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第五周_每12小时备份一次/etc目录至/backups目录中,备份文件名称自拟
作者：盐析白兔 | 2024-03-06 02:21:32
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每12小时备份一次/etc目录至/backups目录中,备份文件名称自拟
1、每12小时备份并压缩/etc/目录至/backup目录中，保存文件名称格式为，“etc-年-月-日-时-分.tar.gz”
~]# mkdir /backup 在/root目录下创建备份命令脚本： vim backup-ect.cron #!/bin/bash # tar -zcf /backup/etc-$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M).tar.gz /etc/ :wq chmod a+x /root/backup-ect.cron crontab -e SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root # For details see man 4 crontabs # Example of job definition: # .---------------- minute (0 - 59) # | .------------- hour (0 - 23) # | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31) # | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ... # | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat # | | | | | # * * * * * command to be executed * */12 * * * /bin/bash /root/backup-etc.cron :wq conrtab -l cat /var/spool/cron/USERNAME
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2、rpm包管理功能总结以及实例应用演示。
安装、升级、卸载、查询和校验、数据库维护
rpm命令：rpm [OPTIONS] [PACKAGE_FILE]
安装：-i, --install
升级：-U, --update, -F, --freshen
卸载：-e, --erase
查询：-q, --query
校验：-V, --verify
数据库维护：–builddb, --initdb
安装：
rpm -ivh PACKAGE_FILE …
~]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-31.el7 ################################# [100%]
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卸载：
~]# rpm -evh zsh
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Cleaning up / removing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-31.el7 ################################# [100%]
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升级：
~]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64 is already installed
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查询：
rpm {-q|–query} [select-options] [query-options]
[select-options]
PACKAGE_NAME：查询指定的程序包是否已经安装，及其版本；
-a, --all：查询所有已经安装过的包；
-f FILE：查询指定的文件由哪个程序包安装生成；
-p, --package PACKAGE_FILE：用于实现对未安装的程序包执行查询操作；
--whatprovides CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY由哪个程序包提供；
--whatrequires CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY被哪个包所依赖；
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[query-options]
–changelog：查询rpm包的changlog；
-l, --list：程序安装生成的所有文件列表；
-i, --info：程序包相关的信息，版本号、大小、所属的包组，等；
-c, --configfiles：查询指定的程序包提供的配置文件；
-d, --docfiles：查询指定的程序包提供的文档；
–provides：列出指定的程序包提供的所有的CAPABILITY；
-R, --requires：查询指定的程序包的依赖关系；
–scripts：查看程序包自带的脚本片断；
例1：
查询/bin/zsh由哪个程序包安装
~]# rpm -qf /bin/zsh
zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64
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查询/usr/bin/find由哪个程序包安装
~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/find
findutils-4.5.11-6.el7.x86_64
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例2：
查询zsh程序包的相关信息
~]# rpm -qi zsh Name : zsh Version : 5.0.2 Release : 31.el7 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: Sun 03 Mar 2019 10:00:10 PM CST Group : System Environment/Shells Size : 5854390 License : MIT Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Nov 2018 10:49:55 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.src.rpm Build Date : Wed 31 Oct 2018 12:48:17 AM CST Build Host : x86-01.bsys.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/ Summary : Powerful interactive shell Description : The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history mechanism, and more.
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例3：
查看zsh程序包安装后所生成的文件信息：
~]# rpm -ql zsh /bin/zsh /etc/skel/.zshrc /etc/zlogin /etc/zlogout /etc/zprofile /etc/zshenv /etc/zshrc ... /usr/lib64/zsh /usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2 /usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2/zsh ... /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2 /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/BUGS /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/CONTRIBUTORS /usr/share/info/zsh.info-1.gz /usr/share/info/zsh.info-2.gz ... /usr/share/man/man1/zsh.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/zshall.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/zshbuiltins.1.gz ... /usr/share/zsh /usr/share/zsh/5.0.2 /usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions /usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions/VCS_INFO_adjust ... /usr/share/zsh/site-functions
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例4：
查看未安装的rpm程序包信息，通过选项p实现：
（1）查看程序包信息：
~]# rpm -qpi zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm Name : zsh Version : 5.0.2 Release : 31.el7 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: (not installed) Group : System Environment/Shells Size : 5854390 License : MIT Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Nov 2018 10:49:55 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.src.rpm Build Date : Wed 31 Oct 2018 12:48:17 AM CST Build Host : x86-01.bsys.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/ Summary : Powerful interactive shell Description : The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history mechanism, and more.
