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评估生成故事的指标Distinct-3 (D-3)、Repetition-4 (R-4)、Lexical Repetition (LR-n)和BARTScore (BAS)_4-gram repetition

4-gram repetition

在“Analysis of LLM-Based Narrative Generation Using the Agent-Based Simulation”这篇论文中,提到了一些用于评估生成故事的指标,包括Distinct-3 (D-3)、Repetition-4 (R-4)、Lexical Repetition (LR-n)和BARTScore (BAS)。以下是这些指标的详细说明:

Distinct-3 (D-3)

定义:Distinct-3计算文本中所有3-gram的唯一3-gram的比例。

公式
Distinct-3 = D 3 T 3 × 100 \text{Distinct-3} = \frac{D3}{T3} \times 100 Distinct-3=T3D3×100
其中, D 3 D3 D3表示文本中唯一的3-gram数量, T 3 T3 T3表示文本中所有3-gram的总数。

意义:Distinct-3值越接近1,表明文本在3-gram级别上的多样性越高。用于评估生成文本的多样性,避免过于重复的内容。

Repetition-4 (R-4)

定义:Repetition-4计算在句子中重复出现的4-gram的百分比。

公式
Repetition-4 = ∑ t = 1 T I ( R t > 1 ) T × 100 \text{Repetition-4} = \frac{\sum_{t=1}^{T} I(R_t > 1)}{T} \times 100 Repetition-4=Tt=1TI(Rt>1)×100
其中, T T T表示句子的总数, R t R_t Rt表示句子t中重复出现的4-gram的数量, I ( x ) I(x) I(x)是一个指示函数,当x为真时取值1,否则为0。

意义:Repetition-4用于评估生成文本中重复内容的程度。值越高,表示文本中重复的4-gram越多。

Lexical Repetition (LR-n)

定义:Lexical Repetition (LR-n)计算生成文本中至少出现n次的4-gram的平均百分比。

公式
Lexical Repetition = ∑ g = 1 G I ( L g ≥ n ) G × 100 \text{Lexical Repetition} = \frac{\sum_{g=1}^{G} I(L_g \ge n)}{G} \times 100 Lexical Repetition=Gg=1GI(Lgn)×100
其中,(G)表示所有可能的4-gram的总数, L g L_g Lg表示4-gram g的重复次数, I ( x ) I(x) I(x)是一个指示函数,当x为真时取值1,否则为0。

意义:LR-n用于评估生成文本中重复出现的4-gram的频率,帮助检测文本的冗余度。

BARTScore (BAS)

定义:BARTScore (BAS)用于评估生成故事与条件之间的相关性。本文中使用了在ParaBank2上预训练的BART模型。BAS使用目标标记的平均对数似然来衡量生成文本与给定条件的相关性。

公式
BAS值通常小于0,本文中将其乘以-1以使其为正值,值越小,表示与条件的相关性越高。

意义:BARTScore用于评估生成文本与特定条件(如角色设定、故事主题)的相关性,确保生成内容的合理性和一致性。

总结

这些指标用于全面评估生成故事的质量,包括多样性、重复度和与条件的相关性。通过这些评估指标,研究人员可以更好地理解和改进生成文本的性能和表现。

举例说明

明白了,下面我们用一个新的例子,其中包含一些重复和多样的元素,以便更好地展示这些指标的计算和意义。

假设我们有以下一段由AI生成的文本:

The brave knight fought the dragon. The dragon was fierce and strong. The knight used a magical sword to defeat the dragon. The brave knight became a hero. The hero's victory was celebrated by everyone in the kingdom.
  • 1

1. Distinct-3 (D-3)

我们先提取所有的3-gram(连续的三个词组合):

