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ASP.NET Core 3.1系列（18）——EFCore中执行原生SQL语句_ef core 执行sql

作者：小蓝xlanll | 2024-03-17 02:52:25

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ef core 执行sql

1、前言

前一篇博客介绍了EFCore中常见的一些查询操作，使用Linq或Lambda结合实体类的操作相当方便。但在某些特殊情况下，我们仍旧需要使用原生SQL来获取数据。好在EFCore中提供了完整的方法支持原生SQL，下面开始介绍。

2、构建测试数据库

与之前一样，还是使用Author和Book数据表，它们是一对多的关系，AuthorId为Book表中的外键。

Author表数据如下所示：

IdNameGenderAgeEmail
1张三男3511111111@qq.com
2李四女4022222222@qq.com
3王五男3733333333@qq.com

Book表数据如下所示：

IdTitlePressPublicationTimePriceAuthorId
1《C程序设计》A出版社2022-01-01301
2《C++程序设计》B出版社2022-02-02451
3《Java程序设计》C出版社2022-03-03602
4《C#程序设计》D出版社2022-04-04552

Author代码如下：

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

// Code scaffolded by EF Core assumes nullable reference types (NRTs) are not used or disabled.
// If you have enabled NRTs for your project, then un-comment the following line:
// #nullable disable

namespace App.Models
{
    public partial class Author
    {
        public Author()
        {
            Book = new HashSet<Book>();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 主键
        /// </summary>
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 姓名
        /// </summary>
        [StringLength(20)]
        public string Name { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 性别
        /// </summary>
        [StringLength(2)]
        public string Gender { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 年龄
        /// </summary>
        public int? Age { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 邮箱
        /// </summary>
        [StringLength(30)]
        public string Email { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 导航属性
        /// </summary>
        [InverseProperty("Author")]
        public virtual ICollection<Book> Book { get; set; }
    }
}

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Book代码如下：

using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

// Code scaffolded by EF Core assumes nullable reference types (NRTs) are not used or disabled.
// If you have enabled NRTs for your project, then un-comment the following line:
// #nullable disable

namespace App.Models
{
    public partial class Book
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 主键
        /// </summary>
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 书名
        /// </summary>
        [StringLength(20)]
        public string Title { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 出版社
        /// </summary>
        [StringLength(20)]
        public string Press { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 出版时间
        /// </summary>
        [Column(TypeName = "datetime")]
        public DateTime? PublicationTime { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 价格
        /// </summary>
        [Column(TypeName = "money")]
        public decimal? Price { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 外键：AuthorId
        /// </summary>
        public int? AuthorId { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 导航属性
        /// </summary>
        [ForeignKey(nameof(AuthorId))]
        [InverseProperty("Book")]
        public virtual Author Author { get; set; }
    }
}

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DaoDbContext代码如下：

using App.Models;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

// Code scaffolded by EF Core assumes nullable reference types (NRTs) are not used or disabled.
// If you have enabled NRTs for your project, then un-comment the following line:
// #nullable disable

namespace App.Context
{
    public partial class DaoDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public DaoDbContext()
        {
        }

        public DaoDbContext(DbContextOptions<DaoDbContext> options)
            : base(options)
        {
        }

        public virtual DbSet<Author> Author { get; set; }
        public virtual DbSet<Book> Book { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            if (!optionsBuilder.IsConfigured)
            {
                optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer("Data Source=DSF-PC;Initial Catalog=Dao;User ID=sa;Password=123456;");
            }
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.Entity<Book>(entity =>
            {
                entity.HasOne(d => d.Author)
                    .WithMany(p => p.Book)
                    .HasForeignKey(d => d.AuthorId)
                    .OnDelete(DeleteBehavior.Cascade)
                    .HasConstraintName("FK_Book_Author");
            });

