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语法:
SELECT ... FROM
[WHERE condition] --过滤某些节点
[ START WITH [nocycle] start_condition] --定义查询的起点, 可以使用子查询
CONNECT BY [[nocycle] PRIOR COLUMN1 = COLUMN2 [AND ...]]; --定义父子关系
order [ sibilings ] by ...
例1:
找出101雇员, 及其全下属/上司
- select *
- from myemp
- start with employee_id = 101
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id; -- 找下属
- -- connect by employee_id = prior manager_id; --找上司
prior在等号哪边,表示哪边是"我的"
找下属: "我的"employee_id = "别人的"manager_id --> 找出我的下属 (向下查询)
找上司: employee_id = prior manager_id 别人的工号 = 我的经理编号 --> 别人是我的经理 & 别人是我经理的经理 --> 我的上司们
注意,level伪列只能和connect by子句结合使用,否则Oracle会返回错误 ORA-01788: 此查询块中要求 CONNECT BY 子句
例2:
统计树形的层数
- SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT LEVEL)
- FROM EMPLOYEES
- START WITH MANAGER_ID IS NULL
- CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPLOYEE_ID = MANAGER_ID;
例3:
统计树的节点数量 , 例如, 查询每个级别的雇员数量
- select count(level) --在统计树种节点的数量时, 一定不能加distinct!
- from employees
- start with manager_id is null
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
- group by level;
例4:
删除子树
- delete from myemp
- where employee_id in ( select employee_id
- from myemp
- start with last_name = 'Kochhar'
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id)
例1:
查看level=2的所有雇员的信息
- select level, employee_id, last_name, manager_id
- from employees
- where level = 2 --注意where子句出现的位置
- start with manager_id is null
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id;
注意:where子句比connect by后执行。
即先用connect by生成一颗树, 然后再用where来砍树, 并不是where在前面就先执行它
例2:
查询Mavris是不是Kochhar的雇员
- SELECT *
- FROM employees
- WHERE last_name = 'Mavris'
- START WITH last_name = 'Kochhar' --Kochhar的所有雇员
- CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id;
例1 查询Raphaely及其的所有下属
- select *
- from employees
- start with last_name = 'Raphaely'
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
例2 查询除了Raphaely和他下属的所有员
- select *
- from employees
- start with manager_id is null
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
- and last_name <> 'Raphaely';
例:使用三个横杠作为缩进格式化查询
- select *
- from employees
- start with manager_id is null
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
- and last_name <> 'Raphaely';
作用:
将父节点到当前节点的路径按照指定的模式展现出来
格式:
sys_connect_by_path(<列明>,<连接串>)
作用:
判断层次查询结果集中的行是不是叶子节点
返回值:
0表示不是叶子节点,
1表示是叶子节点
例:
用在列名之前,找出此行的根节点行的相同列名的值
不是一直找到"根", 而是一直找到当前便利的分支的
- select last_name "Employee",
- connect_by_root last_name "Manager",
- sys_connect_by_path(last_name, ' -> ') "Path"
- from hr.employees
- where level > 1
- -- start with 加不加??
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
- order by last_name, length("Path");
-
思考? 为什么不能加 start with ? 加了会有什么效果?
不加start with , 则每个节点都遍历一次 , connect_by_root 找到顶端的经理人会不同
而加了start with manager_id is null 则从树的根节点 King 开始遍历, 从而connect_by_root每个人的顶端的经理都是King
作用:
因为使用order by排序会破坏层次,所以在oracle10g中,增加了siblings关键字的排序给叶子节点的关键字排序
语法:
order siblings by <expre> asc|desc ;
它会保护层次,并且在每个等级中按expre排序
注意:
order siblings by 必须紧跟着connect by
所以不能再用order by 了
例子:
- select t.employee_id,t.manager_id,t.first_name,t.salary,sys_connect_by_path(t.first_name, '->'),level
- from hr.employees t
- start with manager_id is null
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
- order by salary desc;
最后的结果是严格按照salary排序的,这样把层级关系都打乱了
采用sibilings排序:
- select t.employee_id,
- t.manager_id,
- t.first_name,
- t.salary,
- sys_connect_by_path(t.first_name, '->'),
- level
- from hr.employees t
- start with manager_id is null
- connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
- order siblings by salary desc;
结果的树结构没有被打乱,且没层级的sibilings都是按照salary排序的。
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