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李万鸿-2020-2-28
数据库是IT系统的瓶颈所在,提高数据库性能和存储容量,实现分布式高并发高性能海量数据安全存储使用,是一个非常迫切的现实问题。主键Id是数据库的关键,主键使用数字比使用字符要快很多且省存储空间,Mysql的自增主键非常棒,只要简单加以运用,就可以解决分布式id自增且支持分库分表,巧妙运用mysql自身的事务管理功能,而不用采用其他的软件或方法非常复杂地解决,相比之下,这样效率更高,成本更低,下面详细论述。
分布式应用情况下,存在一个用户一次插入多条数据,以提高速度,还存在多个用户对这个数据库进行一或多条数据插入,也即这个数据库的多个连接同时对数据库进行多个insert,如果不做处理,id会错误,这就需要采用一个办法进行解决。首先,插入数据库时,需要获取reis的自增id:
stringRedisTemplate.opsForValue().increment(REDIS_ORDER_NUMBER_KEY, 1L);
Mysql的int id支持42亿数据,足以满足业务需求,数据量低于1亿基本上就要采取措施,保证数据库的性能。
使用上面的方法生成递增数字id,可以轻松实现mysql集群分库分表, 方法如下:
具体实现为:
我们设置获取ID步长为l,一共有n个表分配id。
初始化后,n个表中的id值分别为0,l, 2l,3l…
当应用从任意一个表获取ID,这个表中的ID会在原ID值上增加nl。
举例说明,步长为100,共4个id表
初始化后,4个表中的值分别为, 1:0, 2:100, 3:200, 4:300
假设应用从表2获取了id,那么四个表的值变为,1:0, 2:500, 3:200, 4:300
这样一来有如下几个好处:
实现了全局唯一ID。
不影响业务数据库的扩展。
获取ID有容灾,单个表无法访问不影响全局。如果主从集群,可以解决此问题。
这样写数据库时,不用做任何其他处理,直接写,由于有多台mysql服务器,需要路由选择,实现负载均衡,方法简单:数据库号=Random()%n。
读取时,需要做个简单的id计算,已找到保存这个id的数据库,方法如下:
数据库号=Id%n*l/100
如表2的新插入数据的id=500,500对4*100=400取余=100,100/100=1,即为第二台数据库。然后使用多数据源的办法,选中即可。
这个方法支持mysql线性扩容,直接增加数据库服务器,增加办法很简单,写入一样,记住扩容前的maxID,读取时id计算公式为:
If(id<=maxId){
#n=扩容前的mysql服务器台数
数据库号=Id%n*l/100
}else
{
数据库号=Id%(n+1)*l/100
}
以后再扩容,如法炮制,记住maxId是关键。
这样就可以轻松扩容,增加数据库服务器,支持业务的增长,存储更多的数据。这个办法支持多个主mysql的写,还可以实现主从分离,使用读写分离来提高性能。
一主带多从,使用mysql的binlog实现主从同步,多个主mysql之间不复制,充分使用存储,主从同步,保证数据冗余,且便于读写分离,提高性能。应用写数据的方法不变,读数据时需要选择对应主数据库的从数据库地址源,从而使系统性能提升,数据冗余备份,更安全有效。
1.架构图
MySQL读写分离是指让master处理写操作,让slave处理读操作,非常适用于读操作量比较大的场景,可减轻master的压力。
使用mysql-proxy实现mysql的读写分离,mysql-proxy实际上是作为后端mysql主从服务器的代理,它直接接受客户端的请求,对SQL语句进行分析,判断出是读操作还是写操作,然后分发至对应的mysql服务器上。
环境准备:
三台主机:
192.168.20.10 master
192.168.20.11 slave
192.168.20.12 proxy
第一:192.168.20.10、11两台mysql搭建主从复制架构。
第二、在proxy机器上安装配置mysql-proxy,实现master/slave架构读写分离。
1、下载mysql-proxy-0.8.5-linux-el6-x86-64bit.tar.gz
2、安装mysql-proxy
[root@proxy install]# tar zxvf mysql-proxy-0.8.5-linux-el6-x86-64bit.tar.gz
mysql-proxy-0.8.5-linux-el6-x86-64bit/
mysql-proxy-0.8.5-linux-el6-x86-64bit/bin/
......