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（2）查看程序包安装后所生成的文件：
~]# rpm -qpl zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm /bin/zsh /etc/skel/.zshrc /etc/zlogin /etc/zlogout /etc/zprofile /etc/zshenv /etc/zshrc ... /usr/lib64/zsh /usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2 /usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2/zsh ... /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2 /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/BUGS /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/CONTRIBUTORS /usr/share/info/zsh.info-1.gz /usr/share/info/zsh.info-2.gz ... /usr/share/man/man1/zsh.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/zshall.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/zshbuiltins.1.gz ... /usr/share/zsh /usr/share/zsh/5.0.2 /usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions /usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions/VCS_INFO_adjust ... /usr/share/zsh/site-functions
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例5：查看程序包的依赖关系：
~]# rpm -qpR zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/zsh /sbin/install-info /sbin/install-info config(zsh) = 5.0.2-31.el7 coreutils grep grep libc.so.6()(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.11)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.15)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3.4)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.7)(64bit) libdl.so.2()(64bit) libdl.so.2(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit) libm.so.6()(64bit) libm.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit) libncursesw.so.5()(64bit) librt.so.1()(64bit) librt.so.1(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit) libtinfo.so.5()(64bit) rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 rtld(GNU_HASH) rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1
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3、yum的配置和使用总结以及yum私有仓库的创建。
例1：通过yum工具安装tree程序包
~]# yum -y install tree Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.163.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================================= Installing: tree x86_64 1.6.0-10.el7 base 46 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================================= Install 1 Package Total download size: 46 k Installed size: 87 k Downloading packages: tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm | 46 kB 00:00:00 Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed: tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 Complete!
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例2：通过yum工具卸载程序包
~]# yum -y remove tree Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================================= Removing: tree x86_64 1.6.0-10.el7 @base 87 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================================= Remove 1 Package Installed size: 87 k Downloading packages: Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Erasing : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1 Removed: tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 Complete!
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例3：查看程序包信息
~]# yum info tree Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.163.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com Available Packages Name : tree Arch : x86_64 Version : 1.6.0 Release : 10.el7 Size : 46 k Repo : base/7/x86_64 Summary : File system tree viewer URL : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/ License : GPLv2+ Description : The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a : tree-like format. Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree : utility.
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例4：查看程序包依赖关系
