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原文网址:http://christophe.jarry.ouvaton.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/gllfsc-loongson2f-1.0.html
This manual describes how to build a GNU/Linux-libre system from source for Loongson 2F processor.
This is edition 1.0 (last updated 14 October 2012) of GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 2F.
Copyright © 2012 Christophe Jarry.
This document is based on the Chinese page http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-2.0.htm, which is copyright © 2009 Haiyong Sun (孙海勇). His blog is on http://youbest.cublog.cn.
Various formats of this manual as well as its texinfo source are available on http://christophe.jarry.ouvaton.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
Computer instructions in this manual are free software: you can redistribute them and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.Those instructions are distributed in the hope that they will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this manual. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
GNU (GNU's Not Unix) is a project launched by Richard Stallman in 1984 with the goal of building an entirely free operating system compatible with Unix1. “Free” here means “free as in freedom”. In this context, a free operating system is an operating system you can use and share in freedom. A core part of his motivation is given in the GNU Manifesto2:
I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me against my will.So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.
A program is free software if the program's user has the four essential freedoms:
One of the most popular free software license is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL3).
The free software movement is supported by the Free Software Foundation (FSF4).
The HURD is an acronym for HIRD (HURD of interfaces representing depth) of Unix-replacing daemons. It is the GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel. It is a collection of servers that run on the Mach microkernel to implement file systems, network protocols, file access control, and other features that are implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels (such as Linux).
The purpose of the GNU HURD is to improve the user's freedom on her operating system by allowing her to either add or remove a feature of the kernel on the fly.
From early on, the HURD was developed to use GNU Mach as the microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman, who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that.
Nevertheless, development of the HURD is increasingly attracting developers and GNU/HURD systems exist and are usable.
Linux is a monolithic kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linus Torvalds initially wrote a terminal emulator, which he used to access the large UNIX servers of his university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. This later became the kernel Linux.
Initially, Torvalds first published the kernel Linux under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.
In the notes for the first release of the kernel Linux, Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux:
Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. [...] Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft.
In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL.
The kernel Linux is now a contribution of many professionals and volonteers around the world.
Linux, the kernel developed and distributed by Linus Torvalds et al, contains non-Free Software5, i.e., software that does not respect your essential freedoms, and it induces you to install additional non-Free Software that it doesn't contain.
GNU Linux-libre6 is a project to maintain and publish 100% Free distributions of Linux, suitable for use in Free System Distributions7, removing software that is included without source code, with obfuscated or obscured source code, under non-Free Software licenses, that do not permit you to change the software so that it does what you wish, and that induces or requires you to install additional pieces of non-Free Software.
For more information on the GNU project and its relation with the kernel Linux, you can readhttp://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html and http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html.
For more information on the history of the HURD, I recommend you to read http://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise-1030942.html.
For more information on the HURD, read http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd.
I bought a Lemote Yeeloong 8101 in 2010 and used gNewSense8 on it. After a while, I wanted to use a faster and simpler operating system, but the number of available GNU/Linux9 distributions that supported the mipsel architecture (Loongson 2F) were limited: only a handful, from which only gNewSense committed to give its users full freedom. Since then, another distribution called Parabola10 has been developed: it is free as in freedom and supports the mips64el architecture.
I decided to build a GNU/Linux system from source code by myself. Hopefully, I found a document in Chinese describing the process of building a GNU/Linux system for Loongson processor:http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-2.0.htm11. The document was old (2009) but I updated succesfully most packages from it, replaced Linux with Linux-libre and added some information I felt was useful and it gave the document you are reading.
The traditional way of building a GNU/Linux operating system consists on building a (cross-) compilation toolchain to build a temporary operating system which in turn will be used to build the target system12. This requires almost as much time to complete the temporary system as to build the target one. Using sysroot resolves this problem.
From GCC installation manual, under Cross-Compiler-Specific Options:
--with-sysroot
--with-sysroot=
dir
This option affects the system root for the compiler used to build target libraries (which runs on the build system) and the compiler newly installed with make install
; it does not affect the compiler which is used to build GCC itself.
