * FROM order_master
     Where odate > ‘10-5月-05'
     AND del_date < ‘26-5月-05’;
===============================================================
集合操作符将两个查询的结果组合成一个结果
SQL> Select orderno FROM order_master
     MINUS
     Select orderno FROM order_detail;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
select * from scott.stu
union (all)重复的去掉[intersect把相同的取出来][minus显示不相同的数]
select * from stu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
显示相同的数据
select name from stu intersect select name from stu1;
===============================================================
连接操作符
连接操作符用于将多个字符串或数据值合并成一个字符串
SQL> Select (venname|| ' 的地址是 '
     ||venadd1||' '||venadd2 ||' '||venadd3) address
     FROM vendor_master Where vencode='V001';
===============================================================
操作符的优先级
SQL 操作符的优先级从高到低的顺序是:
算术操作符           --------最高优先级
连接操作符
比较操作符
NOT 逻辑操作符
AND 逻辑操作符
or   逻辑操作符   --------最低优先级

===============================================================
用来转换空值的函数
NVL
NVL2
NULLIF
Select itemdesc, NVL(re_level,0) FROM itemfile;
Select itemdesc, NVL2(re_level,re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
Select itemdesc, NULLIF(re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
===============================================================
GROUP BY和HAVING子句

GROUP BY子句
用于将信息划分为更小的组
每一组行返回针对该组的单个结果

HAVING子句
用于指定 GROUP BY 子句检索行的条件

Select p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category;
Select p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category HAVING p_category NOT IN ('accessories');
===============================================================
ROW_NUMBER (row_number)返回连续的排位,不论值是否相等
RANK(rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同,序数随后跳跃
DENSE_RANK(dense_rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同,序号是连续的
Select d.dname, e.ename, e.sal, DENSE_RANK()
  OVER (PARTITION BY e.deptno orDER BY e.sal DESC)
  AS DENRANK
FROM emp e, dept d Where e.deptno = d.deptno;
===============================================================
日期函数
ADD_MONTHS(当前只加月)
alter session set nls_date_format='yyyymmdd hh24miss';
select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
MONTHS_BETWEEN(前面时间减后面时间=得之间月差)
select months_between(sysdate,to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
LAST_DAY(求得当前月的最后一天)
select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
ROUND(round年-月-日-->四舍五入)
select round(2.3) from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'year') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'month') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
NEXT_DAY(下一星期的星期二)
select next_day(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'星期二') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
TRUNC(trunc)
----------------------------------------------------------------
EXTRACT(extract)
select extract(year from date '1998-03-07') from dual;
select extract(month from to_date ('1998-03-07','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------
2008年2月有多少天
inbo---->select extract(day from last_day(to_date ('2008-02-07','yyyy-mm-dd'))) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
2003-4-3与1956-3-1之间有多少天
inbo---->select round(months_between(to_date('2003-4-3','yyyy-mm-dd'),to_date('1956-3-1','yyyy-mm-dd'))/12) from dual;
===============================================================
把两边的9去掉
select trim('9' from '9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
去空格
select trim(' ' from '     9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
===============================================================
   函数                   输入                          输出
Initcap(char)               Select initcap(‘hello’) from dual;                    Hello
Lower(char)               Select lower(‘FUN’) from dual;                    fun
Upper(char)               Select upper(‘sun’) from dual;                    SUN
Ltrim(char,set)       Select ltrim( ‘xyzadams’,’xyz’) from dual;        adams
Rtrim(char,set)       Select rtrim(‘xyzadams’,’ams’) from dual;     xyzad
Translate(char, from, to) Select translate(‘jack’,’j’ ,’b’) from dual;    back
Replace(char,searchstring,[rep string])   Select replace(‘jack and jue’ ,’j’,’bl’) from dual;    black and blue
Instr (char, m, n)       Select instr (‘worldwide’,’d’) from dual;      5
Substr (char, m, n)       Select substr(‘abcdefg’,3,2) from dual;             cd
Concat (expr1, expr2)      Select concat (‘Hello’,’ world’) from dual;     Hello world

===============================================================
数字函数接受数字输入并返回数值结果

   函数       输入      输出
Abs(n)             Select abs(-15) from dual;     15

Ceil(n)     Select ceil(44.778) from dual;     45

Cos(n)             Select cos(180) from dual;     -.5984601

Cosh(n)     Select cosh(0) from dual;     1

Floor(n)     Select floor(100.2) from dual;     100

Power(m,n)     Select power(4,2) from dual;     16

Mod(m,n)     Select mod(10,3) from dual;     1

Round(m,n)     Select round(100.256,2) from dual;     100.26

Trunc(m,n)     Select trunc(100.256,2) from dual;     100.25

Sqrt(n)     Select sqrt(4) from dual;     2

Sign(n)            Select sign(-30) from dual;              -1

===============================================================
字符函数
查看有多少个字符
SQL> Select LENGTH('frances') FROM dual;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> Select vencode,
     DECODE(venname,'frances','Francis') name
     FROM vendor_master Where vencode='v001';
-----------------------------------------------------------------
查找人是否存在 加字段decode主明是否有人
select name,decode(name,'rbb','有人') from stu;

===================================================================
排续
select dense_rank() over(partition by sex order by score) from test;
select row_number() over(order by score),name,sex,score from test;
select rank() over(order by score) from test;
select dense_rank() over(order by score) from test;
==========================================================================

创建同义词
SQL> create public synonym test for rbb.test;
SQL> create synonym test for mytest;
同一类的才可以替换,同义词替换同义词
替换
SQL> create or replace synonym emp_sysn for scott.emp;

**********************************************************************************************
创建序列
SQL>create sequence xule increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 999;
increment by  增长值
start with    起始值
maxvalue 最大值
minvalue 最小值
nocycle 不循环
chare 10缓存
xule.nextval  ===========下一个序列的值
xule.currval  ===========可以查询序列当前的值
更改序列 start with 不能改
alter sequence xule maxvalue 100 [sycle nocycle];
**********************************************************************************************
序列用法
SQL>create table xl(name varchar2(4));
SQL>insert into test values(xule.nextval);
SQL>select xl.currval from dual;
**********************************************************************************************
删除序列
drop sequence x;
desc user_sequences
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图   视图中可以使用函数和表达式
create or replace view
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as select * from rbb union all select * from rbbb union all select * from test;
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as
  2  select empno as 编号,ename as 姓名 from scott.emp
  3  where deptno=10;
==========================================================================
如果在当前用户下没有这个视图就创建此视图
如果有此视图就覆盖此视图
create or replace view view_name as select empno,ename from emp where deptno=10;
**********************************************************************************************
在创建视图前要为当前用户授权
grant resource to scott;
create or replace view v_sal as select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
**********************************************************************************************
使用视图
select * from v_sal;
**********************************************************************************************
删除一个视图
drop view view_name;
**********************************************************************************************
重新编译已有的视图
alter view view_name compile;
**********************************************************************************************
数据字典 ===========desc user_views
**********************************************************************************************

常用的转换函数有
TO_CHAR
Select TO_CHAR(sysdate,'YYYY"年"fmMM"月"fmDD"日" HH24:MI:SS') FROM dual; 

TO_DATE
Select TO_DATE('2005-12-06', 'yyyy-mm-dd') FROM dual;

TO_NUMBER
Select TO_NUMBER('100') FROM dual;
**********************************************************************************************
集合操作符
union all  连接两个表或者多个表为一个视图
MINUS 操作符返回从第一个查询结果中排除第二个查
询中出现的行。
INTERSECT 操作符只返回两个查询的公共行。
**********************************************************************************************

锁定的优点

1.一致性 - 一次只允许一个用户修改数据

2.完整性 - 为所有用户提供正确的数据。如果一个用户进行了修改并保存,所做的修改将反映给所有用户

3.并行性 -允许多个用户访问同一数据

行级锁和表级锁

行级锁:是一种排他锁,防止其他事务修改此行.

解锁:提交事务(commit),(rollback)
---------------------------------------------------------------
更新表数据:update test set score=80 where name='xiaoli';
--------------------------------------------------------------
自动提交
set autocommit on
set sutocommit off
------------------------------------------------------------
锁定某行更新语句
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update;
Select * FROM order_master Where vencode='V002' FOR Update OF odate,del_date;
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update of score;

select * from scott.test atest,test b where a.name=b.name and b.name='bbb' for update of b.score;
--------------------------------------------------------------------
等待update
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update wait 2;
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update nowait;

-------------------------------------------------------------------
表级锁:锁定整个表
表级锁语法:lock table 表名 in mode mode;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享row share--行排他row exclusive--共享share-共享行排他share row exclusive-----排他exclusive
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享(row share):lock table scott.test in (row share) mode;
[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.行排他---其他用户.共享----其他用户.共享行排他----其他用户.不可以(排他)]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行排他(row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (row exclusive) mode;

[其他用户.行共享----其他用户.行排他----其他用户.不可以(共享)---其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)--其他用户.不可以(排他)]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享(share):lock table scott.test in (share) mode;

[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.不可以(行排他)---其他用户.共享----其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)---其他用户.不可以(排他)]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享行排他(share row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (share row exclusive) mode;

[其他用户.行共享,其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他),其他用户.不可以(排他)]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
排他(exclusive):lock table scott.test in (exclusive) mode;

[其他用户.不可以(行共享),其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他,)其他用户.不可以(排他)]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
死锁

当两个事务相互等待对方释放资源时,就会形成死锁

oracle会自动检测死锁,并通过结束其中的一个事务来解决死锁
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

表分区

---范围分区
create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3))
partition by range(score)
(
partition p1 values less than (50) tablespace users,
partition p2 values less than (80),
partitiom p3 values less than (maxvalue)
)
select * from test partition(p1) union select * from test partitiom(p3);
---
删除分区
alter table test drop partition p3;
添加分区
alter table test add partition p3 values less than (maxvalue);
拆分分区
alter table test split partition p2 at(60)
into (partition p21,partition p22);
合并分区
alter table test merge partitions p21,p22 into partition p2;
截断分区(删除数据)
alter table test truncate partition p3;

