【密码学】Base64 编码 ( Base64 简介 | Base64 编码原理 | 最后编码组字节不足时补位 ‘=‘ 符号 | Base64 编码实现参考 )_base64编码

一、Base64 简介

---

Base64 不是加密算法 , 是一种 可读性算法 , 其目的不是用于保护数据 , 其目的是为了可读性 ;

普通的二进制数据随机性很大 , 使用二进制文件打开后 , 参考下图 , 有很多奇怪的字符 , 都叫不上名称 , 可读性很差 , 也没办法表述出来 ;

使用 Base64 之后 , 其可读性增强很多 , 标准的 Base64 编码只能从下面的字符中选择字符 ;

private static final byte ENCODE[] = {
    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
    'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
    'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
    'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/',
};
1
2
3
4
5
6

Base64 由 $64$ 个字符组成 , 包括大写 A-Z , 小写 a-z , 数字 0-9 , 两个符号 + 和 / , 上面代码中的 ENCODE 字符数组中的 $64$ 个字符 ;

比特币中有一种 Base58 编码方式 , 其字符包括大写 A-Z ( 没有 I 字母 ) , 小写 a-z ( 没有 o, i 字母 ) , 数字 1-9 , 没有数字 $0$ , 这是因为数字 $0$ 与字母 o 不好区分 , 此外没有 + 和 / 符号 ;

Base58 编码比 Base64 少了 数字 $0$ , 小写字母 i, o, 大写字母 I , 两个符号 + 和 / ;

二、Base64 编码原理

---

Base64 编码中 , $3$ 个字节一组 , 每个字节 $8$ 位 , 总共 $24$ 位 ;

将每组的 $3$ 个字节 , 分为 $4$ 组 , 每组 $6$ 位 ;

一个字节应该是 $8$ 位 , 缺少两位 , 在高位的 $2$ 位进行补齐 , 在高位补 $0$ ;

每个字节只有后 $6$ 位有效数字 , 可以将字节的实际数据控制在 $0$ ~ $63$ 之间 ;

$6$ 位二进制数取值范围是 $0$ ~ $2^6-1$ ;

$2^6=64$

$0$ ~ $63$ 对应的字符索引表如下 :

三、最后编码组字节不足时补位 ‘=’ 符号

---

Base64 编码中 , 没有等号符号 ;

Base64 编码中 , 以 $3$ 位为一组 , 但是编码到最后 , 可能只剩下 $1$ 个或 $2$ 个字符组成 ;

如果只剩下 $1$ 位 , 此时需要在后面补充两个 ‘=’ 符号 , 一个实际 byte 和两个 ‘=’ 组成最后一组编码组 ;

如果最后剩下 $2$ 位 , 则在后面补充 $1$ 个 ‘=’ , $2$ 个实际 byte 和 $1$ 个 ‘=’ 组成最后一个编码组 ;

四、Base64 编码实现参考

---

Android 中实现的 Base64 算法 ;

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package android.util;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

/**
 * Utilities for encoding and decoding the Base64 representation of
 * binary data.  See RFCs <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">2045</a> and <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3548.txt">3548</a>.
 */
public class Base64 {
    /**
     * Default values for encoder/decoder flags.
     */
    public static final int DEFAULT = 0;

    /**
     * Encoder flag bit to omit the padding '=' characters at the end
     * of the output (if any).
     */
    public static final int NO_PADDING = 1;

    /**
     * Encoder flag bit to omit all line terminators (i.e., the output
     * will be on one long line).
     */
    public static final int NO_WRAP = 2;

    /**
     * Encoder flag bit to indicate lines should be terminated with a
     * CRLF pair instead of just an LF.  Has no effect if {@code
     * NO_WRAP} is specified as well.
     */
    public static final int CRLF = 4;

    /**
     * Encoder/decoder flag bit to indicate using the "URL and
     * filename safe" variant of Base64 (see RFC 3548 section 4) where
     * {@code -} and {@code _} are used in place of {@code +} and
     * {@code /}.
     */
    public static final int URL_SAFE = 8;

    /**
     * Flag to pass to {@link Base64OutputStream} to indicate that it
     * should not close the output stream it is wrapping when it
     * itself is closed.
     */
    public static final int NO_CLOSE = 16;