            OnModelCreatingPartial(modelBuilder);
        }

        partial void OnModelCreatingPartial(ModelBuilder modelBuilder);
    }
}

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3、执行原生SQL查询操作

3.1、FromSqlInterpolated

如果是针对单表的查询操作，可以使用FromSqlInterpolated方法，但是该方法有以下局限性：

  • 只支持单表查询，不支持Join
  • 必须返回全部列
  • 结果集中的列名必须与数据库中的列名对应

下面将查询查询Author表中Name='张三'且Age>30的记录，代码如下：

using App.Context;
using App.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<List<Author>> Get()
        {
            return GetAuthors("张三", 30);
        }

        private List<Author> GetAuthors(string name, int age)
        {
            return _dbContext.Set<Author>()
                             .FromSqlInterpolated(@$"select * from Author where Name={name} and Age>{age}")
                             .ToList();
        }
    }
}

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运行结果如下所示：

[{"id":1,"name":"张三","gender":"男","age":35,"email":"11111111@qq.com","book":[]}]

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如果希望查询出Author对应的Book，也可以通过Include实现，EFCore支持FromSqlInterpolated与Lambda一起使用，代码如下：

using App.Context;
using App.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<List<Author>> Get()
        {
            return GetAuthors("张三", 30);
        }

        private List<Author> GetAuthors(string name, int age)
        {
            return _dbContext.Set<Author>()
                             .FromSqlInterpolated(@$"select * from Author where Name={name} and Age>{age}")
                             .Include(p => p.Book)
                             .ToList();
        }
    }
}

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运行结果如下所示：

[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "name": "张三",
        "gender": "男",
        "age": 35,
        "email": "11111111@qq.com",
        "book": [
            {
                "id": 1,
                "title": "《C程序设计》",
                "press": "A出版社",
                "publicationTime": "2021-01-01T00:00:00",
                "price": 30.0000,
                "authorId": 1
            },
            {
                "id": 2,
                "title": "《C++程序设计》",
                "press": "B出版社",
                "publicationTime": "2021-02-02T00:00:00",
                "price": 45.0000,
                "authorId": 1
            }
        ]
    }
]

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3.2、FromSqlRaw

针对单表的查询也可以使用FromSqlRaw方法，与FromSqlInterpolated类似，该方法也必须返回全部列，代码如下：

using App.Context;
using App.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<List<Author>> Get()
        {
            return GetAuthors("张三", 30);
        }

        private List<Author> GetAuthors(string name, int age)
        {
            SqlParameter[] parameters =
            {
                new SqlParameter(@"Name", name),
                new SqlParameter(@"Age", age)
            };
            return _dbContext.Set<Author>()
                             .FromSqlRaw("select * from Author where Name=@Name and Age>@Age", parameters)
                             .ToList();
        }
    }
}

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运行结果如下所示：

[{"id":1,"name":"张三","gender":"男","age":35,"email":"11111111@qq.com","book":[]}]

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FromSqlRaw方法也可以与Lambda一起使用，代码如下：

using App.Context;
using App.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<List<Author>> Get()
        {
            return GetAuthors(1);
        }

        private List<Author> GetAuthors(int id)
        {
            SqlParameter[] parameters =
            {
                new SqlParameter(@"Id", id),
            };
            return _dbContext.Set<Author>()
                             .FromSqlRaw("select * from Author where Id>@Id", parameters)
                             .OrderByDescending(p => p.Age)
                             .Include(p => p.Book)
                             .ToList();
        }
    }
}

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运行结果如下所示：

[
    {
        "id": 2,
        "name": "李四",
        "gender": "女",
        "age": 40,
        "email": "22222222@qq.com",
        "book": [
            {
                "id": 3,
                "title": "《Java程序设计》",
                "press": "C出版社",
                "publicationTime": "2021-03-03T00:00:00",
                "price": 60.0000,
                "authorId": 2
            },
            {
                "id": 4,
                "title": "《C#程序设计》",
                "press": "D出版社",
                "publicationTime": "2021-04-04T00:00:00",
                "price": 55.0000,
                "authorId": 2
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "name": "王五",
        "gender": "男",
        "age": 37,
        "email": "33333333@qq.com",
        "book": []
    }
]