现有表分区
create table str as select * from student;
drop table student;
create table student(
    studentid integer not null,
    studentname varchar2(20),
    score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
    partition p1 values less than(60),
    partition p2 values less than(75),
    partition p3 values less than(85),
    partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
insert into student(select * from stu);


select * from test scott.emp@tsinghua



**********************************************************************************************

表分区
oracle允许用户对表进一步的规化,即对表进一步拆分,将表分成若干个逻辑部分,每个部分称其为表分区
优点:增强可用性,单个分区出现故障,不影响其他分区
均衡的I/O,不同的分区可以映射到不同的磁盘   改善性能
**********************************************************************************************
①范围分区法
create table st(
    studentid integer not null,
    studentname varchar2(20),
    score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
    partition p1 values less than(60),
    partition p2 values less than(75),
    partition p3 values less than(85),
    partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
========================select * from stu partition(p1)============
②散列分区
create table st(deptno int,deptname varchar(14))
partition by hash(deptno)(
partition p1,partition p2
)
组合分区
alter table test coalesce partition;
**********************************************************************************************
③复合分区
范围分区和列表分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by list(losal)
(
partition p1 values less than(10)

  (
   subpartition p1a values('湖北'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  ),
partition p2 values less than(20)
  (
   subpartition p1a values('河南'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  ),
partition p3 values less than(30)
  (
   subpartition p1a values('上海'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  )
)

范围分区和散列分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by hash(losal)
[subpartitions 5]
(
partition p1 values less than(10)(subpartition p1a,subpartition p1b),
partition p2 values less than(20)(subpartition p2a,subpartition p2b),
partition p3 values less than(30)(subpartition p3a,subpartition p3b)
)
--------------------------------------------
create table salg(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by hash(losal)
subpartitions 3
(
partition p1 values less than(10),
partition p2 values less than(20),
partition p3 values less than(30)
)
**********************************************************************************************
④列表分区
create table test stu(id int,name varchar(20),add varchar(8))
partition by list(add)
(
partition p1 values('中国'),
partition p2 values('英国'),
partition p3 values(default)
)
**********************************************************************************************
移动分区

alter table test move partition p5 tablespace users;

********************************************************************************************

修改存档

SQL> shutdown immediate
数据库已经关闭。
已经卸载数据库。
orACLE 例程已经关闭。

SQL> startup mount
orACLE 例程已经启动。

Total System Global Area  135338868 bytes                                      
Fixed Size                   453492 bytes                                      
Variable Size             109051904 bytes                                      
Database Buffers           25165824 bytes                                      
Redo Buffers                 667648 bytes                                      
数据库装载完毕。

SQL> alter database archivelog;

数据库已更改。
alter database open;

SQL> archive log list;
数据库日志模式            存档模式
自动存档             禁用
存档终点            d:\oracle\ora92\RDBMS
最早的概要日志序列     1
下一个存档日志序列   2
当前日志序列           2

SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest=true scope=spfile;

系统已更改。

SQL> alter database open;

数据库已更改。

SQL> spool off
********************************************************************************************

PL/SSQL(过程化语言) 声明部分 执行语句部分 异常处理部分

identifier constant datatype not null
[:=|default expr];



declare
my number(5);
begin
select quantity into my
from products where product='wawa'
for update of quantity;
if my>0 then
update products set quantity=quantity+1
where product='wawa';
insert into purchase_record
values('wawawa',sysdate);
end if;
commit;
Exception
where others then
dbms_output.put_line('chucuo'||SQLERRM);
END;

declare icode varchar2(6)
p_catg varchar2(20);
c_catg constant datatype:=0.10

数字类型
number
  decrmdl
  int/integer
  real(实数)
  binary_integer(带符号的整数)
  pls_integer(同上)
字符类型
character
  char 3276
  Raw(2000)
  long/long Raw(32760)
  Rowid/rowid()
  varchar2 (string(nchar/nvarchar)/varchar)
日期时间
date
  timeStamp(固定日期dd-mm-yy 秒6位)
  子 timestamp with time zone
  ti timestamp(9)
布尔
boolean
  true
  false
  null
打印出时间
declare
test_tz timestamp with time zone;
begin test_tz:=to_timestamp_tz('2006-6-22 09:07:11','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
dbms_output.put_line(test_tz);
end;


lob类型
  BFILE
  BLOB
  CLOB
  NCLOB
属性类型
  %type  %rowtype
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tnpdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));

===============================================================
向数据库中添加图片
create directory images as 'c:\images';
crant read on directory images to scott;
create table my_diagrams(
chapter_descr varchar2(40);
diagram_no integer,
diagram blob
);

declare
  l_bfile bfile;
  l_blob blob;
begin
insert into my_diagrams(diagram)
values(emptv_blob())
return diagram into l_blob;
l_bfile:=bfilename('images','\nvimage.jpg');
dbms_lob.open(l_bfile,dbms_lob.file_readonly);
dbms_lob.loadfromfile(l_blob,l_bfile,dbms_lob,getlength(l_bfile));
dbms_lob.close(l_bfile);
commit;
end;

===============================================================
%type实例 查询
declare
dtr dept.dname%type;
begin
select dname into str from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put_line(str);
end;
set serverout on

===============================================================
%rowtype实例

declare
row dept%rowtype;
begin
select * into row from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put.line(row.dname||' '||row.deptno||' '||row.loc);
//异常
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_lin('没有数据');
when too_many_rows(others) then
dbms_output.put_lin('太多拉');
end;

===============================================================
格式

if 条件 then

elsif 条件 then

else

end if
===============================================================
格式

begin
case'&grade'
  when 'a' then dbms_output.put_line('优异');
  when 'b' then dbms_output.put_line('良好');
  else dbms_output.put_line('其它')
end case;
end;
===============================================================
外界变量
var vnm varchar2(20);
begin
:v:='aaaaa';
end;
打印
print v
===============================================================
loop实例

begin
loop
exit when 3>4;

end loop;
end;
===============================================================
while实例
begin
while (条件)condition loop
语句体;
end loop;
end;
===============================================================
循环实例

begin
for c in 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;

begin
for c in reverse(倒) 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;
===============================================================

declare
num number(3):=1;
begin
while num<10 loop
  dbms_output.put_line(num);
  num:=num+1;
  end loop;
end;

declare
num number(3):=1;
begin
loop
  dbms_output.put_line(num);
  exit when num>10;//退出
  num:=num+1;
  end loop;
end;
===============================================================
goto实例
DECLARE
  qtyhand itemfile.qty_hand%type;
  relevel itemfile.re_level%type;
BEGIN
  Select qty_hand,re_level INTO qtyhand,relevel
  FROM itemfile Where itemcode = 'i201';
  IF qtyhand < relevel THEN
    GOTO updation;
  ELSE
    GOTO quit;
  END IF;
  <<updation>>
  Update itemfile SET qty_hand = qty_hand + re_level
  Where itemcode = 'i201';
  <<quit>>
  NULL;
END;
===============================================================
动态SQL 查询
declare
cl varchar2(20);
va varchar2(20);
tb varchar2(20);
nm number(13);

begin
tb:='&table';
cl:='&aadd';
nm:=&num;
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
'select '||cl||' from '||tb||' where '||cl||'=:1' into va using nm;
dbms_output.put_line(va);
end;


===============================================================
动态SQL

declare

sql_stmt varchar2(200);
emp_id number(4):=7566;
emp_rec emp% rowtype;

begin
Execute immedlate
'create table bonus1(id number,amt number)';

sql_stmt:='select * from emp where empno=:id';
Execute immedlate sql_stmt into emp_rec using emp_id;

end;
===============================================================
declare
aaa varchar2(20);
num number(10);
bbb varchar2(20);
begin
aaa='&aaa';
num=&kkk;
execute immedlate 'select '||aaa||' from test where age=:a'into bbb using num;(标准SQL语句)
dbms_output.put_line(bbb);
end;
into 变量(给值)
:a(外界参数) using bb(邦定常量)

===============================================================
自己定义异常
declare
invar exception;
cate varchar2(10);
begin
cate:='&cate';
if cate not in('aa','ff','dd') then
raise invar;
else
dbms_output.put_line('你输入的类别是:'||cate);
end if;
exception
when invar then
dbms_output.put_line('无法认识这个类别!');
raise_application_error(-20200,'自己写');
end;
让数据库真正出错
raise_application_error(-20200,'自己写');

例子2
declare
rate itemfile.itemrate%type;
ratee exception;
begin
select nvl(itemrate,0) into rate from itemfile
where itemcode='i207';
if rate=0 then
raise ratee;
else
dbms_output.put_line('项费率是:'||rate);
end if;
exception
when ratee then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '未指定项费率');
end;
===============================================================
create procedure存储过程
===============================================================
创建标准索引
SQL> Create INDEX item_index ON itemfile (itemcode)
     TABLESPACE index_tbs;
重建索引
SQL> Alter INDEX item_index REBUILD;
删除索引
SQL> Drop INDEX item_index;
唯一索引确保在定义索引的列中没有重复值
oracle 自动在表的主键列上创建唯一索引
使用Create UNIQUE INDEX语句创建唯一索引
SQL> Create UNIQUE INDEX item_index
     ON itemfile (itemcode);
组合索引是在表的多个列上创建的索引
索引中列的顺序是任意的
如果 SQL 语句的 Where 子句中引用了组合索引的所有列或大多数列,则可以提高检索速度