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  shared code
    //  --------------------------------------------------------

    /* package */ static abstract class Coder {
        public byte[] output;
        public int op;

        /**
         * Encode/decode another block of input data.  this.output is
         * provided by the caller, and must be big enough to hold all
         * the coded data.  On exit, this.opwill be set to the length
         * of the coded data.
         *
         * @param finish true if this is the final call to process for
         *        this object.  Will finalize the coder state and
         *        include any final bytes in the output.
         *
         * @return true if the input so far is good; false if some
         *         error has been detected in the input stream..
         */
        public abstract boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish);

        /**
         * @return the maximum number of bytes a call to process()
         * could produce for the given number of input bytes.  This may
         * be an overestimate.
         */
        public abstract int maxOutputSize(int len);
    }

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  decoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Decode the Base64-encoded data in input and return the data in
     * a new byte array.
     *
     * <p>The padding '=' characters at the end are considered optional, but
     * if any are present, there must be the correct number of them.
     *
     * @param str    the input String to decode, which is converted to
     *               bytes using the default charset
     * @param flags  controls certain features of the decoded output.
     *               Pass {@code DEFAULT} to decode standard Base64.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the input contains
     * incorrect padding
     */
    public static byte[] decode(String str, int flags) {
        return decode(str.getBytes(), flags);
    }

    /**
     * Decode the Base64-encoded data in input and return the data in
     * a new byte array.
     *
     * <p>The padding '=' characters at the end are considered optional, but
     * if any are present, there must be the correct number of them.
     *
     * @param input the input array to decode
     * @param flags  controls certain features of the decoded output.
     *               Pass {@code DEFAULT} to decode standard Base64.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the input contains
     * incorrect padding
     */
    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int flags) {
        return decode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    }

    /**
     * Decode the Base64-encoded data in input and return the data in
     * a new byte array.
     *
     * <p>The padding '=' characters at the end are considered optional, but
     * if any are present, there must be the correct number of them.
     *
     * @param input  the data to decode
     * @param offset the position within the input array at which to start
     * @param len    the number of bytes of input to decode
     * @param flags  controls certain features of the decoded output.
     *               Pass {@code DEFAULT} to decode standard Base64.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the input contains
     * incorrect padding
     */
    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        // Allocate space for the most data the input could represent.
        // (It could contain less if it contains whitespace, etc.)
        Decoder decoder = new Decoder(flags, new byte[len*3/4]);

        if (!decoder.process(input, offset, len, true)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad base-64");
        }

        // Maybe we got lucky and allocated exactly enough output space.
        if (decoder.op == decoder.output.length) {
            return decoder.output;
        }

        // Need to shorten the array, so allocate a new one of the
        // right size and copy.
        byte[] temp = new byte[decoder.op];
        System.arraycopy(decoder.output, 0, temp, 0, decoder.op);
        return temp;
    }

    /* package */ static class Decoder extends Coder {
        /**
         * Lookup table for turning bytes into their position in the
         * Base64 alphabet.
         */
        private static final int DECODE[] = {
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        };

        /**
         * Decode lookup table for the "web safe" variant (RFC 3548
         * sec. 4) where - and _ replace + and /.
         */
        private static final int DECODE_WEBSAFE[] = {
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        };

        /** Non-data values in the DECODE arrays. */
        private static final int SKIP = -1;
        private static final int EQUALS = -2;

        /**
         * States 0-3 are reading through the next input tuple.
         * State 4 is having read one '=' and expecting exactly
         * one more.
         * State 5 is expecting no more data or padding characters
         * in the input.
         * State 6 is the error state; an error has been detected
         * in the input and no future input can "fix" it.
         */
        private int state;   // state number (0 to 6)
        private int value;

        final private int[] alphabet;

        public Decoder(int flags, byte[] output) {
            this.output = output;

            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? DECODE : DECODE_WEBSAFE;
            state = 0;
            value = 0;
        }

        /**
         * @return an overestimate for the number of bytes {@code
         * len} bytes could decode to.
         */
        public int maxOutputSize(int len) {
            return len * 3/4 + 10;
        }