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4、执行原生SQL非查询操作

4.1、ExecuteSqlInterpolated

如果希望执行增删改等非查询操作，可以使用ExecuteSqlInterpolated方法，下面给Author表添加一条记录，代码如下：

using App.Context;
using App.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<string> Get()
        {
            int result = AddAuthor(new Author
            {
                Name = "AAA",
                Gender = "男",
                Age = 33,
                Email = "44444444@qq.com"
            });
            return result > 0 ? "添加数据成功" : "添加数据失败";
        }

        private int AddAuthor(Author author)
        {
            string name = author.Name;
            string gender = author.Gender;
            int age = author.Age.HasValue ? author.Age.Value : 0;
            string email = author.Email;
            return _dbContext.Database.ExecuteSqlInterpolated(@$"insert into Author(Name,Gender,Age,Email) values({name},{gender},{age},{email})");
        }
    }
}

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运行结果如下所示：

添加数据成功

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在这里插入图片描述

4.2、ExecuteSqlRaw

ExecuteSqlRaw方法也可以执行增删改等非查询操作，代码如下：

using App.Context;
using App.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<string> Get()
        {
            int result = AddAuthor(new Author
            {
                Name = "BBB",
                Gender = "女",
                Age = 42,
                Email = "55555555@qq.com"
            });
            return result > 0 ? "添加数据成功" : "添加数据失败";
        }

        private int AddAuthor(Author author)
        {
            SqlParameter[] parameters =
            {
                new SqlParameter(@"Name", author.Name),
                new SqlParameter(@"Gender", author.Gender),
                new SqlParameter(@"Age", author.Age),
                new SqlParameter(@"Email", author.Email)
            };
            return _dbContext.Database.ExecuteSqlRaw("insert into Author(Name,Gender,Age,Email) values(@Name,@Gender,@Age,@Email)", parameters);
        }
    }
}

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运行结果如下所示：

添加数据成功

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在这里插入图片描述

5、执行数据库事务

如果希望执行数据库事务，可以使用BeginTransaction方法，下面代码执行了一个包含Insert和Update的事务：

using App.Context;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<string> Get()
        {
            using (var transaction = _dbContext.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                try
                {
                    _dbContext.Database.ExecuteSqlRaw("insert into Author(Name,Gender,Age,Email) values('CCC','男',45,'66666666@qq.com')");
                    _dbContext.Database.ExecuteSqlRaw("update Author set Name='张三三' where Name='张三'");
                    transaction.Commit();
                    return "执行事务成功";
                }
                catch
                {
                    transaction.Rollback();
                    return "执行事务失败";
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

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运行结果如下所示：

执行事务成功

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在这里插入图片描述

6、封装SqlHelper

上面的查询方法都必须返回全部列，而在实际开发过程中往往是按需查询列，因此我们还是需要自行封装一个SqlHelper，代码如下：

SqlHelper.cs代码：

using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Common;

namespace App
{
    public class SqlHelper
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 执行查询操作，返回DataTable
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dbContext">数据库上下文</param>
        /// <param name="commandText">命令语句</param>
        /// <param name="commandType">命令类型</param>
        /// <param name="parameters">格式化参数集合</param>
        /// <returns>DataTable</returns>
        public static DataTable ExecuteQuery(DbContext dbContext, string commandText, CommandType commandType, params SqlParameter[] parameters)
        {
            DbConnection connection = dbContext.Database.GetDbConnection();
            if (connection.State != ConnectionState.Open)
            {
                connection.Open();
            }

            // 设置Command
            using DbCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
            command.CommandText = commandText;
            command.CommandType = commandType;
            if (parameters != null && parameters.Length > 0)
            {
                command.Parameters.AddRange(parameters);
            }