SQL> Create INDEX comp_index
     ON itemfile(p_category, itemrate);
反向键索引反转索引列键值的每个字节
通常建立在值是连续增长的列上,使数据均匀地分布在整个索引上
创建索引时使用REVERSE关键字
SQL> Create INDEX rev_index
     ON itemfile (itemcode) REVERSE;
SQL> Alter INDEX rev_index REBUID NOREVERSE;
位图索引适合创建在低基数列上
位图索引不直接存储ROWID,而是存储字节位到ROWID的映射
减少响应时间
节省空间占用
SQL> Create BITMAP INDEX bit_index
     ON order_master (orderno);
基于一个或多个列上的函数或表达式创建的索引
表达式中不能出现聚合函数
不能在LOB类型的列上创建
创建时必须具有 QUERY REWRITE 权限
SQL> Create INDEX lowercase_idx
     ON toys (LOWER(toyname));
SQL> Select toyid FROM toys
     Where LOWER(toyname)='doll';
与索引有关的数据字典视图有:
USER_INDEXES - 用户创建的索引的信息
USER_IND_PARTITIONS - 用户创建的分区索引的信息
USER_IND_COLUMNS - 与索引相关的表列的信息
SQL> Select INDEX_NAME, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
     FROM USER_IND_COLUMNS
     orDER BY INDEX_NAME, COLUMN_POSITION;
可以将索引存储在不同的分区中
与分区有关的索引有三种类型:
局部分区索引 - 在分区.
表上创建的索引,在每个表分区上创建独立的索引,索引的分区范围与表一致
全局分区索引 - 在分区表或非分区表上创建的索引,索引单独指定分区的范围,与表的分区范围或是否分区无关
全局非分区索引 - 在分区表上创建的全局普通索引,索引没有被分区

SQL> Create TABLE ind_org_tab (
     vencode NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
       venname VARCHAR2(20)
    )
    orGANIZATION INDEX;
与索引有关的数据字典视图有:
USER_INDEXES - 用户创建的索引的信息
USER_IND_PARTITIONS - 用户创建的分区索引的信息
USER_IND_COLUMNS - 与索引相关的表列的信息

SQL> Select INDEX_NAME, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
     FROM USER_IND_COLUMNS
     orDER BY INDEX_NAME, COLUMN_POSITION;


----游标简介

逐行处理查询结果,经编程的方式访问数据

---游标类型:
隐式游标:在 PL/SQL 程序中执行DML SQL 语句时自动创建隐式游标。
显式游标:显式游标用于处理返回多行的查询。
REF 游标:REF 游标用于处理运行时才能确定的动态 SQL 查询的结果

------隐式游标的属性有:
%FOUND – SQL 语句影响了一行或多行时为 TRUE
%NOTFOUND – SQL 语句没有影响任何行时为TRUE
%ROWCOUNT – SQL 语句影响的行数
%ISOPEN  - 游标是否打开,始终为FALSE


删除游标

delete from table_name where cursor of cursor_name;
===============================================================
------隐式游标示例
------too_many_rows的用法!

  1  declare
  2  empid varchar2(20);
  3  begin
  4  select name into empid from test;
  5  exception
  6  when too_many_rows then
  7  dbms_output.put_line('该查询多于两行!');
  8* end;
SQL> /
该查询多于两行!

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================

------no_data_found的用法!
SQL> set serverout on
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  empid varchar2(20);
  3  desig varchar2(20);
  4  begin
  5  empid:='&emp';
  6  select name into desig from test where name=empid;
  7  dbms_output.put_line('你查询的名字是:'||desig);
  8  exception
  9  when no_data_found then
10  dbms_output.put_line('没有时间!');
11* end;
SQL> /
输入 emp 的值:  xiaoli
原值    5: empid:='&emp';
新值    5: empid:='xiaoli';
你查询的名字是:xiaoli

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> /
输入 emp 的值:  ss
原值    5: empid:='&emp';
新值    5: empid:='ss';
没有时间!

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> begin
  2  update test set name='renbinbo' where name='binbo';
  3  if sql%found then
  4  dbms_output.put_line('表已经更新!');
  5  end if;
  6  end;
  7  /
test_t表中name也已经更新!
表已经更新!

===============================================================
SQL>
  declare
   aa varchar2(20);
  bb varchar2(20);
   begin
  bb:='&bb';
   select score into aa from test where name=bb;
   if sql%found then
   dbms_output.put_line(bb||'的分数为:'||aa);
   end if;
  end;
SQL> /
输入 bb 的值:  renbinbo
原值    5: bb:='&bb';
新值    5: bb:='renbinbo';
renbinbo的分数为:100

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  my_toy rbb.test.name%type;
  3  cursor toy_cur is
  4  select name from test where name='xiaoli';
  5  begin
  6  open toy_cur;
  7  loop
  8  fetch toy_cur into my_toy;
  9  exit when toy_cur%notfound;
10  dbms_output.put_line('你查询人的姓名:'||my_toy);
11  end loop;
12  close toy_cur;
13* end;
SQL> /
你查询人的姓名:xiaoli

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  name_n rbb.test.name%type;
  3  sex_s rbb.test.name%type;
  4  sex_t rbb.test.name%type;
  5  cursor test_t is
  6  select name,sex,score from test;
  7  begin
  8  open test_t;
  9  dbms_output.put_line('你所查资料列表:');
10  loop
11  fetch test_t into name_n,sex_s,sex_t;
12  exit when test_t%notfound;
13  dbms_output.put_line(name_n||'  '||sex_s||'  '||sex_t);
14  end loop;
15  close test_t;
16* end;
17  /
你所查资料列表:
xiaoli  女   90
renbinbo  男   100
xiaoming  男   89
xiaowang  男   91
xiaohua  女   98
yunfeng  男   88
wangming  男   78
wuming  男   98
xiaobin  男   68
binbin  男   44
tianhua  女   55
liyun  女   65

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================

bibno-->ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  cursor test_cur is
  3  select name,sex,score from test;
  4  begin
  5  dbms_output.put_line('用户资料列表:');
  6  for namet in test_cur
  7  loop
  8  dbms_output.put_line(namet.name||' '||namet.sex||' '||namet.score);
  9  end loop;
10* end;
11  /
用户资料列表:
xiaoli 女  90
renbinbo 男  100
xiaoming 男  89
xiaowang 男  91
xiaohua 女  98
yunfeng 男  88
wangming 男  78
wuming 男  98
xiaobin 男  68
binbin 男  44
tianhua 女  55
liyun 女  65

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================

带参数的显式游标
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
        desig    VARCHAR2(20);
        emp_code VARCHAR2(5);
        empnm    VARCHAR2(20);
        CURSOR emp_cur(desigparam VARCHAR2) IS
         Select empno, ename FROM employee
         Where designation=desig;
     BEGIN
        desig:= '&desig';
        OPEN emp_cur(desig);
        LOOP
            FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_code,empnm;
            EXIT WHEN emp_cur%NOTFOUND;
            DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_code||' '||empnm);
          END LOOP;
        CLOSE emp_cur;
     END;
===============================================================
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
  new_price NUMBER;
  CURSOR cur_toy IS
    Select toyprice FROM toys Where toyprice<100
    FOR Update OF toyprice;
BEGIN
  OPEN cur_toy;
  LOOP
    FETCH cur_toy INTO new_price;
    EXIT WHEN cur_toy%NOTFOUND;
    Update toys
    SET toyprice = 1.1*new_price
    Where CURRENT OF cur_toy;
  END LOOP;
  CLOSE cur_toy;
  COMMIT;
END;

===============================================================
游标变量的功能强大,可以简化数据处理

游标变量的优点有:
1.可从不同的 Select 语句中提取结果集
2.可以作为过程的参数进行传递
3.可以引用游标的所有属性
4.可以进行赋值运算

使用游标变量的限制:
1.不能在程序包中声明游标变量
2.FOR Update子句不能与游标变量一起使用
3.不能使用比较运算符
===============================================================
===============================================================




创建过程
create procedure test_b(test varchar2,test1 number)
as
begin

dbms_output.put_line(test);
dbms_output.put_line(test1);
end;



create procedure test_c(test varchar2,test1 char)
as
aa varchar2(20);
bb char(10);
begin
select name into aa from test where name=test;
dbms_output.put_line(aa);
select age into bb from test where age=test1;
dbms_output.put_line(bb);
end;
===============================================================
创建函数
create or replace function test_binbo return varchar2
as
begin
return '我爱你!';
end
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;

create or replace function test_binbo return varchar2
as
aa varchar2(20);
bb char(3);
begin
bb:='&bb';
select name into aa from test where sex=bb;
return 'name';
end;
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;

create or replace function item_price_range(price number)
return varchar2 as
min_price number;
max_price number;
begin
select max(itemrate),min(temrate) into max_price,min_price
from test;
if price>=min_price and price<=max_price then
return '将计就计机';
else
return '哩哩啦啦理论';
end if;
end;
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;
===============================================================
自主事务处理
Create or REPLACE PROCEDURE p1 AS
  b VARCHAR2(50);
BEGIN
  Update vendor_master SET venadd1='10 Walls Street'
  Where vencode='V002';
  P2();
  Select venadd1 INTO b
  FROM vendor_master Where vencode='V002';
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(b);
END;
/
执行
EXECUTE p1;

Create or REPLACE PROCEDURE p2 AS
  a VARCHAR2(50);
  PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;
BEGIN
  Select venadd1 INTO a
  FROM vendor_master Where vencode='V002';
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a);
  ROLLBACK;
END;
/

===============================================================
创建程序包


SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  create or replace package package_me as
  2  procedure proc_test(test varchar2);
  3  function fun_test(funt varchar2) return varchar2;
  4* end;
  5  /

程序包已创建。

已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  create or replace package body package_me as
  2  procedure proc_test(test varchar2) as
  3  nam varchar2(20);
  4  begin
  5  select name into nam from test where name=test;
  6  dbms_output.put_line('你所查的人的姓名是:'||nam);
  7  end;
  8  function fun_test(funt varchar2) return varchar2 as
  9  funn varchar2(20);
10  begin
11  select next_day(funt,'星期六')-7 into funn from dual;
12  return funn;
13  end;
14* end package_me;
SQL> /

程序包主体已创建。
SQL> select package_me.fun_test('2008-10-16') from dual;

PACKAGE_ME.FUN_TEST('2008-10-16')
---------------------------------------------------------

2008-10-11

SQL> exec package_me.proc_test('xiaoli');
你所查的人的姓名是:xiaoli
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
create or replace package pack_me as
procedure order_pr(orn varchar2);
function order_fu(onr varchar2) return varchar2;
end pack_me;
/

Create or REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pack_me AS
  PROCEDURE order_proc (orno VARCHAR2) IS
    stat CHAR(1);
  BEGIN
    Select ostatus INTO stat FROM order_master
    Where orderno = orno;
    IF stat = 'p' THEN
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('暂挂的订单');
    ELSE
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('已完成的订单');
    END IF;
  END order_proc;
  