According to Wikipedia13:
In software, a toolchain is the set of programming tools that are used to create a product (typically another computer program or system of programs). The tools may be used in a chain, so that the output of each tool becomes the input for the next, but the term is used widely to refer to any set of linked development tools.A simple software development toolchain consists of a text editor for editing source code, a compiler and linker to transform the source code into an executable program, libraries to provide interfaces to the operating system, and a debugger.
During a cross-compilation, build host and target are among the most used options: understanding the precise meaning of those parameters is very important. We could define them thus:
Let's use GCC as an example to explain the role of those three parameters.
During GCC compilation, we use:
‘./configure --build=build-platform --host=host-platform --target=target-platform [various compilation parameters]’
So in those configuration parameters:
If this parameter is not specified, it will be guessed automatically.
--host can also be left unspecified, in that case, host-platform would automatically define itself as build-platform, but this is not cross-compilation anymore.
Note: when --build and --host are different, configuration files will maintain the cross-compilation mode.
target-platform parameter is useful only for a limited number of programs. Although this parameter is often present when issuing ‘./configure --help’, hardly any packages will need it.
This parameter is only useful for performing tasks with different platforms; for instance, executable files compiled for different platforms can have a totally different code.
If we summarize, we have:
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has been created to specify the location and use of main directories on a GNU/Linux operating system. Common commands, user data, libraries have to be put inside a specific directory given in the standard. During the build process, some commands are used to comply with FHS.
In this document, because most commands are common for a regular Unix user, only uncommon commands are explained in this document. If you do not understand a command that is not explained, you can use the documentation available on your computer; in a terminal, typing ‘man command’ should give you enough information. For GNU software, ‘info package’ can also give additional information.
Important: In order to complete the first steps of this chapter, you will need to have root permissions.
To dedicate the partition /dev/sda4 to the system build, and to define the filesystem to be used for it as ‘ext3’:
mke2fs -t ext3 /dev/sda4
Option -t is followed by the type of filesystem to be used. The filesystem ‘ext3’ is used as it is one of the most common filesystem used with the kernel Linux.
To create the builder group, user and password:
groupadd gllfsc useradd -s /bin/bash -g gllfsc -m -k /dev/null gllfsc passwd gllfsc
To create the directory /gllfsc in which the system will be built:
export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc" mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}
‘export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"’ sets the value of the variable TARGET_DIR to /gllfsc, the directory in which the system will be built.
To mount the hard drive partition, for instance /dev/sda4, used to build the system:
mount /dev/sda4 ${TARGET_DIR}
mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/{build,download} chown -Rv gllfsc ${TARGET_DIR}
To login as the user that will build the system:
su - gllfsc
With the command su, it is possible to change the user ID. The option - provides an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly.
~/.bash_profile is a personal initialization file that is read when Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell (~ is the location of the user's home directory). To write the content of the file ~/.bash_profile:
cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF" exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1=${PS1} /bin/bash EOF
The first line creates the file ~/.bash_profile and opens it for writing until ‘EOF’ (End Of File) is written in it.
The second line tells Bash to execute /bin/bash with the option -i (or --ignore-environment) which will make Bash start with an empty environment. Variables HOME, TERM and PS1 define respectively the home directory of the current user, the terminal used and the primary prompt string displayed.
~/.bashrc is a personal initialization file that is read when Bash is invoked as an interactive shell but not a login one. To write the content of the file ~/.bashrc:
cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF" set +h umask 022 export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ ' export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc export LC_ALL=POSIX export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build" export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download" export CROSS_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE |\ sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")" export CROSS_TARGET="mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu" #export MABI="n32" export MABI="64" #export MARCH="loongson2e" export MARCH="loongson2f" export PATH=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin unset CFLAGS unset CXXFLAGS EOF source ~/.bash_profile
‘set +h’ tells Bash to not locate nor remember commands (hash) as they are looked up for execution.
‘umask 022’ sets Bash process' file creation mask to ‘022’. This results in permissions of `755' for those files.
‘export PS1='
LC_ALL is a macro used to define a single locale to overwrite other LC_* and LANG environment variables so that language, numeric values, time and other locale-dependant values have all the same value. It is set to the standard POSIX locale.
‘export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"’ sets the environment variable BUILD_DIR to the value of ‘${TARGET_DIR}/build’ which is ‘/gllfsc/build’ in this document.