            // 查询数据
            using SqlDataAdapter adapter = new SqlDataAdapter(command as SqlCommand);
            try
            {
                DataTable dataTable = new DataTable();
                adapter.Fill(dataTable);
                return dataTable;
            }
            catch
            {
                return null;
            }
            finally
            {
                command.Parameters.Clear();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 执行查询操作，返回DbDataReader
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dbContext">数据库上下文</param>
        /// <param name="commandText">命令语句</param>
        /// <param name="commandType">命令类型</param>
        /// <param name="parameters">格式化参数集合</param>
        /// <returns>DbDataReader</returns>
        public static DbDataReader ExecuteReader(DbContext dbContext, string commandText, CommandType commandType, params SqlParameter[] parameters)
        {
            DbConnection connection = dbContext.Database.GetDbConnection();
            if (connection.State != ConnectionState.Open)
            {
                connection.Open();
            }

            // 设置Command
            using DbCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
            command.CommandText = commandText;
            command.CommandType = commandType;
            if (parameters != null && parameters.Length > 0)
            {
                command.Parameters.AddRange(parameters);
            }

            // 返回DataReader
            try
            {
                return command.ExecuteReader();
            }
            catch
            {
                return null;
            }
            finally
            {
                command.Parameters.Clear();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 执行查询操作，返回第一行第一列
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dbContext">数据库上下文</param>
        /// <param name="commandText">命令语句</param>
        /// <param name="commandType">命令类型</param>
        /// <param name="parameters">格式化参数集合</param>
        /// <returns>第一行第一列</returns>
        public static object ExecuteScalar(DbContext dbContext, string commandText, CommandType commandType, params SqlParameter[] parameters)
        {
            DbConnection connection = dbContext.Database.GetDbConnection();
            if (connection.State != ConnectionState.Open)
            {
                connection.Open();
            }

            // 设置Command
            using DbCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
            command.CommandText = commandText;
            command.CommandType = commandType;
            if (parameters != null && parameters.Length > 0)
            {
                command.Parameters.AddRange(parameters);
            }

            // 返回第一行第一列
            try
            {
                return command.ExecuteScalar();
            }
            catch
            {
                return null;
            }
            finally
            {
                command.Parameters.Clear();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 执行非查询操作，返回受影响的行数
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dbContext">数据库上下文</param>
        /// <param name="commandText">命令语句</param>
        /// <param name="commandType">命令类型</param>
        /// <param name="parameters">格式化参数集合</param>
        /// <returns>受影响的行数</returns>
        public static int ExecuteNonQuery(DbContext dbContext, string commandText, CommandType commandType, params SqlParameter[] parameters)
        {
            DbConnection connection = dbContext.Database.GetDbConnection();
            if (connection.State != ConnectionState.Open)
            {
                connection.Open();
            }

            // 设置Command
            using DbCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
            command.CommandText = commandText;
            command.CommandType = commandType;
            if (parameters != null && parameters.Length > 0)
            {
                command.Parameters.AddRange(parameters);
            }

            // 返回受影响的行数
            try
            {
                return command.ExecuteNonQuery();
            }
            catch
            {
                return 0;
            }
            finally
            {
                command.Parameters.Clear();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 执行数据库事务，返回受影响的行数
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dbContext">数据库上下文</param>
        /// <param name="commands">命令集合</param>
        /// <returns>受影响的行数</returns>
        public static int ExecuteTransaction(DbContext dbContext, List<SingleCommand> commands)
        {
            DbConnection connection = dbContext.Database.GetDbConnection();
            if (connection.State != ConnectionState.Open)
            {
                connection.Open();
            }

            // 开启事务
            using DbTransaction transaction = connection.BeginTransaction();
            try
            {
                foreach (var item in commands)
                {
                    DbCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
                    command.CommandText = item.CommandText;
                    command.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
                    command.Transaction = transaction;
                    if (item.Parameters.Count > 0)
                    {
                        command.Parameters.AddRange(item.Parameters.ToArray());
                    }
                    command.ExecuteNonQuery();
                }