  FUNCTION order_fun(ornos VARCHAR2)
  RETURN VARCHAR2
  IS
    icode   VARCHAR2(5);
    ocode   VARCHAR2(5);
    qtyord  NUMBER;
    qtydeld NUMBER;
  BEGIN
    Select qty_ord, qty_deld, itemcode, orderno
    INTO   qtyord, qtydeld, icode, ocode
    FROM order_detail
    Where orderno = ornos;
    IF qtyord < qtydeld THEN
      RETURN ocode;
    ELSE
      RETURN icode;
    END IF;
  END order_fun;
END pack_me;
/

===============================================================

执行
EXECUTE pack_me.order_proc('o002');

DECLARE
  msg VARCHAR2(10);
BEGIN
  msg := pack_me.order_fun('o002');
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('值是 ' || msg);
END;

/

Create or REPLACE PACKAGE BODY cur_pack AS
CURSOR ord_cur(vcode VARCHAR2)
RETURN order_master%ROWTYPE IS
Select * FROM order_master
Where VENCODE=vcode;
PROCEDURE ord_pro(vcode VARCHAR2) IS
   or_rec order_master%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
  OPEN ord_cur(vcode);
  LOOP
    FETCH ord_cur INTO or_rec;
    EXIT WHEN ord_cur%NOTFOUND;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LIne('返回的值为' || or_rec.orderno);
  END LOOP;
END ord_pro;
END cur_pack;

EXEC cur_pack.ord_pro('V001');
===============================================================


COLUMN OBJECT_NAME FORMAT A18

Select object_name, object_type
FROM USER_OBJECTS
Where object_type IN ('PROCEDURE', 'FUNCTION',
'PACKAGE', 'PACKAGE BODY');

DESC USER_SOURCE

COLUMN LINE FORMAT 9999
COLUMN TEXT FORMAT A50

Select line, text FROM USER_SOURCE
Where NAME='TEST';

DESC pack_me;

===============================================================

数据库级触发器
Create TABLE system.session_info (
  username   VARCHAR2(30),
  logontime  DATE,
  session_id VARCHAR2(30),
  ip_addr    VARCHAR2(30),
  hostname   VARCHAR2(30),
  auth_type  VARCHAR2(30)
);
显示
set serverout on

create or replace trigger trg_session_info defore logoff on database
declare
session_id varchar2(30);
ip_addr    varchar2(30);
hostname   varchar2(30);
auth_type  varchar2(30);
logontime  date;

begin
select sys_context('userenv','sessionid') -- 会话编号
  --  用户登录的客户端IP地址
select sys_context('userenv','ip_address') into ip_addr from dual;
  --  用户登录的客户端主机名  
select sys_context('usernv','host') into hostname from dual;
  --  登录认证方式,数据库认证或外部认证
select sys_context('usernv','authentication_type') into auth_type from dual;
insert into system.session_info values (user,sysdate,session_id,ip_addr,hostname,auth_type);
end;
Select * FROM system.session_info;
===============================================================
对表employees创建触发器
create or replace trigger tr_employee after update on employees
for each row
begin
if(:new.salary>40000) then
    raise_application_error(-20002,'职员工资不能超过 40000');
end if;
end;
===============================================================

create or replace procedure demo(salary in number) as
  cursor_name integer;
  rows_processed interger;
begin
  cursor_name:=dbms_sql.open_cursor;
  dbms_sql.parse(cursor_name,'delete from salary_records where empsal>:temp_sal',dbms_sql.native);
  dbms_sql.bind_variable(cursor_name,':temp_sal',salay);
  rows_processed:=dbms_sql.execute(cursor_name);
  dbms_sql.close_cursor(crusor_name);
exception
  when others then
    dbms_sql.close_cursor(cursor_name);
end;
===============================================================
1.写一个带程序包的函数,只要传入文件名和地址就可以把这个文件的内容存到BLOB类型的字段中。
binbo>create directory tnpdir as 'c:\bfile';
binbo>grant read on directory tnpdir to scott;
binbo>Create TABLE my_dia
(
  chapter_descr VARCHAR2(40),
  diagram_no INTEGER,
  diagram BLOB
);

DECLARE
  l_bf  BFILE;
  l_bl BLOB;
BEGIN
  Insert INTO my_dia (diagram)
  VALUES (EMPTY_BLOB())
  RETURN diagram INTO l_bl;
  l_bf := BFILENAME('jsp', '\test.jsp');
  DBMS_LOB.OPEN(l_bf, DBMS_LOB.FILE_READONLY);
  DBMS_LOB.LOADFROMFILE(l_bl, l_bf, DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(l_bf));
  DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(l_bf);
  COMMIT;
END;
===============================================================
2.有一张表,字段的值是这样的:name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3)。其中的SCORE字段为分数字段。请用一条SQL语句把九十分以上的显示为A。九十到七十分的为B。七十分以下的为C。

binbo>create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3));
binbo>select name,sex,case when score<=70 then 'C'
when score<=90 and score>70 when 'B'
when score>90 when 'A'
end case from test;
===============================================================
3.有一个表,其中有一个字段为自动增长的数据类型。请在ORACLE中实现。
binbo>create table test(id number,name varchar2(20));
create sequence seq_test increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 999;
create or replace trigger tr_test before insert or update of id on test
for each row
begin
if insert into then
select seq_test.nextval into :new.id from dual;
else
raise_application_error(-20002,'不允许更新ID序列!');
end if;
end;
===============================================================
4.如何删除一个用户下的所有表。

binbo>spool c:\test.sql
binbo>select 'drop table '||tname||';'from tab;
binbo>spool off
binbo>@c:\test;
===============================================================
5。如何把数据库的日志模式从归档模式变为非归档模式

binbo>shutdown immediate
binbo>startup mount
binbo>alter database archivelog;
binbo>archive log list;
binbo>alter system set log_archive_dest=false scope=spfile;
binbo>alter database open;
===============================================================

6。建立一个用户和表空间,在这个用户和表空间下建立一张表。并授予SCOTT用户查询权利。
binbo>create user binbo identified by binbo;
binbo>create tablespace test datafile 'e:\test.dbf' size 10m;
binbo>GRANT Select ON scott.test to scott;
===============================================================
7。写一个过程,计算某个月有多少天。
create or replace procedure dept(test in varchar2)
as
aa varchar2(20);
  begin
select extract(day from last_day(to_date (test,'yyyy-mm'))) into aa from dual;
  dbms_output.put_line(aa);
  end;
===============================================================
8。有一章表,字段为name,sex,score,score字段为分数字段,查询出这个班的第五名到第七名的人的姓名。
binbo>create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(3),score number(3));
binbo>select * from (select name n,score sc,rownum r from (select name,score,rownum from test order by score desc)) where r between 5 and 7;
===============================================================
9。查询出当前这个星期的星期六是几号。

binbo>select next_day(sysdate,'星期六') from dual;
===============================================================
10。做一个外键关联的两个表。然后用触发器做级联更新。
create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(3),score number(3));
create table test_t(name varchar2(20));

create or replace trigger test_test before insert or update of name on test
for each row
begin
if inserting then
  insert into test_t(name) values (:new.name);
  dbms_output.put_line('test_t表中name也已经插入!');
elseif updating then
  update test_t set name=:new.name where name=old.name;
  dbms_output.put_line('test_t表中name也已经更新!');
elseif deleting then
  delete from test_t where name=:old.name;
  dbms_output.put_line('test_t表中name也已经删除!');
else
  raise_application_error(-20002,'不允许更新test表中的name字段');
end if;
end;

===============================================================
---从外界向数据库中插入数据
SQL> create table test_file(name varchar(30),shell varchar2(30));
表已创建。

G:盘data.ctl:(tab键隔开时间用x'09')
load data into table test_file fields terminated by '=='(name,shell);

G:盘data.txt:
aaaaaaaa==11111111
bbbbbbbb==22222222
cccccccc==33333333
binbo==hehehehe


C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlldr rbb/rbb control=G:\data.ctl data=G:\data.txt

SQL*Loader: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期二 7月 10 20:37:47 2007

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.

达到提交点,逻辑记录计数3
达到提交点,逻辑记录计数4

SQL> select * from test_file;

NAME                           SHELL
------------------------------ ------------------------------
aaaaaaaa                       11111111
bbbbbbbb                       22222222
cccccccc                       33333333
binbo                          hehehehe




===============================================================
declare
   result clob;
   xmlstr varchar2(32767);
   line varchar2(2000);
   line_no integer:=1;
   begin
   result:=dbms_xmlquery.getxml('select * from test');
   xmlstr:=dbms_lob.substr(result,32767);
   loop
  exit when xmlstr is null;
line:=substr(xmlstr,1,instr(xmlstr,chr(10))-1);
  dbms_output.put_line(line_no||':'||line);
  xmlstr:=substr(xmlstr,instr(xmlstr,chr(10))+1);
  line_no:=line_no+1;
end loop;
end;
SQL> /

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。



SQL> select instr('abcdefsfssdfabcabcsdfs','bc',2,2) "instring" from dual;

  instring
----------
        14

===============================================================
---创建表中自动增长列(利用触发器)
//创建表
create table test_bin(id number(3),name varchar2(20));
//创建序列
create sequence test_sq increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 1000;
//创建触发器
行级触发器
create or replace trigger test_test before insert or update of id on test_bin
for each row
begin
if inserting then
select test_sq.nextval into :new.id from dual;
else
raise_application_error(-20002,'不允许更新id');
end if;
end;
===============================================================
语句级触发器

create or replace trigger trgdemo after insert or update or delete on order_master
begin
if updating then
  dbms_output.put_line('已更新order_master中的数据');
elseif deleting then
  dbms_output.put_line('已删除order_master中的数据');
elseif inserting then
  dbms_output.put_line('已在order_master中插入数据');
end if;
end;
===============================================================
instead of 触发器(主要用在视图中[视图中只能有for each row])

create or replace trigger upda_ord instead of update on ord_view
for each row
begin
  update order_master set vencode=:new.vencode where orderno=:new.orderno;
  dbms_output.put_line('已激活触发器');
end;
===============================================================
触发器由三部分组成:
触发器语句(事件)
定义激活触发器的 DML 事件和 DDL 事件
触发器限制
执行触发器的条件,该条件必须为真才能激活触发器
触发器操作(主体)
包含一些 SQL 语句和代码,它们在发出了触发器语句且触发限制的值为真时运行