[root@proxy install]# mv mysql-proxy-0.8.5-linux-el6-x86-64bit /usr/local/
[root@proxy local]# ln -s mysql-proxy-0.8.5-linux-el6-x86-64bit/ mysql-proxy
[root@proxy local]# useradd -r mysql-proxy
[root@proxy local]# id mysql-proxy
uid=493(mysql-proxy) gid=486(mysql-proxy) groups=486(mysql-proxy)
3、添加mysql-proxy自启动
[root@proxy local]# cd /etc/init.d/
[root@proxy init.d]# vi mysql-proxy
!/bin/bash
mysql-proxy This script starts and stops the mysql-proxy daemon
chkconfig: - 78 30
processname: mysql-proxy
description: mysql-proxy is a proxy daemon for mysql
Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
prog="/usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxy"
Source networking configuration.
if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/network ]; then
. /etc/sysconfig/network
fi
Check that networking is up.
[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0
Set default mysql-proxy configuration.
ADMIN_USER="admin"
ADMIN_PASSWD="admin"
ADMIN_LUA_SCRIPT="/usr/local/mysql-proxy/share/doc/mysql-proxy/admin.lua"
PROXY_OPTIONS="--daemon"
PROXY_PID=/var/run/mysql-proxy.pid
PROXY_USER="mysql-proxy"
Source mysql-proxy configuration.
if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/mysql-proxy ]; then
. /etc/sysconfig/mysql-proxy
fi
RETVAL=0
start() {
echo -n prog: "
daemon PROXY_OPTIONS --pid-file= PROXY_ADDRESS" --user= ADMIN_USER" --admin-lua-script=" ADMIN_PASSWORD"
RETVAL= RETVAL -eq 0 ]; then
touch /var/lock/subsys/mysql-proxy
fi
}
stop() {
echo -n prog: "
killproc -p prog
RETVAL= RETVAL -eq 0 ]; then
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/mysql-proxy
rm -f $PROXY_PID
fi
}
See how we were called.
case " PROXY_PIDFILE PROXY_PID 0 {start|stop|restart|reload|status|condrestart|try-restart}"
RETVAL=1
;;
esac
exit $RETVAL
[root@proxy init.d]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql-proxy
[root@proxy init.d]# chkconfig --add mysql-proxy
[root@proxy init.d]# vim /etc/sysconfig/mysql-proxy
Options for mysql-proxy
ADMIN_USER="admin"
ADMIN_PASSWORD="admin"
ADMIN_ADDRESS=""
ADMIN_LUA_SCRIPT="/usr/local/mysql-proxy/share/doc/mysql-proxy/admin.lua"
PROXY_ADDRESS=""
PROXY_USER="mysql-proxy"
PROXY_OPTIONS="--daemon --log-level=info --log-use-syslog --plugins=proxy --plugins=admin --proxy-backend-addresses=192.168.20.10:3306 --proxy-read-only-backend-addresses=192.168.20.11:3306 --proxy-lua-script=/usr/local/mysql-proxy/share/doc/mysql-proxy/rw-splitting.lua"
[root@proxy init.d]# vim /usr/local/mysql-proxy/share/doc/mysql-proxy/admin.lua
function set_error(errmsg)
proxy.response = {
type = proxy.MYSQLD_PACKET_ERR,
errmsg = errmsg or "error"
}
end
function read_query(packet)
if packet:byte() ~= proxy.COM_QUERY then
set_error("[admin] we only handle text-based queries (COM_QUERY)")
return proxy.PROXY_SEND_RESULT
end
local query = packet:sub(2)
local rows = { }
local fields = { }
if query:lower() == "select * from backends" then
fields = {
{ name = "backend_ndx",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_LONG },
{ name = "address",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_STRING },
{ name = "state",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_STRING },
{ name = "type",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_STRING },
{ name = "uuid",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_STRING },
{ name = "connected_clients",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_LONG },
}
for i = 1, #proxy.global.backends do
local states = {
"unknown",
"up",