The value of variable CROSS_HOST equals the value of variable MACHTYPE of the current machine (for instance ‘i686-pc-linux-gnu’) modulo the second word, which is replaced by ‘cross’ (i.e. ‘i686-cross-linux-gnu’).
The value of variable CROSS_TARGET equals the value of variable MACHTYPE of the machine for which the system is built (i.e. ‘mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu’).
The variable MABI defines the ABI (Application Binary Interface) for which the system will be built. -mabi is an option of GCC. n32/64 are for 64-bit CPUs only. 64 has 64-bit pointers and long integers, whereas n32 has 32-bit pointers and long integers.
The variable MARCH defines the architecture for which the system will be built. -march is an option of GCC (GNU Compiler Collection).
The variable PATH contains a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands. The shell will first look for commands in ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin, then, if the command was not found, in /bin and finally in/usr/bin.
unset command removes the variable associated, here CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS. Those variables are used by GCC as extra flags given to the C compiler and the C++ compiler respectively.
Finally ‘source ~/.bash_profile’ reads and executes the content of the file ~/.bash_profile.
The packages listed below are those used in this document. You can try other versions but you will need a recent version of Binutils and the kernel Linux in order to use the two options -mfix-loongson2f-nop and -mfix-loongson2f-jump. Those work around a problem related to the Loongson2F architecture14.
Download those files under ${DOWNLOAD_DIR} (which is /gllfsc/download in this document).
Patches and configuration files location:
pushd ${DOWNLOAD_DIR} tar xvf gllfsc-loongson2f-1.0-patches.tar.gz popd
pushd ${TARGET_DIR} mkdir -pv bin boot dev {etc/,}opt home lib mnt mkdir -pv proc media/{floppy,cdrom} sbin srv sys mkdir -pv var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool} mkdir -pv var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local} install -dv -m 0750 root install -dv -m 1777 {var/,}tmp mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src} mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man} mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo} mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8} for dir in usr{,/local}; do ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} $dir done ln -svf lib lib64 ln -svf lib lib32 ln -svf lib usr/lib64 ln -svf lib usr/lib32 cd boot ln -svf . boot popd
The command ‘install -dv -m 1777 {var/,}tmp’ creates the directories var/tmp and tmp with the permissions to read, write and execute for everyone. The '1' in ‘1777’ is the sticky bit which allows deletion of the file or directory having this attribute only for the owner of the file or directory.
The command ‘ln -svf lib lib64’ creates a symbolic link (option -s) with the name lib64 which will point to lib.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/passwd << "EOF" root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash EOF
The file /etc/passwd contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons. These fields are:
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/group << "EOF" root:x:0: bin:x:1: sys:x:2: kmem:x:3: tty:x:4: tape:x:5: daemon:x:6: floppy:x:7: disk:x:8: lp:x:9: dialout:x:10: audio:x:11: video:x:12: utmp:x:13: usb:x:14: cdrom:x:15: EOF
The file /etc/group is a text file which defines the groups on the system. There is one entry per line, with the following format: ‘group_name:password:GID:user_list’.
touch ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp} chmod -v 664 ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \ ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/lastlog
In this chapter, the cross-compilation toolchain is built as well as core components of the target system. Those will then be used to build the target system.
To build a GNU/Linux distribution for Loongson 2F without patch, you need at least version 2.6.33 of the kernel Linux (-libre) as it includes: basic CS5536 VSM support, CS5536 MFGPT timer support, CPU frequency scaling support, suspend support framework, basic Loongson 2F support, support for GZIP / BZIP2 / LZMA compressed kernel images 18. Moreover, version 2.6.35 and above include fixes for Loongson2F processor 19.
I chose version stable 3.5.4-gnu because it is from the stable branch, it has been deblobed with the latest version of the deblob script20 and because it is recent and as such it should include the most complete support for Loongson 2F.
# 6 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-libre-3.5.4-gnu.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3.5.4 make mrproper make ARCH=mips headers_check make ARCH=mips INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install cp -rv dest/include/* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include cd .. rm -rf linux-3.5.4 popd
‘6 minutes’ is the time it takes to build the package on Lemote Yeeloong with a Loongson 2F processor.
The command ‘make mrproper’ cleans the sources.
We need to specify ‘ARCH=mips’ as we are cross-compiling.
GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for manipulating binaries.
# 35 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.22.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd $BUILD_DIR/binutils-2.22 mkdir -pv ../binutils-build cd ../binutils-build CC="gcc" AR="ar" \ ../binutils-2.22/configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --enable-64-bit-bfd \ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \ --disable-nls \ --enable-shared make configure-host make make install cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h \ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include cd .. rm -rf binutils-build rm -rf binutils-2.22 popd
‘CC="gcc"’ and ‘AR="ar"’ are flags that tell the configure script to use the local commands gcc as the C compiler and aras the program that handles archives.
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools tells the configure script to install architecture-independant files in${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools.
The option --enable-64-bit-bfd enables 64 bit for BFD (the Binary File Descriptor).
--with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} tells Binutils to consider ${TARGET_DIR} as the root of a tree that contains (a subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched in there.
The --enable-nls option enables Native Language Support (NLS), which lets Binutils output diagnostics in languages other than American English. Native Language Support is enabled by default if not doing a canadian cross build. The --disable-nls option disables NLS.
The option --enable-shared is used to build shared versions of libraries, if shared libraries are supported on the target platform. Use --disable-shared to build only static libraries.
GCC is the GNU compiler collection. It can compile many languages, of which only C and C++ will be enabled in this document.
In this section, we build a minimal GCC in order to build glibc.
Warning: to build GMP (a GCC dependency), you need a version of GCC different from 4.3.2 on you system 21:
GCC 4.3.2 miscompiles GMP on 64-bit machines; please use a different gcc version (e.g., gcc 4.3.1 and gcc 4.3.3 both work properly). We have not been able to find any workaround for this gcc bug. Unfortunately, Debian 5.0 has decided to stay with this trouble gcc version, resulting in that many users strike this bug.
I recommend installing ‘gcc-4.4’ on gNewSense Parkes to avoid this issue.
# 2 hours tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2 tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2 mv gmp-5.0.5 gmp tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2 mv mpfr-3.1.1 mpfr mkdir -pv ../gcc-build cd ../gcc-build ../gcc-4.7.2/configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \ --disable-multilib \ --with-newlib \ --disable-nls \ --disable-shared \ --disable-threads \ --enable-languages=c \ --with-abi=${MABI} make all-gcc make all-target-libgcc make install-gcc make install-target-libgcc cd .. rm -r gcc-build rm -r gcc-4.7.2 popd
--disable-multilib specifies that multiple target libraries to support different target variants22, calling conventions, etc. should not be built. The default is to build a predefined set of them.
--with-newlib specifies that ‘newlib’ is being used as the target C library.
--disable-threads specifies that threading support should be disabled.
--enable-languages=c specifies that only the C compiler and its runtime libraries should be built.
GCC provides a low-level runtime library, libgcc.a or libgcc_s.so.1 on some platforms. GCC generates calls to routines in this library automatically, whenever it needs to perform some operation that is too complicated to emit inline code for. This is built with ‘make all-target-libgcc’ and installed with ‘make install-target-libgcc’
Glibc is the GNU C library. It provides macros, type definitions, and functions for tasks like string handling, mathematical computations, input/output processing, memory allocation and several other operating system services.
# 4 hours tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/glibc-2.13 tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-ports-2.13.tar.bz2 mv -v glibc-ports-2.13 ports #sed -i.orig "s/\ -lgcc_eh\|\ -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-libgcc_eh.patch patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-ldd-rewrite-script.patch patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-localedef_segfault-1.patch patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.13-cross_hacks-2.patch echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \ ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure mkdir -pv ../glibc-build cd ../glibc-build cat > config.cache << EOF libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes libc_cv_slibdir=/lib EOF cat > configparms << EOF install_root=${TARGET_DIR} libdir=/usr/lib EOF BUILD_CC="gcc" \ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" \ ../glibc-2.13/configure \ --prefix=/usr \ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --disable-profile \ --enable-add-ons \ --with-tls \ --enable-kernel=3.5.4 \ --with-__thread \ --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \ --with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include \ --cache-file=config.cache make make install make localedata/install-locales cd .. rm -rf glibc-build rm -rf glibc-2.13 popd cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF" # Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf passwd: files group: files shadow: files hosts: files dns networks: files protocols: files services: files ethers: files rpc: files # End /etc/nsswitch.conf EOF cp -v --remove-destination \ ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris \ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/localtime cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF" # Begin /etc/ld.so.conf /usr/local/lib /opt/lib # End /etc/ld.so.conf EOF
The patch glibc-2.13-libgcc_eh.patch is used in order not to use library ‘gcc_eh’ to build ‘libgcc_eh’ and ‘static-gnulib’ if current compiler does not have ‘libgcc_eh’.