===============================================================
触发器类型

DDL 触发器
数据库级触发器
DML 触发器
语句级触发器
行级触发器
INSTEAD OF 触发器
===============================================================
模式触发器
create table dropped_obj(obj_name varchar2(30),obj_type varchar2(20),drop_date date);

create or replace trigger log_drop_obj after drop on schema
begin
insert into dropped_obj values(ora_dict_obj_name,ora_dict_obj_type,sysdate);
end;
===============================================================
启用和禁用触发器
alter trigger aiu_name disable;
alter trigger aiu_name enable;
===============================================================
删除触发器
drop trigger aiu_name;
===============================================================
user_triggers数据字典视图包含有关触发器的信息
select trigger_name from user_triggers where table_name='emp';

select trigger_type,triggering_event,when_clause from user_triggers
where trigger_name='biu_emp_deptno';
===============================================================
dbms_output包显示pl/sql块和子程序的调试信息
set serveroutput on
BEGIN
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('打印三角形');
  FOR i IN 1..9 LOOP
    FOR j IN 1..i LOOP
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('*');
    END LOOP for_j;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE;
  END LOOP for_i;
END;
打印三角形
*
**
***
****
*****
******
*******
********
*********

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
1.DBMS_LOB 包提供用于处理大型对象的过程和函数
2.DBMS_XMLQUERY 包用于将查询结果转换为 XML 格式
DECLARE  result CLOB;
  xmlstr VARCHAR2(32767);
  line   VARCHAR2(2000);
  line_no INTEGER := 1;
BEGIN
  result := DBMS_XMLQuery.getXml('Select * FROM test');
  xmlstr := DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR(result,32767);
LOOP
  EXIT WHEN xmlstr IS NULL;
  line := SUBSTR(xmlstr,1,INSTR(xmlstr,CHR(10))-1);
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(line_no || ':' || line);
  xmlstr := SUBSTR(xmlstr,INSTR(xmlstr,CHR(10))+1);
  line_no := line_no + 1;
END LOOP;
END;


===============================================================
一些常用的内置程序包:
DBMS_OUTPUT 包输出 PL/SQL 程序的调试信息
DBMS_LOB 包提供操作 LOB 数据的子程序
DBMS_XMLQUERY 将查询结果转换为 XML 格式
DBMS_RANDOM 提供随机数生成器
UTL_FILE 用于读写操作系统文本文件
===============================================================
触发器

Create or REPLACE TRIGGER biu_emp_deptno
BEFORE Insert or Update OF deptno
ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (New.deptno <> 40)
BEGIN
  :New.comm := 0;
END;

/
触发器已创建
===============================================================
----没有表还不能测试

Create VIEW ord_view AS
Select order_master.orderno, order_master.ostatus,
       order_detail.qty_deld, order_detail.qty_ord    
FROM order_master, order_detail
Where order_master.orderno = order_detail.orderno;

Create or REPLACE TRIGGER order_mast_insert
INSTEAD OF Insert ON ord_view
REFERENCING NEW AS n
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
  CURSOR ecur IS Select *  FROM order_master
    Where order_master.orderno = :n.orderno;
  CURSOR dcur IS Select * FROM order_detail
    Where order_detail.orderno = :n.orderno;
  a ecur%rowtype;
  b dcur%rowtype;
BEGIN
  OPEN ecur;
  OPEN dcur;
  FETCH ecur into a;
  FETCH dcur into b;
  IF dcur%notfound THEN
    Insert INTO order_master(orderno,ostatus)
    VALUES(:n.orderno, :n.ostatus);
  ELSE
    Update order_master SET order_master.ostatus = :n.ostatus
    Where order_master.orderno = :n.orderno;
  END IF;
  IF ecur%notfound THEN
    Insert INTO order_detail(qty_ord,qty_deld,orderno)
    VALUES(:n.qty_ord, :n.qty_deld, :n.orderno);
  ELSE
    Update order_detail
    SET order_detail.qty_ord  = :n.qty_ord,
        order_detail.qty_deld = :n.qty_deld
    Where order_detail.orderno = :n.orderno;
  END IF;
  CLOSE ecur;
  CLOSE dcur;
END;
/
===============================================================
Create TABLE dropped_obj
(
  obj_name VARCHAR2(30),
  obj_type VARCHAR2(20),
  drop_date DATE
);

Create or REPLACE TRIGGER log_drop_obj
AFTER Drop ON SCHEMA
BEGIN
  Insert INTO dropped_obj
  VALUES (ORA_DICT_OBJ_NAME, orA_DICT_OBJ_TYPE, SYSDATE);
END;
/


Alter TRIGGER biu_emp_deptno DISABLE;

Alter TRIGGER biu_emp_deptno ENABLE;

Drop TRIGGER biu_emp_deptno;

DESC USER_TRIGGERS;

===============================================================
DECLARE
  l_num   NUMBER;
  counter NUMBER;
BEGIN
  counter:=1;
  WHILE counter <= 10
  LOOP
    l_num := ABS((DBMS_RANDOM.RANDOM MOD 100)) + 1;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_num);
    counter := counter + 1;
  END LOOP;
END;
/
40
4
35
52
68
5
94
38
49
51

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
===============================================================
---查询出表中数据转换为xml格式
-- 以 SYSTEM 用户登录执行命令
Create DIRECTORY TEST_DIR AS 'C:\DEVELOP';
GRANT READ, WRITE ON DIRECTORY TEST_DIR TO SCOTT;

-- 以 SCOTT 用户登录
DECLARE
  src CLOB;
  xmlfile UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
  length INTEGER;
  buffer VARCHAR2(16384);
BEGIN
  src := DBMS_XMLQuery.getXml('select * from emp');
  length := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(src);
  DBMS_LOB.READ(src, length, 1, buffer);
  xmlfile := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('TEST_DIR', 'employees.xml', 'w');
  UTL_FILE.PUT(xmlfile, buffer);
  UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(xmlfile);
END;
/
===============================================================
-------读取xml格式的文件
UTL_FILE 包用于读写操作系统文本文件
操作文件的一般过程是打开、读或写、关闭
UTL_FILE 包指定文件路径依赖于 DIRECTORY 对象
1.Create DIRECTORY TEST_DIR AS 'C:\DEVELOP';
2.GRANT READ, WRITE ON DIRECTORY TEST_DIR TO SCOTT

SET SERVEROUT ON FORMAT WRAPPED
DECLARE
  input_file   UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
  input_buffer VARCHAR2(4000);
BEGIN
  input_file := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('TEST_DIR', 'employees.xml', 'r');
  FOR I IN 1..11 LOOP
    UTL_FILE.GET_LINE(input_file, input_buffer);
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(input_buffer);
  END LOOP;
  UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(input_file);
EXCEPTION
  WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('------------------');
END;
===============================================================

oracle 数据库重生$rman
oracle 数据库备份两种类型:物理备份和逻辑备份
===============================================================
oracle 故障有4种类型
1.语句故障
在执行 SQL 语句过程中发生的逻辑故障可导致语句故障。如果用户编写的 SQL 语句无效,就会发生逻辑故障
2.用户进程故障
当用户程序出错而无法访问数据库时发生用户进程故障。导致用户进程故障的原因是异常断开连接或异常终止进程
3. 实例故障
当 oracle 的数据库实例由于硬件或软件问题而无法
继续运行时,就会发生实例故障

4.介质故障
在数据库无法正确读取或写入某个数据库文件时,
会发生介质故障  
===============================================================
oracle 导出导入模式

1.完全数据库
导出和导入整个数据库中的所有对象
2.表
导出和导入一个或多个指定的表或表分区
3.用户
导出和导入一个用户模式中的所有对象
4.表空间
导出和导入一个或多个指定的表空间中的所有对象

===============================================================
导出实用程序有以下常用命令参数

USERID    确定执行导出实用程序的用户名和口令
BUFFER    确定导出数据时所使用的缓冲区大小,其大小用字节表示
FILE    指定导出的二进制文件名称,默认的扩展名是.dmp
FULL    指定是否以全部数据库方式导出,只有授权用户才可使用此参数
OWNER    要导出的数据库用户列表
HELP    指定是否显示帮助消息和参数说明
ROWS    确定是否要导出表中的数据
TABLES    按表方式导出时,指定需导出的表和分区的名称
PARFILE    指定传递给导出实用程序的参数文件名
TABLESPACES    按表空间方式导出时,指定要导出的表空间名


按用户方式导出数据
exp scott/tiger@tsinghua file=scott_back owner=scott

按表方式导出数据
exp scott/tiger@tsinghua tables=(emp, dept) file=scott_back_tab

按表空间方式导出数据
exp system/zl@tsinghua tablespaces=(users) file=tbs_users

使用参数文件导出数据
exp system/zl parfile='C:\parameters.txt'

===============================================================
导入实用程序有如下常用命令参数

USERID    指定执行导入的用户名和密码
BUFFER    指定用来读取数据的缓冲区大小,以字节为单位
COMMIT    指定是否在每个数组(其大小由BUFFER参数设置)插入后进行提交
FILE    指定要导入的二进制文件名
FROMUSER    指定要从导出转储文件中导入的用户模式
TOUSER    指定要将对象导入的用户名。FROMUSER与TOUSER可以不同
FULL    指定是否要导入整个导出转储文件
TABLES    指定要导入的表的列表
ROWS    指定是否要导入表中的行
PARFILE    指定传递给导入实用程序的参数文件名,此文件可以包含这里列出的所有参数
IGNORE    导入时是否忽略遇到的错误,默认为N
TABLESPACES    按表空间方式导入,列出要导入的表空间名


将整个文件导入数据库
imp tsinghua/tsinghua@tsinghua file=item_back.dmp ignore=y full=y

将scott用户的表导入到martin用户
imp system/zl@tsinghua file=scott_back fromuser=scott touser=martin tables=(emp,dept)