                // 提交事务
                transaction.Commit();
                return 1;
            }
            catch
            {
                // 回滚事务
                transaction.Rollback();
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }
}

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SingleCommand.cs代码：

using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace App
{
    public class SingleCommand
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 命令语句
        /// </summary>
        public string CommandText { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 格式化参数集合
        /// </summary>
        public List<SqlParameter> Parameters { get; set; }
    }
}

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最后在Controller调用即可，代码如下：

using App.Context;
using App.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Common;

namespace App.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthorController : ControllerBase
    {
        protected readonly DaoDbContext _dbContext;

        public AuthorController(DaoDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<DataTable> GetAuthorsById()
        {
            SqlParameter parameter = new SqlParameter(@"Id", 1);
            return SqlHelper.ExecuteQuery(_dbContext, "select Id,Name,Age from Author where Id>@Id", CommandType.Text, parameter);
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<List<Author>> GetAuthorsByAge()
        {
            List<Author> list = new List<Author>();
            SqlParameter parameter = new SqlParameter(@"Age", 35);
            DbDataReader reader = SqlHelper.ExecuteReader(_dbContext, "select Id,Name,Age from Author where Age>@Age", CommandType.Text, parameter);
            while (reader.Read())
            {
                list.Add(new Author
                {
                    Id = Convert.ToInt32(reader["Id"]),
                    Name = reader["Name"] == DBNull.Value ? null : Convert.ToString(reader["Name"]),
                    Age = reader["Id"] == DBNull.Value ? new Nullable<int>() : Convert.ToInt32(reader["Age"])
                });
            }
            return list;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<int> GetAuthorsCount()
        {
            object obj = SqlHelper.ExecuteScalar(_dbContext, "select count(*) from Author", CommandType.Text);
            return Convert.ToInt32(obj);
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<string> UpdateAuthorById()
        {
            SqlParameter[] parameters =
            {
                new SqlParameter(@"Id", 1),
                new SqlParameter(@"Email", "12345678@163.com")
            };
            int result = SqlHelper.ExecuteNonQuery(_dbContext, "update Author set Email=@Email where Id=@Id", CommandType.Text, parameters);
            return result > 0 ? "修改邮箱成功" : "修改邮箱失败";
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult<string> GetTransactionResult()
        {
            List<SingleCommand> commands = new List<SingleCommand>
            {
                new SingleCommand()
                {
                    CommandText = "insert into Author values(@Name,@Gender,@Age,@Email)",
                    Parameters = new List<SqlParameter>
                    {
                        new SqlParameter(@"Name", "赵六"),
                        new SqlParameter(@"Gender", "女"),
                        new SqlParameter(@"Age", 39),
                        new SqlParameter(@"Email", "12345678@163.com")
                    }
                },
                new SingleCommand()
                {
                    CommandText = "update Author set Age=@Age where Name=@Name",
                    Parameters = new List<SqlParameter>
                    {
                        new SqlParameter(@"Name", "张三"),
                        new SqlParameter(@"Age", 59)
                    }
                },
            };
            int result = SqlHelper.ExecuteTransaction(_dbContext, commands);
            return result > 0 ? "事务执行成功" : "事务执行失败";
        }
    }
}

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GetAuthorsById结果如下：

[
 {"id":2,"name":"李四","age":40},
 {"id":3,"name":"王五","age":37}
]

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GetAuthorsByAge结果如下：

[
 {"id":2,"name":"李四","gender":null,"age":40,"email":null,"book":[]},
 {"id":3,"name":"王五","gender":null,"age":37,"email":null,"book":[]}
]

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GetAuthorsCount结果如下：

3

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UpdateAuthorById结果如下：

修改邮箱成功

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在这里插入图片描述
GetTransactionResult结果如下：

事务执行成功

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在这里插入图片描述

7、结语

本文主要介绍了如何在EFCore中执行原生SQL的方法。在某些特殊情况下，直接执行原生语句往往会更方便且更高效，因此EFCore虽好，也别忘了SQL。

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