        /**
         * Decode another block of input data.
         *
         * @return true if the state machine is still healthy.  false if
         *         bad base-64 data has been detected in the input stream.
         */
        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) {
            if (this.state == 6) return false;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;

            // Using local variables makes the decoder about 12%
            // faster than if we manipulate the member variables in
            // the loop.  (Even alphabet makes a measurable
            // difference, which is somewhat surprising to me since
            // the member variable is final.)
            int state = this.state;
            int value = this.value;
            int op = 0;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            final int[] alphabet = this.alphabet;

            while (p < len) {
                // Try the fast path:  we're starting a new tuple and the
                // next four bytes of the input stream are all data
                // bytes.  This corresponds to going through states
                // 0-1-2-3-0.  We expect to use this method for most of
                // the data.
                //
                // If any of the next four bytes of input are non-data
                // (whitespace, etc.), value will end up negative.  (All
                // the non-data values in decode are small negative
                // numbers, so shifting any of them up and or'ing them
                // together will result in a value with its top bit set.)
                //
                // You can remove this whole block and the output should
                // be the same, just slower.
                if (state == 0) {
                    while (p+4 <= len &&
                           (value = ((alphabet[input[p] & 0xff] << 18) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+1] & 0xff] << 12) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+2] & 0xff] << 6) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+3] & 0xff]))) >= 0) {
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        p += 4;
                    }
                    if (p >= len) break;
                }

                // The fast path isn't available -- either we've read a
                // partial tuple, or the next four input bytes aren't all
                // data, or whatever.  Fall back to the slower state
                // machine implementation.

                int d = alphabet[input[p++] & 0xff];

                switch (state) {
                case 0:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d == EQUALS) {
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect exactly one more padding character.
                        output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                        state = 4;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 3:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        // Emit the output triple and return to state 0.
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        state = 0;
                    } else if (d == EQUALS) {
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect no further data or padding characters.
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                        op += 2;
                        state = 5;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 4:
                    if (d == EQUALS) {
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 5:
                    if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!finish) {
                // We're out of input, but a future call could provide
                // more.
                this.state = state;
                this.value = value;
                this.op = op;
                return true;
            }

            // Done reading input.  Now figure out where we are left in
            // the state machine and finish up.

            switch (state) {
            case 0:
                // Output length is a multiple of three.  Fine.
                break;
            case 1:
                // Read one extra input byte, which isn't enough to
                // make another output byte.  Illegal.
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 2:
                // Read two extra input bytes, enough to emit 1 more
                // output byte.  Fine.
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                break;
            case 3:
                // Read three extra input bytes, enough to emit 2 more
                // output bytes.  Fine.
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                break;
            case 4:
                // Read one padding '=' when we expected 2.  Illegal.
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 5:
                // Read all the padding '='s we expected and no more.
                // Fine.
                break;
            }

            this.state = state;
            this.op = op;
            return true;
        }
    }

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  encoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Base64-encode the given data and return a newly allocated
     * String with the result.
     *
     * @param input  the data to encode
     * @param flags  controls certain features of the encoded output.
     *               Passing {@code DEFAULT} results in output that
     *               adheres to RFC 2045.
     */
    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int flags) {
        try {
            return new String(encode(input, flags), "US-ASCII");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Base64-encode the given data and return a newly allocated
     * String with the result.
     *
     * @param input  the data to encode
     * @param offset the position within the input array at which to
     *               start
     * @param len    the number of bytes of input to encode
     * @param flags  controls certain features of the encoded output.
     *               Passing {@code DEFAULT} results in output that
     *               adheres to RFC 2045.
     */
    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        try {
            return new String(encode(input, offset, len, flags), "US-ASCII");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Base64-encode the given data and return a newly allocated
     * byte[] with the result.
     *
     * @param input  the data to encode
     * @param flags  controls certain features of the encoded output.
     *               Passing {@code DEFAULT} results in output that
     *               adheres to RFC 2045.
     */
    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int flags) {
        return encode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    }

    /**
     * Base64-encode the given data and return a newly allocated
     * byte[] with the result.
     *
     * @param input  the data to encode
     * @param offset the position within the input array at which to
     *               start
     * @param len    the number of bytes of input to encode
     * @param flags  controls certain features of the encoded output.
     *               Passing {@code DEFAULT} results in output that
     *               adheres to RFC 2045.
     */
    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        Encoder encoder = new Encoder(flags, null);