~]# yum deplist tcpdump Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.163.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com package: tcpdump.x86_64 14:4.9.2-3.el7 dependency: /bin/sh provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-31.el7 dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit) provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3 dependency: libcap-ng.so.0()(64bit) provider: libcap-ng.x86_64 0.7.5-4.el7 dependency: libcrypto.so.10()(64bit) provider: openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.el7 dependency: libcrypto.so.10(OPENSSL_1.0.2)(64bit) provider: openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.el7 dependency: libcrypto.so.10(libcrypto.so.10)(64bit) provider: openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.el7 dependency: libpcap >= 14:1.5.3-10 provider: libpcap.x86_64 14:1.5.3-11.el7 provider: libpcap.i686 14:1.5.3-11.el7 dependency: libpcap.so.1()(64bit) provider: libpcap.x86_64 14:1.5.3-11.el7 dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH) provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3 provider: glibc.i686 2.17-260.el7_6.3 dependency: shadow-utils provider: shadow-utils.x86_64 2:4.1.5.1-25.el7
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4、写一个脚本实现列出以下菜单给用户：
（1）disk：show disk info信息
（2）mem: show memory info信息
（3）cpu: show cpu info信息
（*）quit
#!/bin/bash # cat << EOF disk) show disks info mem) show memory info cpu) show cpu info *) quit EOF read -p "Your choice: " option if [[ "$option" == "disk" ]]; then fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[a-z] elif [[ "$option" == "mem" ]]; then free -m elif [[ "$option" == "cpu" ]];then lscpu else echo "Unkown option." exit 3 fi
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5、sed用法总结并结合实例演示
sed [OPTION]… ‘script’ [input-file] …
script：
地址定界编辑命令
常用选项：
-n：不输出模式空间中的内容至屏幕；
-e script, --expression=script：多点编辑；
-f /PATH/TO/SED_SCRIPT_FILE
每行一个编辑命令；
-r, --regexp-extended：支持使用扩展正则表达式；
-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]：直接编辑原文件 ；
~]# sed -e 's@^#[[:space:]]*@@' -e '/^UUID/d' /etc/fstab
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地址定界：
(1) 空地址：对全文进行处理；
(2) 单地址：
#：指定行；
/pattern/：被此模式所匹配到的每一行；
(3) 地址范围
#,#：
#,+#：
#，/pat1/
/pat1/,/pat2/
$：最后一行；
(4) 步进：~
1~2：所有奇数行
2~2：所有偶数行
编辑命令：
d：删除；
p：显示模式空间中的内容；
a \text：在行后面追加文本“text”，支持使用\n实现多行追加；
i \text：在行前面插入文本“text”，支持使用\n实现多行插入；
c \text：把匹配到的行替换为此处指定的文本“text”；
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE：保存模式空间匹配到的行至指定的文件中；
r /PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE：读取指定文件的内容至当前文件被模式匹配到的行后面；文件合并；
=：为模式匹配到的行打印行号；
!：条件取反；
地址定界!编辑命令；
s///：查找替换，其分隔符可自行指定，常用的有s@@@, s###等；
替换标记：
g：全局替换；
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE：将替换成功的结果保存至指定文件中；
p：显示替换成功的行；
练习1：删除/boot/grub/grub2.cfg文件中所有以空白字符开头的行的行首的所有空白字符；
~]# sed 's@^[[:space:]]\+@@' /etc/grub2.cfg
练习2：删除/etc/fstab文件中所有以#开头的行的行首的#号及#后面的所有空白字符；
~]# sed 's@^#[[:space:]]*@@' /etc/fstab
练习3：输出一个绝对路径给sed命令，取出其目录，其行为类似于dirname；
~]# echo "/var/log/messages/" | sed 's@[^/]\+/\?$@@'
~]# echo "/var/log/messages" | sed -r 's@[^/]+/?$@@'
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高级编辑命令：
h：把模式空间中的内容覆盖至保持空间中；
H：把模式空间中的内容追加至保持空间中；
g：把保持空间中的内容覆盖至模式空间中；
G：把保持空间中的内容追加至模式空间中；
x：把模式空间中的内容与保持空间中的内容互换；
n：覆盖读取匹配到的行的下一行至模式空间中；
N：追加读取匹配到的行的下一行至模式空间中；
d：删除模式空间中的行；
D：删除多行模式空间中的所有行；
示例：
sed -n 'n;p' FILE：显示偶数行；
sed '1!G;h;$!d' FILE：逆序显示文件的内容；
sed ’$!d' FILE：取出最后一行；
sed '$!N;$!D' FILE：取出文件后两行；
sed '/^$/d;G' FILE：删除原有的所有空白行，而后为所有的非空白行后添加一个空白行；
sed 'n;d' FILE：显示奇数行；
sed 'G' FILE：在原有的每行后方添加一个空白行；
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6、 用bash实现统计访问日志文件中状态码大于等于400的IP数量并排序
7、 使用自制的yum源安装ftp、openssh、curl、wget、tcpdump等软件包
（1）挂载光盘，创建本地仓库
~]# mount -r /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom/ ~]# cp -r /media/cdrom/Packages/ /tmp/yum/ ~]# createrepo /tmp/yum/Packages/ ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo [local] name=local repo baseurl=file:///tmp/yum/packages/Packages/ gpgcheck=0 ~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile repo id repo name status local local repo 4,021 repolist: 4,021 ~]# yum -y install httpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-88.el7.centos will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =========================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =========================================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: httpd x86_64 2.4.6-88.el7.centos local 2.7 M Transaction Summary =========================================================================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package Total download size: 2.7 M Installed size: 9.4 M Downloading packages: Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1 Installed: httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-88.el7.centos Complete!
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