The patch glibc-2.13-ldd-rewrite-script.patch is used to fix a bug in glibc when the configure script is called from a relative path.
The patch glibc-2.13-localedef_segfault-1.patch is used to overcome a segfault you may have when generating locales if you use PaX. PaX is a patch for the kernel Linux that implements least privilege protections for memory pages.
The patch glibc-2.13-cross_hacks-2.patch is used specially to build locales by cross-compilation.
Glibc uses ‘n32’ ABI by default with MIPS. To use MABI instead, we do the following:
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \ ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
The file config.cache is used to attribute values to variables of the configure script.
‘libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes’ is used to avoid the error message ‘error: forced unwind support is required’.
‘libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes’ is used to avoid the error message ‘error: the compiler must support C cleanup handling’.
‘libc_cv_slibdir=/lib’ defines /lib as the directory in which the C library of the target system will be installed, instead of/lib64 or /lib32.
You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to go by setting the install_root
variable on the command line for ‘make install’. The value of this variable is prepended to all the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should be specified with an absolute file name.
Files listed in ‘install-lib’ are installed in the directory specified by ‘libdir’ in configparms or Makeconfig.
BUILD_CC="gcc" \ CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \ AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \ RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
‘CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"’ sets CC
to the cross-compiler for the target's architecture, processor and ABI we configured the library for. AR
and RANLIB
are set to cross-compiling versions of ar
and ranlib
as the native tools are not configured to work with object files for the target we configured for.
--prefix=/usr tells the configure script to install glibc in the /usr directory of the target system.
Unlike previous builds, --host now equals ${CROSS_TARGET} instead of ${CROSS_HOST}. This is because we are building the glibc version that the target system will use. We won't have to build it later.
Profiling can be of help to optimize a program by analysing memory use, the usage of particular instructions, etc. Option --disable-profile is used to disable this.
Option --enable-add-ons is used to enable all the add-on packages in the main source directory, which includes the glibc-ports used to support the MIPS architecture.
The option --with-tls tells the configure script to use TLS (thread-local storage). Thread-local storage is a computer programming method that uses memory local to a thread.
The ‘3.5.4’ parameter given to option --enable-kernel describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is expected to support. The higher the version number is, the less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.
Option --with-__thread enables threads in glibc.
The option --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin tells the configure script to use the binutils (assembler and linker) built in the cross-compilation toolchain process.
--with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include indicates the location of the kernel Linux' headers.
--cache-file=config.cache specifies the file in which cache variables are listed for configure.
‘make localedata/install-locales’ configures all locales that are supported by glibc.
The file ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf contains the configuration of NSS (Name Service Switch). NSS is a facility in Unix-like operating systems that provides a variety of sources for common configuration databases and name resolution mechanisms. These sources include local operating system files (such as /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and/etc/hosts), the Domain Name System (DNS), the Network Information Service (NIS), and LDAP.
The timezone is defined for `Paris'.
In this section, we build a complete cross-compiler with support for C and C++ languages.
# 3 hours and 30 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2 tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2 mv gmp-5.0.5 gmp tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2 mv mpfr-3.1.1 mpfr mkdir -v ../gcc-build cd ../gcc-build ../gcc-4.7.2/configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_HOST} \ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \ --disable-nls \ --enable-shared \ --enable-__cxa_atexit \ --disable-multilib \ --with-abi=${MABI} \ --enable-c99 \ --enable-long-long \ --enable-threads=posix \ --enable-languages=c,c++ make make install cd .. rm -rf gcc-build rm -rf gcc-4.7.2 popd
--enable-__cxa_atexit enables __cxa_atexit
, rather than atexit
, to register C++ destructors for local statics and global objects. This is essential for fully standards-compliant handling of destructors, but requires __cxa_atexit
in libc.
