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接上篇文章 《使用hardhat部署solidity智能合约到测试网》
部署完合约之后,那么如何区块链进行交互呢?这节的主要内容就是使用web3.js和web3j来与区块链以及链上的合约进行交互。其中web3.js是属于javascript的版本的,
web3j是java版本的。
以太坊可以看做一个公共数据库,这个数据库提供了读、写功能,但是不能删除。
发起交易其实就是将交易写库,写库不能白写,其他节点帮你记录了数据,你要支付一些费用给帮你记录的节点,这个费用就是我们经常看到的gas。因此以太坊上所有对链上的数据进行更改的操作都是需要花费gas的,而读取是免费的。
我们可以简单将与合约交易的类型分成一下三种:
1. 只读调用
2. 支付gas的调用
3. 支付gas和value的调用
1,2两种我们上面也都谈到了,那么第三种是什么呢。第三种情况就是调用合约时将的ETH转到合约中,这个value就是这个转账的数值,合约是可以接受ETH的。
如果想要合约接收ETH需要,调用的方法加上 payable 关键字声明,除此之外合约还要有声明一个 receive()方法,表明此合约可以接收ETH.
在solidity 0.6.10中是receive,不同的版本方法的声明可能会有差异。
receive() payable external {}
言归正传,下面就开始进入正题
npm install web3
项目骨架
var Web3 = require('web3'); var web3 = new Web3("https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/7d00bf84530c4264969a4f0f231de8b6"); var privateKey = "私钥"; var contractAbi = [{"inputs":[],"name":"getBalance","outputs":[{"internalType":"uint256","name":"","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"getName","outputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"","type":"string"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"name","outputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"","type":"string"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"payETH","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"payable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"_name","type":"string"}],"name":"setName","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"stateMutability":"payable","type":"receive"}]; var contractAddress = "0xb19c13d0A37cDDE5c1F969a0d9BD6a50B3A11B4E" var hello = new web3.eth.Contract(contractAbi, contractAddress); main() .then(() => process.exit(0)) .catch(error => { console.error(error); process.exit(1); }); async function main(){ await getName(); } async function getName(){ var name = await hello.methods.getName().call(); console.log(name); }
async function getName(){
var name = await hello.methods.getName().call();
console.log(name);
}
async function getBalance(){
var balance = await hello.methods.getBalance().call();
console.log("balance = "+balance);
}
async function setName(){
var name = "Jack";
var functionEncode = await hello.methods.setName(name).encodeABI();
var sign = await web3.eth.accounts.signTransaction({
gas: 300000,
to: contractAddress,
data: functionEncode,
}, privateKey);
var result = await web3.eth.sendSignedTransaction(sign.rawTransaction);
console.log("setName txHash = "+result.transactionHash);
}
async function reviceETH(){
var ethValue = 100;
var functionEncode = await hello.methods.reviceETH().encodeABI();
var sign = await web3.eth.accounts.signTransaction({
gas: 300000,
to: contractAddress,
data: functionEncode,
value: ethValue
}, privateKey);
var result = await web3.eth.sendSignedTransaction(sign.rawTransaction);
console.log("reviceETH resultTxHash = "+result.transactionHash);
}
执行结果
这里使用的是maven项目,第一步要引入web3j的包
<dependency>
<groupId>org.web3j</groupId>
<artifactId>core</artifactId>
<version>3.4.0</version>
</dependency>
Java 版本的直接上代码,也就是上述三种方式的调用
import org.junit.Test; import org.web3j.abi.FunctionEncoder; import org.web3j.abi.FunctionReturnDecoder; import org.web3j.abi.TypeReference; import org.web3j.abi.datatypes.*; import org.web3j.crypto.Credentials; import org.web3j.crypto.RawTransaction; import org.web3j.crypto.TransactionEncoder; import org.web3j.protocol.Web3j; import org.web3j.protocol.core.DefaultBlockParameterName; import org.web3j.protocol.core.methods.request.Transaction; import org.web3j.protocol.core.methods.response.EthGetTransactionCount; import org.web3j.protocol.http.HttpService; import org.web3j.tx.gas.DefaultGasProvider; import org.web3j.utils.Numeric; import java.math.BigInteger; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; public class We3jTest2 { public static String node = "https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/7d00bf84530c4264969a4f0f231de8b6"; Web3j web3j; Credentials credentials; { web3j = Web3j.build(new HttpService(node)); credentials = Credentials.create("私钥"); } public static final String contractAddress = "0xb19c13d0A37cDDE5c1F969a0d9BD6a50B3A11B4E"; /** * 调用合约的只读方法,无需gas * @throws Exception */ @Test public void getName() throws Exception { Function function = new Function( "getName", Collections.emptyList(), Arrays.asList(new TypeReference<Utf8String>(){})); String encodedFunction = FunctionEncoder.encode(function); org.web3j.protocol.core.methods.response.EthCall response = web3j.ethCall( Transaction.createEthCallTransaction(null, contractAddress, encodedFunction), DefaultBlockParameterName.LATEST) .sendAsync().get(); List<Type> results = FunctionReturnDecoder.decode(response.getValue(), function.getOutputParameters()); Utf8String preValue = (Utf8String)results.get(0); System.out.println(preValue.getValue()); } /** * 需要支付gas的方法 * @throws Exception */ @Test public void setName() throws Exception { Function function = new Function( "setName", Arrays.asList(new Utf8String("Tom")), Collections.emptyList()); BigInteger nonce = getNonce(credentials.getAddress()); String encodedFunction = FunctionEncoder.encode(function); BigInteger gasLimit = new BigInteger("300000"); RawTransaction rawTransaction = RawTransaction.createTransaction(nonce, DefaultGasProvider.GAS_PRICE,gasLimit, contractAddress, encodedFunction); org.web3j.protocol.core.methods.response.EthSendTransaction response = web3j.ethSendRawTransaction(Numeric.toHexString(TransactionEncoder.signMessage(rawTransaction, credentials))) .sendAsync() .get(); String transactionHash = response.getTransactionHash(); System.out.println(transactionHash); } /** * 需要支付gas和value的合约方法调用 * @throws Exception */ @Test public void payETH() throws Exception { BigInteger nonce = getNonce(credentials.getAddress()); Function function = new Function("payETH", Collections.EMPTY_LIST, Collections.EMPTY_LIST); String functionEncode = FunctionEncoder.encode(function); BigInteger value = new BigInteger("200"); // 与不需要支付的value的方法调用,差别就在于多传一个eth数量的value参数 RawTransaction rawTransaction = RawTransaction.createTransaction(nonce, DefaultGasProvider.GAS_PRICE,DefaultGasProvider.GAS_LIMIT, contractAddress, value,functionEncode); org.web3j.protocol.core.methods.response.EthSendTransaction response = web3j.ethSendRawTransaction(Numeric.toHexString(TransactionEncoder.signMessage(rawTransaction, credentials))) .sendAsync() .get(); String transactionHash = response.getTransactionHash(); System.out.println(transactionHash); } private BigInteger getNonce(String address) throws Exception { EthGetTransactionCount ethGetTransactionCount = web3j.ethGetTransactionCount(address, DefaultBlockParameterName.LATEST) .sendAsync() .get(); return ethGetTransactionCount.getTransactionCount(); } }
web3.js 中文文档
web3j 英文文档
web3h 中文文档
上述内容如有错误欢迎留言讨论。
有小伙伴问我,合约返回的值是一个地址数组的情况怎么写。
如下,是我的一个例子
@Test public void callContractTransaction() throws Exception { Function function = new Function( "getComponents", Collections.EMPTY_LIST, Arrays.asList(new TypeReference<DynamicArray<Address>>(){})); String encodedFunction = FunctionEncoder.encode(function); org.web3j.protocol.core.methods.response.EthCall response = web3j.ethCall( Transaction.createEthCallTransaction(null, contractAddress, encodedFunction), DefaultBlockParameterName.LATEST) .sendAsync().get(); Assert.isNull(response.getError(),"callContractTransaction error"); List<Type> results = FunctionReturnDecoder.decode(response.getValue(), function.getOutputParameters()); for (Type result : results) { System.out.println(result.getValue()); } }
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