使用参数文件导入数据
imp system/oracle parfile='C:\parameters.txt'
===============================================================
归档日志方式下的数据库:自动归档和手动归档

手动归档允许用户手动归档非活动日志文件文件的已填充组
自动归档对非活动日志文件文件进行自动归档
===============================================================
数据库可在两种方式下运行:非归档日志方式和归档日志方式
非归档日志方式可以避免实例故障,但无法避免介质故障。在此方式下,数据库只能实施冷备份.
归档日志方式产生归档日志,用户可以使用归档日志完全恢复数据库.
===============================================================

导出和导入实用程序的特点有:
可以按时间保存表结构和数据
1.允许导出指定的表,并重新导入到新的数据库中
2.可以把数据库迁移到另外一台异构服务器上
3.在两个不同版本的Oracle数据库之间传输数据
4.在联机状态下进行备份和恢复
5.可以重新组织表的存储结构,减少链接及磁盘碎片
===============================================================

oracle表输格式为xml全过程.txt

SQL> conn sys/sys as sysdba
已连接。
SQL> drop directory test_dir
  2  /

目录已丢弃。

SQL> Create DIRECTORY TEST_DIR AS 'C:\';

目录已创建。

SQL> GRANT READ, WRITE ON DIRECTORY TEST_DIR TO rbb;

授权成功。

SQL> conn rbb/rbb
已连接。
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  DECLARE
  2    src CLOB;
  3    xmlfile UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
  4    length INTEGER;
  5    buffer VARCHAR2(16384);
  6  BEGIN
  7    src := DBMS_XMLQuery.getXml('select * from liuxing');
  8    length := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(src);
  9    DBMS_LOB.READ(src, length, 1, buffer);
10    xmlfile := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('TEST_DIR', 'emp.xml', 'w');
11    UTL_FILE.PUT(xmlfile, buffer);
12    UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(xmlfile);
13* END;
SQL> /

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================

SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  lname number;
  3  counter number;
  4  begin
  5  counter:=1;
  6  while counter<=10
  7  loop
  8  lname:=dbms_random.random;
  9  dbms_output.put_line(lname);
10  counter:=counter+1;
11  end loop;
12* end;
SQL> /
277652640
-479979827
-1049652647
-1006595853
1252280346
196435204
466478280
-85782435
-1489036577
-927786638

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

已用时间:  00: 00: 00.00
===============================================================

修改表名

alter table old_table_name rename to new_table_name;
===============================================================
估算SQL执行的I/O数

SQL>SET AUTOTRACE ON ;

SQL>Select * FROM TABLE;

or

SQL>Select * FROM v$filestat ;
===============================================================

如何查有多少个数据库实例

SQL>Select * FROM V$INSTANCE;
===============================================================

查询数据库有多少表

SQL>select * from all_tables;

===============================================================

显示测试SQL语句执行所用的时间

SQL>set timing on ;
===============================================================

监控事例的等待
select event,sum(decode(wait_Time,0,0,1)) "Prev",
sum(decode(wait_Time,0,1,0)) "Curr",count(*) "Tot"
from v$session_Wait
group by event order by 4;
===============================================================
回滚段的争用情况
select name, waits, gets, waits/gets "Ratio"
from v$rollstat C, v$rollname D
where C.usn = D.usn;
===============================================================
监控表空间的 I/O 比例
select B.tablespace_name name,B.file_name "file",A.phyrds pyr,
A.phyblkrd pbr,A.phywrts pyw, A.phyblkwrt pbw
from v$filestat A, dba_data_files B
where A.file# = B.file_id
order by B.tablespace_name;
===============================================================
监控文件系统的 I/O 比例
select substr(C.file#,1,2) "#", substr(C.name,1,30) "Name",
C.status, C.bytes, D.phyrds, D.phywrts
from v$datafile C, v$filestat D
where C.file# = D.file#;
===============================================================
在某个用户下找所有的索引
select user_indexes.table_name, user_indexes.index_name,uniqueness, column_name
from user_ind_columns, user_indexes
where user_ind_columns.index_name = user_indexes.index_name
and user_ind_columns.table_name = user_indexes.table_name
order by user_indexes.table_type, user_indexes.table_name,
user_indexes.index_name, column_position;
===============================================================
监控 SGA 的命中率
select a.value + b.value "logical_reads", c.value "phys_reads",
round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO"
from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c
where a.statistic# = 38 and b.statistic# = 39
and c.statistic# = 40;
===============================================================
监控 SGA 中字典缓冲区的命中率
select parameter, gets,Getmisses , getmisses/(gets+getmisses)*100 "miss ratio",
(1-(sum(getmisses)/ (sum(gets)+sum(getmisses))))*100 "Hit ratio"
from v$rowcache
where gets+getmisses <>0
group by parameter, gets, getmisses;
===============================================================
监控 SGA 中共享缓存区的命中率,应该小于1%  
select sum(pins) "Total Pins", sum(reloads) "Total Reloads",
sum(reloads)/sum(pins) *100 libcache
from v$librarycache;

select sum(pinhits-reloads)/sum(pins) "hit radio",sum(reloads)/sum(pins) "reload percent"
from v$librarycache;
===============================================================
显示所有数据库对象的类别和大小
select count(name) num_instances ,type ,sum(source_size) source_size ,
sum(parsed_size) parsed_size ,sum(code_size) code_size ,sum(error_size) error_size,
sum(source_size) +sum(parsed_size) +sum(code_size) +sum(error_size) size_required
from dba_object_size
group by type order by 2;
===============================================================
监控 SGA 中重做日志缓存区的命中率,应该小于1%
Select name, gets, misses, immediate_gets, immediate_misses,
Decode(gets,0,0,misses/gets*100) ratio1,
Decode(immediate_gets+immediate_misses,0,0,
immediate_misses/(immediate_gets+immediate_misses)*100) ratio2
FROM v$latch Where name IN ('redo allocation', 'redo copy');
===============================================================
监控内存和硬盘的排序比率,最好使它小于 .10,增加 sort_area_size
Select name, value FROM v$sysstat Where name IN ('sorts (memory)', 'sorts (disk)');

===============================================================
监控当前数据库谁在运行什么SQL语句
Select osuser, username, sql_text from v$session a, v$sqltext b
where a.sql_address =b.address order by address, piece;
===============================================================
监控字典缓冲区
Select (SUM(PINS - RELOADS)) / SUM(PINS) "LIB CACHE" FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE;
Select (SUM(GETS - GETMISSES - USAGE - FIXED)) / SUM(GETS) "ROW CACHE" FROM V$ROWCACHE;
Select SUM(PINS) "EXECUTIONS", SUM(RELOADS) "CACHE MISSES WHILE EXECUTING" FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE;
===============================================================
后者除以前者,此比率小于1%,接近0%为好。

Select SUM(GETS) "DICTIONARY GETS",SUM(GETMISSES) "DICTIONARY CACHE GET MISSES"
FROM V$ROWCACHE
===============================================================

监控 MTS
select busy/(busy+idle) "shared servers busy" from v$dispatcher;
此值大于0.5时,参数需加大
select sum(wait)/sum(totalq) "dispatcher waits" from v$queue where type='dispatcher';
select count(*) from v$dispatcher;
select servers_highwater from v$mts;
servers_highwater接近mts_max_servers时,参数需加大
===============================================================
知道当前用户的ID号
SQL>SHOW USER;
or
SQL>select user from dual;
===============================================================
查看碎片程度高的表
Select segment_name table_name , COUNT(*) extents
FROM dba_segments Where owner NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM') GROUP BY segment_name
HAVING COUNT(*) = (Select MAX( COUNT(*) ) FROM dba_segments GROUP BY segment_name);
===============================================================
知道表在表空间中的存储情况
select segment_name,sum(bytes),count(*) ext_quan from dba_extents where
tablespace_name='&tablespace_name' and segment_type='TABLE' group by tablespace_name,segment_name;
===============================================================
知道索引在表空间中的存储情况
select segment_name,count(*) from dba_extents where segment_type='INDEX' and owner='&owner'
group by segment_name;
===============================================================
知道使用CPU多的用户session 11是cpu used by this session

select a.sid,spid,status,substr(a.program,1,40) prog,a.terminal,osuser,value/60/100 value
from v$session a,v$process b,v$sesstat c
where c.statistic#=11 and c.sid=a.sid and a.paddr=b.addr order by value desc;
===============================================================






























**************************************************SQLServer语言基本语句***********************************************************


SQL分类:

  DDL—数据定义语言(Create,Alter,Drop,DECLARE)
  DML—数据操纵语言(Select,Delete,Update,Insert)
  DCL—数据控制语言(GRANT,REVOKE,COMMIT,ROLLBACK)

  首先,简要介绍基础语句:
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  1、说明:创建数据库

Create DATABASE database-name
create database database
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  2、说明:删除数据库
drop database database
drop database dbname
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  3、说明:备份sql server

  --- 创建 备份数据的 device
user pubs
exec database 'disk'
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'

  --- 开始 备份
backup database pubs to testback
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  4、说明:创建新表
create table tabname(name nvchar(20) primary key,password nvchar(16))
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)

  根据已有的表创建新表:

A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  5、说明:

  删除新表:drop table tabname
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  6、说明:

  增加一个列:Alter table tabname add column col type
alter table tabanme add column col

  注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  7、说明:

  添加主键:Alter table tabname add primary key(col)

  说明:

  删除主键:Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  8、说明:

  创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)

  删除索引:drop index idxname

  注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  9、说明:

  创建视图:create view viewname as select statement

  删除视图:drop view viewname
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句

  选择:select * from table1 where 范围

  插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)

  删除:delete from table1 where 范围

  更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围

  查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的语法很精妙,查资料!