        // Compute the exact length of the array we will produce.
        int output_len = len / 3 * 4;

        // Account for the tail of the data and the padding bytes, if any.
        if (encoder.do_padding) {
            if (len % 3 > 0) {
                output_len += 4;
            }
        } else {
            switch (len % 3) {
                case 0: break;
                case 1: output_len += 2; break;
                case 2: output_len += 3; break;
            }
        }

        // Account for the newlines, if any.
        if (encoder.do_newline && len > 0) {
            output_len += (((len-1) / (3 * Encoder.LINE_GROUPS)) + 1) *
                (encoder.do_cr ? 2 : 1);
        }

        encoder.output = new byte[output_len];
        encoder.process(input, offset, len, true);

        assert encoder.op == output_len;

        return encoder.output;
    }

    /* package */ static class Encoder extends Coder {
        /**
         * Emit a new line every this many output tuples.  Corresponds to
         * a 76-character line length (the maximum allowable according to
         * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>).
         */
        public static final int LINE_GROUPS = 19;

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE[] = {
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/',
        };

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE_WEBSAFE[] = {
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_',
        };

        final private byte[] tail;
        /* package */ int tailLen;
        private int count;

        final public boolean do_padding;
        final public boolean do_newline;
        final public boolean do_cr;
        final private byte[] alphabet;

        public Encoder(int flags, byte[] output) {
            this.output = output;

            do_padding = (flags & NO_PADDING) == 0;
            do_newline = (flags & NO_WRAP) == 0;
            do_cr = (flags & CRLF) != 0;
            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? ENCODE : ENCODE_WEBSAFE;

            tail = new byte[2];
            tailLen = 0;

            count = do_newline ? LINE_GROUPS : -1;
        }

        /**
         * @return an overestimate for the number of bytes {@code
         * len} bytes could encode to.
         */
        public int maxOutputSize(int len) {
            return len * 8/5 + 10;
        }

        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) {
            // Using local variables makes the encoder about 9% faster.
            final byte[] alphabet = this.alphabet;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            int op = 0;
            int count = this.count;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;
            int v = -1;

            // First we need to concatenate the tail of the previous call
            // with any input bytes available now and see if we can empty
            // the tail.

            switch (tailLen) {
                case 0:
                    // There was no tail.
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (p+2 <= len) {
                        // A 1-byte tail with at least 2 bytes of
                        // input available now.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((input[p++] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    };
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (p+1 <= len) {
                        // A 2-byte tail with at least 1 byte of input.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((tail[1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    }
                    break;
            }

            if (v != -1) {
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                if (--count == 0) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                }
            }

            // At this point either there is no tail, or there are fewer
            // than 3 bytes of input available.

            // The main loop, turning 3 input bytes into 4 output bytes on
            // each iteration.
            while (p+3 <= len) {
                v = ((input[p] & 0xff) << 16) |
                    ((input[p+1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                    (input[p+2] & 0xff);
                output[op] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op+1] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op+2] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op+3] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                p += 3;
                op += 4;
                if (--count == 0) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                }
            }

            if (finish) {
                // Finish up the tail of the input.  Note that we need to
                // consume any bytes in tail before any bytes
                // remaining in input; there should be at most two bytes
                // total.

                if (p-tailLen == len-1) {
                    int t = 0;
                    v = ((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 4;
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) {
                        output[op++] = '=';
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    }
                    if (do_newline) {
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    }
                } else if (p-tailLen == len-2) {
                    int t = 0;
                    v = (((tailLen > 1 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 10) |
                        (((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 2);
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) {
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    }
                    if (do_newline) {
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    }
                } else if (do_newline && op > 0 && count != LINE_GROUPS) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                }

                assert tailLen == 0;
                assert p == len;
            } else {
                // Save the leftovers in tail to be consumed on the next
                // call to encodeInternal.

                if (p == len-1) {
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                } else if (p == len-2) {
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p+1];
                }
            }

            this.op = op;
            this.count = count;

            return true;
        }
    }

    private Base64() { }   // don't instantiate
}

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742