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计算机执行源程序的两种方式:
源代码:采用某种编程语言编写的计算机程序
目标代码:计算机可执行,101010
编程语言分为两类:
编写和运行Python程序主要有两种方式:
1. 交互式: 我们写的每一行Python代码都可以敲回车键来运行
2. 文件式: 先编写好Python代码,然后通过Python指令运行
编写Python代码时,可使用任意一种文本编译器,也可使用IDE工具
IDE不仅可以编写代码还可以调试和运行,文本编译器只可编写,不可运行和调试
保存文件时,文件命名推荐全部采用小写英文字母,后缀名必须为py. 另外,文件编码应该采用UTF-8
print('hello world')
添加一个名为message的变量
- message = "Hello Python world!"
-
- print(message)
False | def | if | raise |
None | del | import | return |
True | elif | in | try |
and | else | is | while |
as | except | lambda | with |
assert | finally | nonlocal | yield |
break | for | not | |
class | from | or | |
continue | global | pass |
用引号括起来的都是字符串,单引号,双引号都可以
- "This is a string."
- 'This is also a string.'
使用方法修改字符串的大小
- name = "Ada Lovelace"
- print(name.upper()) //在name.title()中,name后面的句点(.)让Python对变量name执行方法title()指定的操作,upper()全部转化为大写
- print(name.lower())//lower()全部转化为小写
- # ADA LOVELACE ,ada lovelace
- //title()以首字母大写的方式显示每个单词
合并字符串,把姓名合而为一
- first_name = "ada"
- last_name = "lovelace"
- full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
- message = "Hello, " + full_name.title() + "!"
- print(message)
- # Hello,ada lovelace!
使用制表符或换行符来添加空白
要在字符串中添加制表符,可使用字符组合\t
print('\tPython')
要在字符串中添加换行符,可使用字符组合\n
print('Languages:\nPython\nc')
转义符:\n换行,\r回车\b回退(光标移动到本行首)
删除空白,Python能够找出字符串开头和末尾多余的空白
- favorite_language = ' python '
- favorite_language.rstrip()//删除末端的空格 ' python'
- favorite_language.lstrip()//删除首段的空格 'python '
- favorite_language.strip() //删除两端的空格 'python'
- favorite_language//'python '
对变量favorite_language调用方法rstrip()后,这个多余的空格被删除了,这种删除时暂时的
永久删除字符的空白,必须将删除操作的结果存回变量中
- favorite_language = 'python '
- favorite_language = favorite_language.rstrip()
- favorite_language//'python'
总结
整数类型
可正可负,无取值范围的限制,pow(x,y)函数:计算x的y次方,4种进制表示,十进制,二进制,八进制
浮点数类型
小数点可出现在数字的任何位置,存在不确定的尾数,用round()四舍五入
- 0.1+0.1
- 0.2+0.2
- round(0.2+0.1,1)//0.3 round(x,y),x四舍五入,保留y位小数
数值运算
- 2+3//加
- 3-2//减
- 2*3//乘
- 3/2//除
- 3//2//取整
- 2**3//次方
- 3%2//取余
- 123 +4.0= 127.0 //(整数+浮点数=浮点数),类型间可进行混合运算,生成结果为“最宽"类型
- 三种类型存在一种逐渐"扩展"或"变宽”的关系:
- 整数 > 浮点数 > 复数
- 数值运算函数,abx(x)绝对值,divmod(x,y)商余,int(x)整数,float(x)浮点数
- print(5+3)
- print(2*4)
- print(8/1)
- print(10-2)
- number="1","2","3","4"
- print(number[2])
将数值转化为字符串,可调用函数str(),它让Python将非字符串值表示为字符串
- age = 23
- message = "Happy " + str(age) + "rd Birthday!"
- print(message)
在使用#(井号)时,#位于注释行的开头,#后面有一个空格(单行注释)
也可使用'''开头和结尾'''a,b,c,d,e...'''(多行注释)
- # 大家好
- print('hello people')
Python之禅,只需在解释器重中执行import this
- import this
- The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
- Beautiful is better than ugly.
列表按特定顺序排列的元素组成,用[]表示,其中元素由逗号分开 ['1','2','3','4'....]
在Python中,第一个列表元素的索引为0,而不是1,字符串的序号[0到-1]
- bicycles=['trek','redline','specialized']
- print(bicycles)
- //['trek','redline','specialized'] 创建列表
-
- bicycles=['trek','redline','specialized']
- print(bicycles[0])
- //trek 访问列表
-
- bicycles=['trek','redline','specialized']
- massage="My bicycle was a"+bicycles[0]+"!"
