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Linux系统编程——网络编程_linux网络编程
作者：很楠不爱3 | 2024-05-27 11:30:25
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linux网络编程
Linux系统编程–网络编程
1.网络编程概述
管道（父子进程）、消息队列（内核经营消息队列）、共享内存（创建一个空间）、信号（通过pid号通信）、信号量（对临界资源，共享内存做P、V控制） 。
特点：依赖于Linux内核 A B两个通信基于内核。缺陷：无法多机通信 （不适用与两台不同的电脑）
网络编程：
- IP地址
- 端口号
协议（数据格式）（类似串口协议）：TCP/UDP/THHP
Socket (套接字) ：
- TCP：面向连接 （做精细操作使用） (可靠) （A,B两人打电话）
- UDP：面向报文 （用大量数据使用）(不可靠) （A,B两人发短信）
TCP和UDP对比：
-
TCP面向连接（如打电话要先拨号建立连接）;UDP是无连接的，即发送数据之前 不需 要建立连接
-
TCP提供可靠的服务。也就是说，通过TCP连接传送的数据，无差错，不丢失，不重复，且按序到达;UDP尽最大努力交付，即不保证可靠交付
-
TCP面向字节流，实际上是TCP把数据看成一连串无结构的字节流;UDP是面向报文的UDP没有拥塞控制，因此网络出现拥塞不会使源主机的发送速率降低（对实时应用很有用，如IP电话，实时视频会议等）
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每一条TCP连接只能是点到点的;UDP支持一对一，一对多，多对一和多对多的交互通信
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TCP首部开销20字节;UDP的首部开销小，只有8个字节
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TCP的逻辑通信信道是全双工的可靠信道，UDP则是不可靠信道
端口号的作用
一台拥有IP地址的主机可以提供许多服务，比如Web服务、FTP服务、SMTP服务等
这些服务完全可以通过1个IP地址来实现。那么，主机是怎样区分不同的网络服务呢？显然不能只靠IP地址，因为IP 地址与网络服务的关系是一对多的关系。
实际上是通过“IP地址+端口号”来区 分不同的服务的。
端口提供了一种访问通道，
服务器一般都是通过知名端口号来识别的。例如，对于每个TCP/IP实现来说，FTP服务器的TCP端口号都是21，每个Telnet服务器的TCP端口号都是23，每个TFTP(简单文件传送协议)服务器的UDP端口号都是69。
2.字节序
Little endian： 小端字节序
Big endian ：大端字节序
网络字节序=大端字节序
3.socket编程步骤
TCP server
- socket():返回一个网络描述符（类似open返回文件描述符）
- bind() :为套接字添加信息（IP地址和端口号）
- listen():监听网络连接
- accept():监听到有客户端接入，接受一个连接
- write() & read():数据交互
- close():关闭套接字，断开连接
TCP Client
- socket()
- connect()
- write() & read()
- close()
4.Linux提供的API简析
1.创建套接字（连接协议）
scoket()函数
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol); // AF_INET 常用
2.绑定IP地址和端口号
bind()函数
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklent_t addrlen);
使用struct sockaddr_in时需要强制转换为 (struct sockaddr *)struct sockaddr_in
地址转换API
int inet_aton(const char* straddr,struct in_addr *addrp);
//把字符串形式的“192.168.1.123”转为网络能识别的格式
char* inet_ntoa(struct in_addr inaddr);
//把网络格式的ip地址转为字符串形式
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字节序转换api
#include <netinet/in.h>
uint16_t htons(uint16_t host16bitvalue); //返回网络字节序的值uint32_t htonl(uint32_t host32bitvalue); //返回网络字节序的值uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t net16bitvalue); //返回主机字节序的值uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t net32bitvalue); //返回主机字节序的值
h代表host，n代表net，s代表short（两个字节），l代表long（4个字节），通过上面的4个函数可以实现主机字节序和网络字节序之间的转换。有时可以用INADDR_ANY，INADDR_ANY指定地址让操作系统自己获取
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3.监听
listen()函数
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog)// backlog ：监听个数;
4.接受
accept()函数
int accept(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t -*addrlen);
没接受到数据会阻塞在这里
5.数据收发
数据收发常用第二套API：
6.客户端连接主机
connect()函数
int connect(int sockfd,const struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t addrlen);
5.socket服务端代码实现一
在Linux系统里找 struct sockaddr_in { }结构体
-
cd /usr/include/进入该文件
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grep "struct sockaddr_in {" * -nir查找" "中的内容- *：所有文件
- n:找出来显示行号
- i:区分大小写
- r:递归查找
-
vi linux/in.h +184进入linux/in.h文件的第184行
struct sockaddr_in {
__kernel_sa_family_t sin_family; /* Address family */
__be16 sin_port; /* Port number */
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address */
/* Pad to size of `struct sockaddr'. */
unsigned char __pad[__SOCK_SIZE__ - sizeof(short int) -
sizeof(unsigned short int) - sizeof(struct in_addr)];
};
struct in_addr {
__be32 s_addr;
};
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127.0.0.1：会去获取本机IP地址
server.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */ #include <sys/socket.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main() { int s_fd; int c_fd; int c_addrlen; struct sockaddr_in s_addr; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;//IPV4 s_addr.sin_port = htons(8899); //端口号 字节序转换 inet_aton("192.168.8.18",&s_addr.sin_addr);//ip地址 把字符串形式的“192.168.8.13”转为网络能识别的格式 //1.socket //int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol); s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);//创建套接字 if(s_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.bind //int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen); bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in));//绑定IP地址和端口号 使用 struct sockaddr_in需要强制转换 //3.listen //int listen(int sockfd, int backlog); listen(s_fd,10);//监听10个 //4.accept //int accept(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t -*addrlen); c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen);//连接，完成3次握手的，将返回的网络描述符给c_fd，接着后面的操作，避免影响s_fd继续监听 if(c_fd == -1){ perror("accpet"); } printf("get connect:%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //获得客户端IP地址 while(1); //5.read/write //6.close close(s_fd); close(c_fd); return 0; }
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打开Windows命令提示符：win+r输入cmd输入ping IP地址
能ping通，接着telnet IP地址 端口号
连接成功
如果提示：
在控制面板->系统和安全->程序->启动或关闭Windows功能->勾选上Telnet 客户端或者Telnet Client
6.socket服务端代码实现二