"down"
}
local types = {
"unknown",
"rw",
"ro"
}
local b = proxy.global.backends[i]
rows[#rows + 1] = {
i,
b.dst.name, -- configured backend address
states[b.state + 1], -- the C-id is pushed down starting at 0
types[b.type + 1], -- the C-id is pushed down starting at 0
b.uuid, -- the MySQL Server's UUID if it is managed
b.connected_clients -- currently connected clients
}
end
elseif query:lower() == "select * from help" then
fields = {
{ name = "command",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_STRING },
{ name = "description",
type = proxy.MYSQL_TYPE_STRING },
}
rows[#rows + 1] = { "SELECT * FROM help", "shows this help" }
rows[#rows + 1] = { "SELECT * FROM backends", "lists the backends and their state" }
else
set_error("use 'SELECT * FROM help' to see the supported commands")
return proxy.PROXY_SEND_RESULT
end
proxy.response = {
type = proxy.MYSQLD_PACKET_OK,
resultset = {
fields = fields,
rows = rows
}
}
return proxy.PROXY_SEND_RESULT
end
4、启动proxy服务:
[root@proxy bin]# service mysql-proxy start
Starting /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxy: [ OK ]
[root@proxy bin]# ss -nalp|grep mysql
LISTEN 0 128 *:4041 : users:(("mysql-proxy",28520,11))
LISTEN 0 128 *:3306 : users:(("mysql-proxy",28520,10))
[root@proxy bin]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h192.168.20.12 --port=4041
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.0.99-agent-admin
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> SELECT * FROM backends;
+-------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------+
| backend_ndx | address | state | type | uuid | connected_clients |
+-------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------+
| 1 | 192.168.20.10:3306 | unknown | rw | NULL | 0 |
| 2 | 192.168.20.11:3306 | unknown | ro | NULL | 0 |
+-------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
配置完成。
第三、测试
[root@master ~]# su – mysql
-bash-4.1$ mysql -uroot -p12345
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 22
Server version: 5.6.37-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
mysql>
mysql> GRANT ALL ON . TO 'alex'@'192.168.20.%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
主从机器上:
tcpdump -i eth0 -nn -XX ip dst 192.168.20.10 and tcp dst port 3306
tcpdump -i eth0 -nn -XX ip dst 192.168.20.11 and tcp dst port 3306
进行抓包观察。
PROXY机器上操作:
[root@proxy bin]# mysql -ualex -p123456 -h192.168.20.12 --port=3306 (这个地方连接3306)
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 26
Server version: 5.6.37-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>create database alex;
mysql>use mysql;
mysql>select * from user \G
[root@proxy ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h192.168.20.12 --port=4041
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.0.99-agent-admin
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> SELECT * FROM backends;
+-------------+-----------------+-------+------+------+-------------------+
| backend_ndx | address | state | type | uuid | connected_clients |
+-------------+-----------------+-------+------+------+-------------------+
| 1 | 192.168.20.10:3306 | up | rw | NULL | 0 |
| 2 | 192.168.20.11:3306 | up | ro | NULL | 0 |
+-------------+-----------------+-------+------+------+-------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
成功实现读写分离。
总之,mysql开源且功能强大,作为业界使用量最广的数据库,采用这个办法简单巧妙地实现了采用自增id对数据库的分布式使用,轻松支持分库分表,线性扩容,还支持读写分离,而方法简单易行,把解决此问题的成本和复杂度降到0,是一个值得使用的好办法,必将为广大IT项目和企业带来益处。
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