--enable-c99 enables support for the C99 standard.
--enable-long-long enables support for long long int
types.
The command file is used to determine the type of a file: text, executable or data.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.11.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.11 ./configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools make make install cd .. rm -rf file-5.11 popd
Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which is used to produce man pages.
You need G++ on your system to compile this program from source. Under gNewSense Parkes, try ‘sudo apt-get install g++-4.4’.
# 15 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.21.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.21 PAGE=A4 \ ./configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \ --without-x make make install cd .. rm -rf groff-1.21 popd
‘PAGE=A4’ defines the default format of pages for printed output.
--without-x disables the dependancy on the X window system.
The package contains programs to handle users, groups and passwords in a secure way: passwords are encrypted.
# 10 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3 patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch sed -i.orig \ 's/bindir)\/\$\$i/bindir)\/mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-\$\$i/' \ src/Makefile.am automake-1.11 echo "shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin" > config.cache echo "ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no" >> config.cache ./configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \ --sbindir=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \ --sysconfdir=${TARGET_DIR}/etc \ --disable-shared \ --without-audit \ --without-libpam \ --without-selinux \ --program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- \ --cache-file=config.cache sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/${CROSS_TARGET}-&/" config.h make make install cd .. rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3 popd
The patch shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch is used so that shadow can be built with the sysroot method. Because we use this patch, ‘shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin’ and ‘ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no’ have to be added inconfig.cache in order for the configure script not to test the functionalities associated.
--without-audit, --without-libpam and --without-selinux disable support for auditing, PAM (Pluggable authentication modules) and SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux). We do not need those extra features.
--program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- prepends the value of CROSS_TARGET (that is ‘mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu’ in this document) to installed program names for cross-compilation.
Bison 2.5 requires M4 to be built.
GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf'configure files.
# 10 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16 ./configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools make make install cd .. rm -rf m4-1.4.16 popd
GNU ncurses contains a library used to write text-based user interfaces in a terminal-independent manner.
# 15 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9 ./configure \ --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \ --without-shared make -C include make -C progs tic install -m755 progs/tic ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin cd .. rm -rf ncurses-5.9 popd
--without-shared is used to avoid building the whole library as only tic is installed.
In order to save some space, binaries and libraries of cross-compilation tools can be stripped out.
Warning: incorrect cleaning arguments used against library files can lead to library files breaking. For this reason, be careful of the command arguments. If you are not comfortable with this, you can skip this section as it will have no effect on the process of building the target system.
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools strip --strip-all bin/* strip --strip-debug lib/* popd
--strip-all removes all symbols. This command reduces the size of the bin directory's content from 29 MB to 12 MB.
--strip-debug removes debugging symbols only. This command reduces the size of the lib directory's content from 21 MB to 20 MB.
After having set up the cross-compilation toolchain and tools, the operating system for the target machine is built in this chapter.
Because this chapter is about the build of the target system and not the build of the cross-compilation toolchain and tools anymore, we need to update some environment variables.
For more convenience, we can set environment variables up in the ~/.bashrc file, so that this setup is preserved when logging in:
cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF export CFLAGS="-Wa,-mfix-loongson2f-nop" export CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" export CXX="${CROSS_TARGET}-g++ -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" export AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" export AS="${CROSS_TARGET}-as" export RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" export LD="${CROSS_TARGET}-ld" export STRIP="${CROSS_TARGET}-strip" EOF source ~/.bash_profile
The variable CFLAGS is set to -Wa,-mfix-loongson2f-nop in which -Wa is a GCC option used to pass -mfix-loongson2f-nop to the assembler. This option replaces NOP
23 by or at,at,zero
to work around the Loongson2F NOP
errata. Without it, under extreme cases, CPU might deadlock24.
CC is the flag that indicates the C compiler to be used, CXX the C++ compiler, AR the archiver, AS the assembler,RANLIB the archives' index generator, LD the linker and STRIP the program for stripping.
All the programs to be used are prefixed with ‘${CROSS_TARGET}-’ in order to use the cross-compilation toolchain instead of the toolchain of the host.
The man-pages package documents the kernel Linux and C library's interfaces that are used by user-space programs.