- print(massage)
- //My bicycle was a trek! 使用列表中的各个值
修改,添加元素
- bicycles=['trek','redline','specialized']
- print(bicycles)
- //['trek','redline','specialized']
-
- # 修改列表元素
- bicycles[0]='abc'
- print(bicycle)
- //['abc','redline','specialized']
-
- # 添加元素,append()将元素添加列表末尾
- bicycles.append=('hahaha')
- print(bicycles)
- //['trek','redline','specialized','hahaha']
-
- # 插入元素,insert()可在列表任意位置插入新元素
- bicycles.insert=(0,'hahaha')
- print(bicycles)
- //['trek','hahaha','redline','specialized']
删除元素
- bicycles=['trek','redline','specialized']
- print(bicycles)
- //['trek','redline','specialized']
-
- # del删除列表元素
- del bicycles[0]
- print(bicycles)
- //['redline','specialized']
-
- # pop()删除列表末端元素
- popped_bicycle = bicycles.pop()
- print(bicycles)
- print(popped_bicycle)
- //['trek','redline']
-
- # 用pop()来删除列表中任何位置的元素
- first_owned = bicycles.pop(0)
- print(first_owned.title())
- //['redline','specialized']
-
- # 只知道要删除的元素的值,可使用方法remove()删除元素
- bicycles.remove('specialized')
- print(bicycles)
- //['trek','redline']
-
- # 删除值'redline',并打印一条消息
- bicycles.remove(too_expensive)
- print(bicycles)
- print(too_expensive.title())
- //['trek','specialized']
- //['redline']
使用方法 sort()对列表进行永久性排序
对列表中,按字母排列
- cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
- cars.sort()
- print(cars)
- //['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']
倒着打印列表,使用reverse( )函数
- cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
- print(cars)
- cars.reverse()
- print(cars)
- //['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']原列表
- //['subaru', 'toyota', 'audi', 'bmw']
- 确定列表长度
- cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
- len(cars)
- //4
- magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina']
- for magician in magicians:
- print(magician)
- //alice david carolina
- foods=['酥肉焖面','砂锅刀削面','西红柿炒鸡蛋','酸菜鱼']
- message='我的最爱:'
- for food in foods:
- print(food)
- for food in foods:
- print(message+food)
- /*酥肉焖面
- 砂锅刀削面
- 西红柿炒鸡蛋
- 酸菜鱼
- 我的最爱:酥肉焖面
- 我的最爱:砂锅刀削面
- 我的最爱:西红柿炒鸡蛋
- 我的最爱:酸菜鱼*/
创建数值列表,使用range( )函数
- for value in range(1,5):
- print(value)
- //123
- for number in range(1,21):
- print(number)
- //1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
使用 range()创建数字列表
- numbers = list(range(1,6))
- print(numbers)//[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
使用函数range()时,还可指定步长
- even_numbers = list(range(2,11,2))
-
- print(even_numbers) //[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
- players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
- print(players[0:3]) //第0位取三个
- //['charles', 'martina', 'michael']
-
- players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
- print(players[2:])//第2位,取到最后一个
- //['michael', 'florence', 'eli']从第3个元素到列表末尾的所有元素,[:2]从头开始,取2个['michael', 'florence'] 没有指定第一个索引,Python将自动从列表开头开始,没有指定最后一个索引,将取值到最后一位
-
- players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
- print(players[-3:])//从倒数第三个,取到尾
- //['michael', 'florence', 'eli']
- 1
- foods=['酥肉焖面','砂锅刀削面','西红柿炒鸡蛋','酸菜鱼']
- print(foods[0:3])
- print(foods[2:])
- print(foods[-3:])
-
- //['酥肉焖面', '砂锅刀削面', '西红柿炒鸡蛋']
- ['西红柿炒鸡蛋', '酸菜鱼']
- ['砂锅刀削面', '西红柿炒鸡蛋', '酸菜鱼']
-
- 2
- foods=['酥肉焖面','砂锅刀削面','西红柿炒鸡蛋','酸菜鱼']
- friend=foods[:]
- print(friend)
- print(foods)
- for i in foods:
- print(i,end='')
- //['酥肉焖面', '砂锅刀削面', '西红柿炒鸡蛋', '酸菜鱼']
- ['酥肉焖面', '砂锅刀削面', '西红柿炒鸡蛋', '酸菜鱼']
- 酥肉焖面砂锅刀削面西红柿炒鸡蛋酸菜鱼
元组
是一种不可变序列类型
- dimensions=(200,50)
- print(dimensions[0])
- print(dimensions[1])//200 50
单分支结构(顺序)
- guess=eval(input())//eval()去掉函数最外侧引号并执行余下语句的函数
- if guess==99:
- print("猜对了")
二分支结构(分支)
- guess=eval(input())
- if guess==99:
- print("猜对了")
- else:("猜错了")
- # 紧凑形式
- guess=eval(input())
- print("".format("对"if guess==99 else"错"))
多分支结构
- score=eval(input())
- if score>=60:
- grade="D"
- elif score>=70:
- grade="C"
- elif score>=80:
- grade="B"
- elif score>=90:
- grade="A"
- print("{}".format(grade))
-
- age=int(input("请输入年龄:"))
- if age<2:
- print("他是婴儿!")