server2.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */ #include <sys/socket.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main() { int s_fd; int c_fd; int c_addrlen; struct sockaddr_in s_addr; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in)); //清空内容 memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in)); //清空内存 s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; s_addr.sin_port = htons(8899); inet_aton("192.168.8.18",&s_addr.sin_addr); //1.socket //int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol); s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); if(s_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.bind //int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen); bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in)); //3.listen //int listen(int sockfd, int backlog); listen(s_fd,10); //4.accept //int accept(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t -*addrlen); c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen); if(c_fd == -1){ perror("accpet"); } printf("get connect:%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //5.read/write write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage)); nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)); if(nread == -1 ){ perror("read"); }else { printf("client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread); } while(1); //6.close close(s_fd); close(c_fd); return 0; }
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运行结果：
7.socket客服端代码实现
old2_server.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int main(int agrc,char **argv) { int s_fd; int c_fd; int c_addrlen; int nread; char readbuf[128]; char *sendmessage = "I am server!"; struct sockaddr_in s_addr; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//清理内存 memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//清理内存 s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; s_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2])); inet_aton(argv[1],&s_addr.sin_addr); //1.socket s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); if(s_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.bind if(bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){ perror("bind"); exit(-1); } //3.listen if(listen(s_fd,5) == -1){ perror("listen"); exit(-1); } //4.accept c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); while(1){ c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen); //等待接入 if(c_fd == -1){ perror("accept"); exit(-1); } printf("I get your IP :%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //5.write/read if(fork() == 0){ nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)); if(nread == -1 ){ perror("read"); }else { printf("get message form client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread); } write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage)); break; } } //6.close close(s_fd); close(c_fd); return 0; }
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old2_client.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int main(int argc,char **argv) { int c_fd; int c_addrlen; int nread; char readbuf[128]; char *sendmessage = "I am client! "; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//清理内存 c_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; c_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2])); inet_aton(argv[1],&c_addr.sin_addr); //1.socket c_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);//创建套接字 if(c_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.connect connect(c_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//连接 //3.write/read write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage)); nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)); if(nread == -1 ){ perror("read"); }else { printf("get message from server:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread); } //6.close close(c_fd); return 0; }
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运行结果：
8.实现双方聊天
old3_server.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int main(int argc,char **argv) { int s_fd; int c_fd; int c_addrlen; int nread; char readbuf[128]; char sendmessage[128] = {0}; struct sockaddr_in s_addr; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; if(argc != 3){ printf("please input right param\n"); exit(-1); } memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf)); memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; s_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2])); inet_aton(argv[1],&s_addr.sin_addr); //1.socket s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); if(s_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.bind if(bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){ perror("bind"); exit(-1); } //3.listen if(listen(s_fd,5) == -1){ perror("listen"); exit(-1); } //4.accept c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); while(1){ //主进程用于接收 c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen); if(c_fd == -1){ perror("accept"); exit(-1); } printf("I get your IP :%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //5.write/read if(fork() == 0){ //创建子进程用于发送数据 while(1){ memset(&sendmessage,0,sizeof(sendmessage)); printf("input: "); gets(sendmessage); write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage)); } } if(fork() == 0){ //创建子进程用于接受数据 while(1){ nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)); if(nread == -1 ){ perror("read"); }else { printf("get message form client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread); memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));//清除管道残留信息 sleep(1);//防止客服端断开服务端刷屏 } } } } //6.close close(s_fd); close(c_fd); return 0; }