# 1 minute tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.32.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.32 make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install cd .. rm -rf man-pages-3.32 popd
The option prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr is used to install the man pages on the target partition's TARGET_DIR instead of the/usr directory of the host.
Zlib is a compression/decompression library.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.7.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.7 ./configure \ --prefix=/usr make AR="${AR}" make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so.* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib #ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libz.so cd .. rm -rf zlib-1.2.7 popd
In order to build zlib by cross-compilation, the flag AR has to be equal to ‘${AR}’.
# 30 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.22.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/binutils-2.22 mkdir -pv ../binutils-build cd ../binutils-build ../binutils-2.22/configure \ --prefix=/usr \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --enable-64-bit-bfd \ --enable-shared make configure-host make tooldir=/usr make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} tooldir=/usr install cp -v ../binutils-2.22/include/libiberty.h ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include cd .. rm -rf binutils-build rm -rf binutils-2.22 popd
The option --host is now set to CROSS_TARGET because the host that will run this build will be the target system.
GMP (GNU multiple precision arithmetic library) is required to build GCC.
# 20 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gmp-5.0.5 ./configure \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --enable-cxx \ --enable-mpbsd make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx,mp}.la cd .. rm -rf gmp-5.0.5 popd
The option --enable-cxx enables support for the C++ language.
The Berkeley MP compatibility library (libmp) and header file (mp.h) are built and installed if the option --enable-mpbsdis used.
The files ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx,mp}.la are removed to avoid the following error when building MPFR: ‘/usr/lib/libgmp.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format’.
GNU MPFR (Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point computation with correct rounding.
# 7 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.1 ./configure \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la cd .. rm -rf mpfr-3.1.1 popd
The file ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la is removed to avoid the following error when building MPC: ‘/usr/lib/libmpfr.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format’.
GNU MPC (Multiple Precision Complex Library) is a C library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding of the result.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1 ./configure \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf mpc-1.0.1 popd
# 3 hours and 30 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.2 sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in sed -i.orig 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.in mkdir -v ../gcc-build cd ../gcc-build ../gcc-4.7.2/configure \ --prefix=/usr \ --libexecdir=/usr/lib \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --enable-shared \ --enable-threads=posix \ --enable-__cxa_atexit \ --enable-c99 \ --enable-long-long \ --disable-multilib \ --with-abi=${MABI} \ --enable-clocale=gnu \ --enable-languages=c,c++ \ --disable-libstdcxx-pch make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install # For FHS compatibility: #ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp ${TARGET_DIR}/lib ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/cc cd .. rm -rf gcc-build rm -rf gcc-4.7.2 popd
‘sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in’ is used as we already installed the library libiberty.a with Binutils.
Using --enable-clocale=gnu option ensures that the correct locale will automatically be chosen.
Option --disable-libstdcxx-pch disables support for precompiled headers (PCH).
The line ‘ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/cc’ creates a symbolic link cc that points on gcc.
GNU sed is a stream editor: it is used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sed-4.2.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sed-4.2.1 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf sed-4.2.1 popd
E2fsprogs is a package that contains tools to handle the ext2, ext3 and ext4 filesystems.
# 10 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.6 mkdir -v build cd build ../configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --with-root-prefix="" \ --enable-elf-shlibs make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so ln -sv ../../lib/libblkid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libblkid.so ln -sv ../../lib/libcom_err.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcom_err.so ln -sv ../../lib/libe2p.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libe2p.so ln -sv ../../lib/libext2fs.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libext2fs.so ln -sv ../../lib/libss.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libss.so ln -sv ../../lib/libuuid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libuuid.so cd ../.. rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.42.6 popd
--with-root-prefix="" is used to put e2fsprogs binaries inside /sbin instead of PREFIX/sbin which would be /usr/sbin.
Option --enable-elf-shlibs enables e2fsprogs shared libraries.
‘make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs’ is used to install libraries, those are not installed with ‘make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install’.
The sequence of commands that follows first removes symbolic links${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so which point on abolute paths/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so. In order to use the libraries of the target operating system, we need to symlink ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so to their relative paths files.
GNU coreutils (core utilities) includes the standard programs for text and file manipulation.
On gNewSense Parkes, you need to install xz-utils to extract the package.