- elif age<4:
- print("他正在蹒跚学步!")
- elif age<13:
- print("他是儿童!")
- elif age<20:
- print("他是青少年!")
- elif age<65:
- print("他是成年人!")
- elif age>=65:
- print("他是老年人!")
- 请输入年龄:21
- 他是成年人!
条件判断及组合(循环)
- guess=eval(input())
- if guess>99 or guess<99:
- print("猜错了")
- else:
- print("猜对了")
操作符 | 描述 |
< | 小于 |
<= | 小于等于 |
>= | 大于等于 |
> | 大于 |
== | 等于 |
!= | 不等于 |
操作符及使用 | 描述 |
x and y | 与 |
x or y | 或 |
not x | 非 |
异常处理
- try:
- num =eval(input("请输入一个整数:"))
- print(num**2)
- except:
- print("输入不是整数”)
字典( dict)是可迭代的、通过键( key)来访问元素的可变的容器类型的数据
- alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
- print(alien_0['color'])
- print(alien_0['points'])
- //green 5
- 1
- friend ={"first_name":"zhao", "last_name":"yan","city":"xi an"}
- print(friend);
- print(friend["first_name"])
- print(friend["last_name"])
- print(friend["city"])
- {'first_name': 'zhao', 'last_name': 'yan', 'city': 'xi an'}
- //zhao
- yan
- xi an
-
- 2
- glossary={
- "NameError":"命名错误",
- "SyntaxError":"语法错误",
- "TypeError":"类型错误",
- "IndexError":"索引错误",
- "NameError":"命名错误",
- "Indentation":"缩进错误",
- "KeyError":"字典关键字错误",
- }
- for i,j in glossary.items():
- print(i+":\t"+j)
- NameError: 命名错误
- SyntaxError: 语法错误
- TypeError: 类型错误
- IndexError: 索引错误
- Indentation: 缩进错误
- KeyError: 字典关键字错误
计数遍历循环
- for i in range(1,6):
- print(i)//12345
- for i in range(1,6,2):
- print(i)//135
字符串遍历循环
- for c in "Python":
- print(c,end=",")
- //P,y,t,h,o,n,
列表遍历循环
- for item in [123, "PY",456] :
- print(item, end=",")
- //123,PY,456,
文件遍历循环
- for line in fi:
- print(line)
- a=3
- while a>0:
- a=a-1
- print(a)//210
- a=3
- while a>0:
- a=a+1
- print(a)//45...CTRL+C退出运行
循环控制保留字
break跳出并结束当前整个循环,执行循环后的语句,continue结束当次循环,继续执行后续次数循环
- for c in "PYTHON":
- if c =="T":
- continue
- print(c, end="")
- //PYHON
-
- for c in "PYTHON":
- if c =="T":
- break
- print(c, end="")
- //PY
-
- S ="PYTHON”
- while s!="":
- for c in s:
- print(c, end="")
- s = s[:-1]
- //PYTHONPYTHOPYTHPYTPYP,break仅跳出当前最内层循环
- S ="PYTHON
- while s!="" :
- for c in s:
- if c =="T":
- break
- print(c,end="")
- s=s[:-1]
- //PYPYPYPYPYP
循环与else
- for c in "PYTHON":
- if c =="T":
- continue
- print(c, end="")
- else:
- print("正常退出")//PYHON正常退出
-
- for c in "PYTHON":
- if c =="T":
- break
- print(c, end="")
- else:
- print("正常退出")//PY
定义函数
- def dispiay_message():
- print("本章主题:函数")
- dispiay_message()//本章主题:函数
向函数传递信息
- def favorite_book(title):
- print("One of my favorite book is"+title.title())
- favorite_book("Alice in Wonderland")
- //One of my favorite book is Alice in Wonderland
传递实参
- def make_shirt(size,style):
- print("size:"+size,end=" ")
- print("style:"+style)
- make_shirt("M","COOL")
- make_shirt(size="M",style="COOL")
- //size:M style:COOL
- size:M style:COOL
返回值
- def city_country(city,country):
- return'"'+city+","+country+'"'
- location=city_country("santiage","chile")
- print(location)
- //"santiage,chile"
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