  排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]

  总数:select count * as totalcount from table1

  求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1

  平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1

  最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1

  最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  11、说明:几个高级查询运算词
下列语句创建 STAFF 表 中 20 部门的非经理人员视图,其中薪水和佣金不通过基表显示。

  Create VIEW STAFF_ONLY

  AS Select ID, NAME, DEPT, JOB, YEARS

  FROM STAFF

  Where JOB <> 'Mgr' AND DEPT=20

  在创建视图之后,下列语句显示视图的内容:

  Select * FROM STAFF_ONLY

  A: UNION union 运算符

  UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。

  B: EXCEPT except运算符

  EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。

  C: INTERSECT intersect运算符

  INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。

  注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  12、说明:使用外连接

  A、left outer join:

  左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。

SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

  B:right outer join:

  右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。

  C:full outer join:

  全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。

  其次,大家来看一些不错的sql语句

  1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)

  法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1

  法二:select top 0 * into b from a

  2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)

insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;

  3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)

insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件

  例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where..

  4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)

select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)

  5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间

select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b

  6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)

select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

  7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a )

select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;

  8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括

select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2

select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2

  9、说明:in 的使用方法

select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)

  10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息

delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )

  11、说明:四表联查问题:

select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....

  12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒

SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5

  13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页

select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段

  14、说明:前10条记录

select top 10 * form table1 where 范围

  15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)

select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)

  16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表

(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)

  17、说明:随机取出10条数据

select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()

  18、说明:随机选择记录

select newid()

  19、说明:删除重复记录

Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)

  20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名

select name from sysobjects where type='U'

  21、说明:列出表里的所有的

select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')

  22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。

select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type

  显示结果:

type    vender pcs
电脑 A 1
电脑 A 1
光盘 B 2
光盘 A 2
手机 B 3
手机 C 3

  23、说明:初始化表table1

TRUNCATE TABLE table1

  24、说明:选择从10到15的记录

select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc

  随机选择数据库记录的方法(使用Randomize函数,通过SQL语句实现)

  对存储在数据库中的数据来说,随机数特性能给出上面的效果,但它们可能太慢了些。你不能要求ASP“找个随机数”然后打印出来。实际上常见的解决方案是建立如下所示的循环:

Randomize
RNumber = Int(Rnd*499) +1
 
While Not objRec.EOF
If objRec("ID") = RNumber THEN
... 这里是执行脚本 ...
end if
objRec.MoveNext
Wend

  这很容易理解。首先,你取出1到500范围之内的一个随机数(假设500就是数据库内记录的总数)。然后,你遍历每一记录来测试ID 的值、检查其是否匹配RNumber。满足条件的话就执行由THEN 关键字开始的那一块代码。假如你的RNumber 等于495,那么要循环一遍数据库花的时间可就长了。虽然500这个数字看起来大了些,但相比更为稳固的企业解决方案这还是个小型数据库了,后者通常在一个数据库内就包含了成千上万条记录。这时候不就死定了?

  采用SQL,你就可以很快地找出准确的记录并且打开一个只包含该记录的recordset,如下所示:

Randomize
RNumber = Int(Rnd*499) + 1
 
SQL = "Select * FROM Customers Where ID = " & RNumber
 
set objRec = ObjConn.Execute(SQL)
Response.WriteRNumber & " = " & objRec("ID") & " " & objRec("c_email")

  不必写出RNumber 和ID,你只需要检查匹配情况即可。只要你对以上代码的工作满意,你自可按需操作“随机”记录。Recordset没有包含其他内容,因此你很快就能找到你需要的记录这样就大大降低了处理时间。

  再谈随机数

  现在你下定决心要榨干Random 函数的最后一滴油,那么你可能会一次取出多条随机记录或者想采用一定随机范围内的记录。把上面的标准Random 示例扩展一下就可以用SQL应对上面两种情况了。

  为了取出几条随机选择的记录并存放在同一recordset内,你可以存储三个随机数,然后查询数据库获得匹配这些数字的记录:

  SQL = "Select * FROM Customers Where ID = " & RNumber & " or ID = " & RNumber2 & " or ID = " & RNumber3

  假如你想选出10条记录(也许是每次页面装载时的10条链接的列表),你可以用BETWEEN 或者数学等式选出第一条记录和适当数量的递增记录。这一操作可以通过好几种方式来完成,但是 Select 语句只显示一种可能(这里的ID 是自动生成的号码):
SQL = "Select * FROM Customers Where ID BETWEEN " & RNumber & " AND " & RNumber & "+ 9"

  注意:以上代码的执行目的不是检查数据库内是否有9条并发记录。

  随机读取若干条记录,测试过

Access语法:Select top 10 * From 表名 orDER BY Rnd(id)
Sql server:select top n * from 表名 order by newid()
mysql select * From 表名 order By rand() Limit n

  Access左连接语法(最近开发要用左连接,Access帮助什么都没有,网上没有Access的SQL说明,只有自己测试, 现在记下以备后查)

  语法 select table1.fd1,table1,fd2,table2.fd2 From table1 left join table2 on table1.fd1,table2.fd1 where ...

  使用SQL语句 用...代替过长的字符串显示

  语法:

  SQL数据库:select case when len(field)>10 then left(field,10)+'...' else field end as news_name,news_id from tablename
  Access数据库:Select iif(len(field)>2,left(field,2)+'...',field) FROM tablename;

  Conn.Execute说明

  Execute方法

  该方法用于执行SQL语句。根据SQL语句执行后是否返回记录集,该方法的使用格式分为以下两种:

  1.执行SQL查询语句时,将返回查询得到的记录集。用法为:

  Set 对象变量名=连接对象.Execute("SQL 查询语言")

  Execute方法调用后,会自动创建记录集对象,并将查询结果存储在该记录对象中,通过Set方法,将记录集赋给指定的对象保存,以后对象变量就代表了该记录集对象。

  2.执行SQL的操作性语言时,没有记录集的返回。此时用法为:

  连接对象.Execute "SQL 操作性语句" [, RecordAffected][, Option]

  ·RecordAffected 为可选项,此出可放置一个变量,SQL语句执行后,所生效的记录数会自动保存到该变量中。通过访问该变量,就可知道SQL语句队多少条记录进行了操作。

  ·Option 可选项,该参数的取值通常为adCMDText,它用于告诉ADO,应该将Execute方法之后的第一个字符解释为命令文本。通过指定该参数,可使执行更高效。

  ·BeginTrans、RollbackTrans、CommitTrans方法

  这三个方法是连接对象提供的用于事务处理的方法。BeginTrans用于开始一个事物;RollbackTrans用于回滚事务;CommitTrans用于提交所有的事务处理结果,即确认事务的处理。

  事务处理可以将一组操作视为一个整体,只有全部语句都成功执行后,事务处理才算成功;若其中有一个语句执行失败,则整个处理就算失败,并恢复到处里前的状态。

  BeginTrans和CommitTrans用于标记事务的开始和结束,在这两个之间的语句,就是作为事务处理的语句。判断事务处理是否成功,可通过连接对象的Error集合来实现,若Error集合的成员个数不为0,则说明有错误发生,事务处理失败。Error集合中的每一个Error对象,代表一个错误信息。


























***************************************各种数据库连接方法**********************************************************************


==================TestSQLServer.java连接SQLServer====================================

import java.sql.*;
import java.util.*;
public class TestSQLServer{  
   public static void main (String args[]){          
      try{  
        Class.forName("com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver").newInstance();
        String url = "jdbc:microsoft:sqlserver://localhost:1433;DatabaseName=testdb";
        String user ="sa";
        String password = "sa";        
        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,password);      
         Statement stat = conn.createStatement();
         ResultSet result = stat.executeQuery("Select * FROM users");        
         result.next();        
         System.out.println(result.getString(1));
         System.out.println(result.getString(2));
         System.out.println(result.getString(3));        
         result.close();      
         stat.close();
         conn.close();
        
      }catch(ClassNotFoundException en){
           System.out.println("数据库驱动找不到!");
           en.printStackTrace();      
      }catch(SQLException ex) {        
         while (ex != null) {  
            ex.printStackTrace();
            ex = ex.getNextException();
         }        
      }catch(Exception e){
          System.out.println("其他未知异常!");
          e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}


=================TestMysql.java连接mysql数据库=======================================

package org.binbo.dom;
import java.sql.*;
public class TestMysql{  
   public static void main (String args[]){          
      try{  
        Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();        
        String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/binbo";
        String user ="root";
        String password = "binbo";        
        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,password);
        
        Statement stat = conn.createStatement();
         ResultSet result = stat.executeQuery("Select * FROM testxml");        
         result.next();        
         System.out.println(result.getString(1));
         System.out.println(result.getString(2));
         System.out.println(result.getString(3));        
         result.close();      
         stat.close();
         conn.close();        
      }catch(ClassNotFoundException en){
           System.out.println("数据库驱动找不到!");
           en.printStackTrace();      
      }catch(SQLException ex) {        
         while (ex != null) {  
            ex.printStackTrace();
            ex = ex.getNextException();
         }        
      }catch(Exception e){
          System.out.println("其他未知异常!");
          e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }

}
=================TestOracle.java连接oracle数据库==================================

package org.binbo.dom;
import java.sql.*;
public class TestOracle{  
   public static void main (String args[]){          
      try{  
            Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver").newInstance();        
            String url = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:binbo";
            String user ="scott";
            String password = "tiger";            
        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,password);
        
        Statement stat = conn.createStatement();
         ResultSet result = stat.executeQuery("Select * FROM test");        
         result.next();        
         System.out.println(result.getString(1));
         System.out.println(result.getString(2));
         System.out.println(result.getString(3));        
         result.close();      
         stat.close();
         conn.close();        
      }catch(ClassNotFoundException en){
           System.out.println("数据库驱动找不到!");
           en.printStackTrace();      
      }catch(SQLException ex) {        
         while (ex != null) {  
            ex.printStackTrace();
            ex = ex.getNextException();
         }        
      }catch(Exception e){
          System.out.println("其他未知异常!");
          e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}
===============XML连接数据库=====================================================
da.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PEOPLE><!--
  <PERSON PERSONID="E01">
    <className>com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver</className>
    <url>jdbc:microsoft:sqlserver://localhost:1433;DatabaseName=binbo</url>
    <user>sa</user>
    <password>sa</password>
  </PERSON>
  --><PERSON PERSONID="E02">
     <className>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</className>
    <url>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/binbo</url>
    <user>root</user>
    <password>binbo</password>
  </PERSON><!--
<PERSON PERSONID="E03">
     <className>oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver</className>
    <url>jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:binbo</url>
    <user>scott</user>
    <password>tiger</password>
  </PERSON>
--></PEOPLE>
--------------------------------------------
content.java
package org.binbo.dom;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
public class Content {
    public static Connection getConnection(){
        Connection conn =null;
        try {
            DocumentBuilderFactory factory=DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
            DocumentBuilder builder=factory.newDocumentBuilder();
            Document doc=builder.parse("da.xml");
            NodeList nl=doc.getElementsByTagName("PERSON");
            Element node=(Element) nl.item(0);
            
