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线性代数初等变换

线性代数初等变换

初等变换--分初等行(列)变换

定理:任意矩阵都可以通过初等变换化为,标准形矩阵.

标准形1,第一个必须是开头是1,左上角开始一串1(不能断),不一定是方阵

\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & \ 0\\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & & 0\\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 & & 0 \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 1\end{aligned} \right )像这样 可以.(1 0  00 1  00 0 \0),也可以这样\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 \\0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ { 0} \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 \end{aligned} \right ),\left( \begin {aligned} 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 \\0 & \ &0 & \ & \ { 0} \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 \end{aligned} \right )最后一个就是行列式是0 了.

初等变换包括以下几种:

1交换两行,行列式的值变号

\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & \ 0\\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & & 0\\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 & & 0 \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 1 \end{aligned} \right )交换1,3两行---> \left( \begin {aligned} 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 & & \ 0\\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & & 0\\ 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 0 \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 1 \end{aligned} \right ) 行列式记作 \left | E(i, j ) \right | =-1

 2, 用非零k乘以某行,\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & \ 0\\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & & 0\\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 & & 0 \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 1 \end{aligned} \right ) --->第三行乘5\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & \ 0\\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & & 0\\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 5 & & 0 \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 1 \end{aligned} \right ) 行列式记作\left | E(i(k)) \right | =k

3,某行乘以l倍加到另外一行\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & \ 0\\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & & 0\\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 & & 0 \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 1 \end{aligned} \right )---->第三行乘5 加到第一行 \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 5 & & \ 0\\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & & 0\\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 & & 0 \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 & & 1 \end{aligned} \right )

行列式记作:\left | E(i, j(k)) \right | = 1

初等方阵是对单位阵进行一次初等变换(行,列)

1,初等方阵均可逆,

2,初等方阵的转置也是初等方阵,

3,逆矩阵的也是初等方阵

E(2(3)) = \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {0} \\ 0 & \ & 3 & \ & \ { 0} \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 \end{aligned} \right ),第二行乘以3, 

E(1,3) = \left( \begin {aligned} 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {1} \\ 0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ {0} \\ 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 \end{aligned} \right )交换1,3行

例如A = \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 2 & \ & \ {3} \\ 4 & \ & 5 & \ & \ {6} \\ 7 & \ & 8 & \ & \ 9 \end{aligned} \right ),

E(2(3)) A = \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {0} \\ 0 & \ & 3 & \ & \ { 0} \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 \end{aligned} \right )\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 2 & \ & \ {3} \\ 4 & \ & 5 & \ & \ {6} \\ 7 & \ & 8 & \ & \ 9 \end{aligned} \right ) = \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 2 & \ & \ {3} \\ 12 & \ & 15 & \ & \ 18 \\ 7 & \ & 8 & \ & \ 9 \end{aligned} \right ) ,左乘A ,用3乘A的第二行

AE(1,3) = \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 2 & \ & \ {3} \\ 4 & \ & 5 & \ & \ {6} \\ 7 & \ & 8 & \ & \ 9 \end{aligned} \right )\left( \begin {aligned} 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {1} \\ 0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ {0} \\ 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 0 \end{aligned} \right ) = \left( \begin {aligned} 3 & \ & 2 & \ & \ {1} \\6 & \ & 5 & \ & \ { 4} \\ 9 & \ & 8 & \ & \ 7 \end{aligned} \right ),有乘A, 交换A的1,3

左乘行,右乘 列

AE(1(4)) = \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 2 & \ & \ {3} \\ 4 & \ & 5 & \ & \ {6} \\ 7 & \ & 8 & \ & \ 9 \end{aligned} \right )\left( \begin {aligned} 4 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {0} \\ 0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ {0} \\ 0 & \ & 0 & \ & \ 1 \end{aligned} \right ) = \left( \begin {aligned} 4 & \ & 2 & \ & \ 3 \\ 8 & \ & 5 & \ & \ {6} \\ 28 & \ & 8 & \ & \ 9 \end{aligned} \right )

定理:任意矩阵经过初等变换,P1,P2,...Ps , Q1,Q2,...,Qt

P_s...P_2P_1AQ_1Q_2...Q_t化为标注形

推论:A,B等价 ==  存在可逆矩阵P,Q, PAQ = B

A经过初等变换为B 

P_s...P_2P_1AQ_1Q_2...Q_t = B

定理2:A可逆,A的标准形为E

必要条件:A可逆,标注形为D

\left | P_s \right |...\left | P_2 \right |\left | P_1 \right |\left | A \right |\left | Q_1 \right |\left | Q_2 \right |...\left | Q_t \right | = \left | D \right | (\neq 0)

定理3:A可逆,A= P_1P_2...P_s,\left | A \right | \neq 0

A = P_1^{-1}P_2^{-1}...P_s^{-1}E Q_t^{-1}...Q_2^{-1}Q_1^{-1}

初等变换法:

(A,E)--->(E,A^{-1})

A = \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 1 & \ & \ {1} \\ 2 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} \\ -3 & \ &2 & \ & \ -5 \end{aligned} \right ),求A^{-1}

(A, E)  =  \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 1 & \ & \ {1} \\ 2 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} \\ -3 & \ &2 & \ & \ -5 \end{aligned} \right )\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {0} \\0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} \\ 0 & \ &0 & \ & \ 1 \end{aligned} \right ) 先对A削掉第一列的2,3行为0 第一行*(-2)加到第二行,第一行*3加到第三行 

 \left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {1} & \ & \ {1}& \ & \ {0}& \ & \ {0}\\ 0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { -2} & \ & \ {-2}& \ & \ {1}& \ & \ {0}\\ 0 & \ & 2& \ & \ -2 & \ & \ {3}& \ & \ {0}& \ & \ {1}\end{aligned} \right ),去掉第三行第二列2,第二行*(-2)加第三行

\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {1} & \ & \ {1}& \ & \ {0}& \ & \ {0}\\ 0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { -2} & \ & \ {-2}& \ & \ {1}& \ & \ {0}\\ 0 & \ & 0& \ & \ 2 & \ & \ {7}& \ & \ {-2}& \ & \ {1}\end{aligned} \right ),去掉第二行第三列-2,第三行*(1)加第二行,去掉第一行第3列1,第三行成(-1/2)加第一行,

\left( \begin {aligned} 1 & \ & 0 & \ & \ {0} & \ & \ {-5/2}& \ & \ {1}& \ & \ {-1/2}\\ 0 & \ & 1 & \ & \ { 0} & \ & \ {5}& \ & \ {-1}& \ & \ {-1}\\ 0 & \ & 0& \ & \ 1 & \ & \ {7/2}& \ & \ {-1}& \ & \ {1/2}\end{aligned} \right )最后去第三行,第三列2变1,第三行乘1/2

 A ^{-1}= \left( \begin {aligned} {-5/2} & \ & 1 & \ & \ {-1/2} \\ 5 & \ & -1 & \ & \ { 1} \\ {7/2} & \ & -1 & \ & \ {1/2} \end{aligned} \right )

注意事项:

1,先第一列,再第二列,再第三列

2,写整行,对整行进行操作,

3,第一行处理, 就不处理

4,()--->()-->()  矩阵操作用箭头

5,只做行变换

6,不管是否可逆

等出结果 需要验证AA^{-1} = E

 

 

 

 

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