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old3_client.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int main(int argc,char **argv) { int c_fd; int c_addrlen; int nread; char readbuf[128]; char sendmessage[128] = {0}; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; if(argc != 3){ printf("please input right param\n"); exit(-1); } memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf)); memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); c_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; c_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2])); inet_aton(argv[1],&c_addr.sin_addr); //1.socket c_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); if(c_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.connect if(connect(c_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){ perror("connect"); exit(-1); } //3.write/read while(1){ if(fork() == 0){ while(1){ memset(&sendmessage,0,sizeof(sendmessage)); printf("input: "); gets(sendmessage); write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage)); } } nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)); if(nread == -1 ){ perror("read"); }else { printf("get message from server:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread); memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf)); sleep(1); //睡眠1秒，防止服务端断开，客服端刷屏 } } //6.close close(c_fd); return 0; }
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运行结果：
9.多方消息收发
testServer.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int main(int argc,char **argv) { int s_fd; int mark = 0; int c_fd; int c_addrlen; int nread; char readbuf[128]; char sendmessage[128] = {0}; struct sockaddr_in s_addr; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; if(argc != 3){ printf("please input right param\n"); exit(-1); } memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf)); memset(&sendmessage,0,sizeof(sendmessage)); memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; s_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2])); inet_aton(argv[1],&s_addr.sin_addr); //1.socket s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); if(s_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.bind if(bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){ perror("bind"); exit(-1); } //3.listen if(listen(s_fd,5) == -1){ perror("listen"); exit(-1); } //4.accept c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); while(1){ c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen); if(c_fd == -1){ perror("accept"); exit(-1); } printf("I get your IP :%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //5.write/read mark++; if(fork() == 0){ while(1){ sprintf(sendmessage,"No.%d client",mark); write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage)); sleep(3); } } if(fork() == 0){ while(1){ nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)); if(nread == -1 ){ perror("read"); }else { printf("get message form client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread); memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf)); sleep(1); } } } } //6.close close(s_fd); close(c_fd); return 0; }
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old3_client.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> //#include <linux/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */ #include <sys/socket.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main(int argc,char **argv) { int c_fd; int c_addrlen; int nread; char readbuf[128]; //char *writebuf = "massage form client !"; char writebuf[128] = {0}; struct sockaddr_in c_addr; memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in)); c_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; c_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2])); //端口号 字节序转换 inet_aton(argv[1],&c_addr.sin_addr);//ip地址 把字符串形式的“192.168.8.13”转为网络能识别的格式 //1.socket //int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol); c_fd= socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);//创建套接字 if(c_fd == -1){ perror("socket"); exit(-1); } //2.connect //int connect(int sockfd,const struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t addrlen); if((connect(c_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))) == -1){ perror("connect:"); exit(-1); } while(1){ //printf("get connect:%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //获得客户端IP地址 //3.send if(fork() == 0){ while(1){ memset(writebuf,0,sizeof(writebuf)); printf("input: "); gets(writebuf); write(c_fd,writebuf,strlen(writebuf)); if(writebuf == "q"){ printf("end!\n"); exit(0); } } } while(1){ //read memset(readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf)); nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,128); if(readbuf == "q"){ printf("end!\n"); exit(0); } if(nread == -1){ perror("read"); }else { printf("get massage form server:%d ,%s\n",nread,readbuf); } } } return 0; }
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运行结果：
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