  • The brave knight
  • brave knight fought
  • knight fought the
  • fought the dragon
  • the dragon The
  • dragon The dragon
  • The dragon was
  • dragon was fierce
  • was fierce and
  • fierce and strong
  • and strong The
  • strong The knight
  • The knight used
  • knight used a
  • used a magical
  • a magical sword
  • magical sword to
  • sword to defeat
  • to defeat the
  • defeat the dragon
  • the dragon The
  • dragon The brave
  • The brave knight
  • brave knight became
  • knight became a
  • became a hero
  • a hero The
  • hero The hero’s
  • The hero’s victory
  • hero’s victory was
  • victory was celebrated
  • was celebrated by
  • celebrated by everyone
  • by everyone in
  • everyone in the
  • in the kingdom

计算唯一的3-gram数量 D 3 D3 D3 和总的3-gram数量 T 3 T3 T3

  • 唯一的3-gram数量 D 3 D3 D3:30
  • 总的3-gram数量 T 3 T3 T3:37

Distinct-3 = 30 37 × 100 ≈ 81.1 \text{Distinct-3} = \frac{30}{37} \times 100 \approx 81.1 Distinct-3=3730×10081.1

2. Repetition-4 (R-4)

我们提取所有的4-gram(连续的四个词组合):

  • The brave knight fought
  • brave knight fought the
  • knight fought the dragon
  • fought the dragon The
  • the dragon The dragon
  • dragon The dragon was
  • The dragon was fierce
  • dragon was fierce and
  • was fierce and strong
  • fierce and strong The
  • and strong The knight
  • strong The knight used
  • The knight used a
  • knight used a magical
  • used a magical sword
  • a magical sword to
  • magical sword to defeat
  • sword to defeat the
  • to defeat the dragon
  • defeat the dragon The
  • the dragon The brave
  • dragon The brave knight
  • The brave knight became
  • brave knight became a
  • knight became a hero
  • became a hero The
  • a hero The hero’s
  • hero The hero’s victory
  • The hero’s victory was
  • hero’s victory was celebrated
  • victory was celebrated by
  • was celebrated by everyone
  • celebrated by everyone in
  • by everyone in the
  • everyone in the kingdom

计算每个句子中重复出现的4-gram数量:(这里有误,应该是4个,注意一下, 理解什么意思就行,别注意细节哈哈,下面也是一样的)

  • 第1句:0
  • 第2句:0
  • 第3句:1 (“the dragon The”)
  • 第4句:0
  • 第5句:0

重复的句子总数 ∑ t = 1 T I ( R t > 1 ) = 1 \sum_{t=1}^{T} I(R_t > 1) = 1 t=1TI(Rt>1)=1

句子总数 T = 5 T = 5 T=5

Repetition-4 = 1 5 × 100 = 20 \text{Repetition-4} = \frac{1}{5} \times 100 = 20 Repetition-4=51×100=20

3. Lexical Repetition (LR-n)

计算在整个文本中至少出现两次的4-gram的平均百分比:

  • “the dragon The”出现2次

所有可能的4-gram的总数 G = 37 G = 37 G=37

重复的4-gram数量 ∑ g = 1 G I ( L g ≥ 2 ) = 1 \sum_{g=1}^{G} I(L_g \ge 2) = 1 g=1GI(Lg2)=1

Lexical Repetition (LR-2) = 1 37 × 100 ≈ 2.7 \text{Lexical Repetition (LR-2)} = \frac{1}{37} \times 100 \approx 2.7 Lexical Repetition (LR-2)=371×1002.7

4. BARTScore (BAS)

BARTScore评估生成的故事与给定条件(如角色设定、故事主题)的相关性。假设我们有如下条件:

条件:故事关于一位勇敢的骑士与龙的战斗。

我们使用BART模型计算生成文本与条件的相关性,BARTScore的值越小,表示相关性越高。假设BARTScore为-4.5,我们将其乘以-1:

BARTScore = − ( − 4.5 ) = 4.5 \text{BARTScore} = -(-4.5) = 4.5 BARTScore=(4.5)=4.5

总结

通过以上例子,我们可以看到如何使用这些指标来评估生成文本的多样性、重复度和相关性。高Distinct-3值(81.1)表示文本在3-gram级别上有较高的多样性,Repetition-4(20)和Lexical Repetition(2.7)值显示了文本中存在一些重复,BARTScore(4.5)表示文本与给定条件的相关性。

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