    String className =node.getElementsByTagName("className").item(0).getFirstChild().getNodeValue();
                  
    String url =node.getElementsByTagName("url").item(0).getFirstChild().getNodeValue();
                  
    String user =node.getElementsByTagName("user").item(0).getFirstChild().getNodeValue();
                
    String pwd =node.getElementsByTagName("password").item(0).getFirstChild().getNodeValue();                
                 Class.forName(className);
                 conn =DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,pwd);            
        
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return conn;
    }
}
--------------------------------------------
Domtest.java
package org.binbo.dom;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.sql.*;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;

import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;

public class Domtest {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        try{
            Connection conn =Content.getConnection();
            PreparedStatement ps=conn.prepareStatement("select * from testxml");
            ResultSet rs =ps.executeQuery();
            DocumentBuilderFactory factory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
            DocumentBuilder builder = factory.newDocumentBuilder();
            Document doc = builder.newDocument();
            Element Stu = doc.createElement("binboxml");
            Element uname = doc.createElement("username");
            Element nameid = doc.createElement("userid");
            Element pass = doc.createElement("password");
            while(rs.next()){                
                String id=rs.getString(1);
                String name=rs.getString(2);
                String pwd=rs.getString(3);
                System.out.print(rs.getString(1));
                System.out.print(rs.getString(2));
                System.out.print(rs.getString(3));
                System.out.print("写入成功!");
                nameid.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(id));
                uname.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(name));
                pass.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(pwd));
            }
            
            Stu.appendChild(nameid);            
            Stu.appendChild(uname);
            Stu.appendChild(pass);
            doc.appendChild(Stu);
            TransformerFactory tf = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
            Transformer tr = tf.newTransformer();
            tr.transform(new DOMSource(doc), new StreamResult(
                    new FileOutputStream("Binbo.xml")));
            rs.close();
        } catch(Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

}

=====================数据库连接池=====================================

加到tomcat中的server.xml

<Logger className="org.apache.catalina.logger.FileLogger"
                 directory="logs"  prefix="localhost_log." suffix=".txt"
            timestamp="true"/>

这个后面
<Context path="/myjsp" docBase="myjsp"
        debug="5" reloadable="true" crossContext="true">
       <Resource name="jdbc/myjsp"
               auth="Container"
               type="javax.sql.DataSource"/>
  <ResourceParams name="jdbc/myjsp">
    <parameter>
      <name>factory</name>
      <value>org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSourceFactory</value>
    </parameter>
    <parameter>
      <name>maxActive</name>
      <value>100</value>
    </parameter>
    <parameter>
      <name>maxIdle</name>
      <value>30</value>
    </parameter>
    <parameter>
      <name>maxWait</name>
      <value>10000</value>
    </parameter>

    <parameter>
     <name>username</name>
     <value>sa</value>
    </parameter>
    <parameter>
     <name>password</name>
     <value>sa</value>
    </parameter>
    <parameter>
       <name>driverClassName</name>
       <value>com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver</value>
    </parameter>
    <parameter>
      <name>url</name>
      <value>jdbc:microsoft:sqlserver://localhost:1433;DatabaseName=jsp</value>
    </parameter>
  </ResourceParams>
</Context>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
用DBPool.java获得数据库连接池
package com.binbo.dbo;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import javax.naming.Context;
import javax.naming.NamingException;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
public class DBPool {
    public static synchronized Connection getConnection()throws Exception{
        DataSource ds = null;
        try{
        Context ininCtx  = new javax.naming.InitialContext();
        
        Context envCtx = (Context)ininCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");
          ds = (DataSource)envCtx.lookup("jdbc/myjsp");
        }catch(NamingException e){
            e.printStackTrace();            
        }        
        Connection conn = ds.getConnection();
        return conn;        
    }
}
-----------------------------------------------------------
操作数据库
package com.binbo.dbo;
import java.sql.*;
import com.binbo.javabean.BreakBean;
import com.binbo.javabean.OpenBean;
public class DataBaseClass {
    private Statement sta = null;
    private ResultSet rs = null;
    Connection conn = null;
    private int count;
    public DataBaseClass() throws Exception {
        // 取得数据库的连接
        conn = DBPool.getConnection();
        sta = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,
                ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
    }
    public void getExecute(String sql) {
        try {
            System.out.println(sql);
            sta.executeUpdate(sql);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /*
     * sql 语句集的查询
     */
    public ResultSet getQuery(String sql) {
        try {
            System.out.println(sql);
            rs = sta.executeQuery(sql);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return rs;
    }

    
     * 取得结果集的行数
    
    public int getCount(ResultSet rs2) {
        try {
            rs2.next();
            count = rs2.getRow();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return count;
    }
     //添加!    
    public void getRegister(OpenBean open) {
        String sql = "insert into f_info(nam,email,titl,content,tem,mid)values(?,?,?,?,?,?)";
        try {
            PreparedStatement ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            ps.setString(1, open.getNam());
            ps.setString(2, open.getEmail());
            ps.setString(3, open.getTitl());
            ps.setString(4, open.getContent());
            ps.setString(5, open.getTem());
            ps.setString(6, open.getDepa());
            ps.execute();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
        // 删除
    public void getRealys(OpenBean real) {
        try {
            String sql = "delete from departments where id=?";
            PreparedStatement ppt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            ppt.setString(1, real.getUnam());
            ppt.execute();

        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

    // 查询
    public void getRealy(OpenBean hg) {

        try {
            String sql = "select * from departments where id=?";
            PreparedStatement ppg = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            ppg.setString(1, hg.getUnam());
            ppg.execute();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
============================hibernate操作数据库====================================
package com.binbo.hibernate.xml;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import org.hibernate.Query;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class PersonOperate {
    private Session session = null ;
    public PersonOperate()
    {
        Configuration config = new Configuration().configure() ;
        SessionFactory factory = config.buildSessionFactory() ;
        this.session = factory.openSession() ;
    }    
    // 增加数据
    public void insert(Person p)
    {
        Transaction tran = this.session.beginTransaction() ;
        this.session.save(p) ;
        tran.commit() ;
        this.session.close() ;
    }
------------------------------------------
增加数据调用
                LinOperate po = new LinOperate();
                Lin p = new Lin();
        p.setLname(lname);
        p.setLmonery(lmonery);
        p.setLmain(lmain);
        p.setLtime(ltime);
        LinOperate po = new LinOperate();
        po.insert(p);
        errors.add("success", new ActionMessage("xiangxi"));
        request.setAttribute("org.apache.struts.action.ERROR", errors);
        return mapping.findForward("jinru");
------------------------------------------
    
    // 修改
    public void update(Person p)
    {
        Transaction tran = this.session.beginTransaction() ;
        this.session.update(p) ;
        tran.commit() ;
        this.session.close() ;
    }    
    // 用户登录
    public boolean queryById(Person person)
    {
        boolean flag = false;
        String hql = "from Person as p where p.id=? and p.password=?" ;
        Query q = this.session.createQuery(hql) ;
        q.setString(0,person.getId()) ;
        q.setString(1,person.getPassword());
        Iterator iter = q.list().iterator();
        if (iter.hasNext()) {
            flag = true;
            person.setName(((Person) iter.next()).getName());
            
        }
        this.session.close() ;
        return flag;
    }
    //验证用户存不存在
    public boolean queryC(Person person)
    {
        boolean flag = false;
        String hql = "from Person as p where p.name=?" ;
        Query q = this.session.createQuery(hql) ;
        q.setString(0,person.getName()) ;
        Iterator iter = q.list().iterator();
        if (iter.hasNext()) {
            flag = true;            
        }
        this.session.close() ;
        return flag;
    }
    //查看个人资料
    public Person queryZliao(String id)
    {
        Person p = null ;
        String hql = "from Person as p where p.id=?" ;
        Query q = this.session.createQuery(hql) ;
        q.setString(0,id) ;
        List l = q.list() ;
        Iterator iter = l.iterator() ;
        if(iter.hasNext())
        {
            p = (Person)iter.next() ;
        }
        return p ;
    }    
    // 删除数据
    public void delete(Person p)
    {
        Transaction tran = this.session.beginTransaction() ;
        this.session.delete(p) ;
        tran.commit() ;
    }    
    // 修改
    public void delete(String name)
    {
        String hql = "delete Person where name=?" ;
        Query q = this.session.createQuery(hql) ;
        q.setString(0,name) ;
        q.executeUpdate() ;
        this.session.beginTransaction().commit() ;
    }
    
    // 查询全部数据
    public List queryAll()
    {
        List l = null ;
        String hql = "from Person as p" ;
        Query q = this.session.createQuery(hql) ;
        l = q.list() ;
        return l ;
    }
-------------------------------
(
查询全部数据调用
                LinOperate po = new LinOperate();
        List l = po.queryAll();
        Iterator iter = l.iterator();
        ArrayList lus = new ArrayList();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            Lin p = (Lin) iter.next();
            Luser lu = new Luser();
            lu.setName(p.getLname());
            lu.setChange(p.getLmonery());
            lu.setMainn(p.getLmain());
            lu.setLtime(p.getLtime());
            lus.add(lu);
            System.out.print(p.getLname() + " ");
            request.setAttribute("lus", lus);


)
------------------------    
    // 模糊查询
    public List queryByLike(String cond)
    {
        List l = null ;
        String hql = "from Person as p where p.name like ?" ;
        Query q = this.session.createQuery(hql) ;
        q.setString(0,"%"+cond+"%") ;
        l = q.list() ;
        return l ;
    }
}
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