# 30 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19 sed -i.orig '/strftime/s/\ LC_ALL//' man/help2man cat > config.cache << EOF fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes gl_cv_func_wctob_works=yes gl_cv_func_fstatat_zero_flag=yes # From C[G]LFS: #fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes #gl_cv_func_working_mkstemp=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --enable-install-program=hostname \ --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \ --cache-file=config.cache make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{dd,df,echo,false,hostname,ls,mkdir} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{mv,pwd,rm,rmdir,stty,true,ln,uname} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/chroot ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/sbin #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{[,basename,head,install,nice} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{readlink,sleep,sync,test,touch} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin #ln -svf ../../bin/install ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin cd .. rm -rf coreutils-8.19 popd
The variables listed in the file config.cache are used in order to avoid that the configure script evaluate their values: otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
We use --enable-install-program=hostname to install the command hostname which is not built by default.
We use --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime in order not to install commands kill and uptime. Those commands will be installed by the package procps.
The iana-etc package installs services and protocols using data from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
# 1 minute tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30 make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf iana-etc-2.30 popd
# 10 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.16 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf m4-1.4.16 popd
GNU bison parser generator.
# 7 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bison-2.5.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bison-2.5 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf bison-2.5 popd
‘echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h’ is used to build NLS (native language support) inside bison.
# 15 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --with-shared \ --enable-widec \ --without-debug \ --without-ada \ --with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" \ --libdir=/lib make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{panel,menu,form,ncurses,ncurses++}w.a \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib #rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{ncurses,menu,panel,form}w.so #ln -svf ../../lib/libncursesw.so.5 \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncursesw.so #ln -svf ../../lib/libmenuw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmenuw.so #ln -svf ../../lib/libpanelw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libpanelw.so #ln -svf ../../lib/libformw.so.5 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libformw.so #for lib in curses ncurses form panel menu ; do # echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so # ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib${lib}.a # done ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so #ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.so #ln -sfv libncursesw.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcursesw.a #ln -sfv libncurses++w.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libncurses++.a #ln -sfv ncursesw5-config ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/ncurses5-config #ln -sfv ../../usr/share/terminfo ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/terminfo cd .. rm -rf ncurses-5.9 popd
Option --enable-widec enables wide characters support in ncurses.
Option --without-ada disables support for the Ada programming language inside ncurses.
The command ‘ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so’ creates the symlink libcurses.so so that programs that do not know libncursesw.so can be linked against it.
The procps package contains utilities that give information about processes using the /proc filesystem. The package includes the commands ps, top, vmstat, w, kill, free, slabtop, and skill.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8 make \ CPPFLAGS= \ lib64=lib make \ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \ lib64=lib \ ldconfig= \ install="install -D" \ install cd .. rm -rf procps-3.2.8 popd
Option CPPFLAGS= is used so that the target system's ncurses library will be used, default value would have been -I/usr/include/ncurses.
Option lib64=lib makes the directory /lib the one where to put 64 bit libraries, default would be /lib64.
Option ldconfig= is used in order not to use current host's ldconfig.
Option install="install -D" is used so that all the files installed are owned by the current user. By default, all installed files are owned by root.
GNU libtool is a generic library support script. It hides the complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable interface.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtool-2.4 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf libtool-2.4 popd
The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed in.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/readline-6.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/readline-6.2 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --libdir=/lib make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-doc # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib #rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{readline,history}.so #ln -svf ../../lib/libreadline.so.6 \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libreadline.so #ln -svf ../../lib/libhistory.so.6 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libhistory.so cd .. rm -rf readline-6.2 popd
GNU autoconf is an extensible package of M4 macros that produce shell scripts to automatically configure software source code packages. These scripts can adapt the packages to many kinds of UNIX-like systems without manual user intervention.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf autoconf-2.69 popd
GNU automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards25.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/automake-1.12.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/automake-1.12.4 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf automake-1.12.4 popd
GNU Bash (Bourne again shell) is an sh-compatible shell that incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell (csh).
# 15 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bash-4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bash-4.2 cat > config.cache << "EOF" ac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped=yes ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=yes ac_cv_func_working_mktime=yes bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=present bash_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes bash_cv_job_control_missing=present bash_cv_printf_a_format=yes bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=present bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=yes bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=yes bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=no gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --cache-file=config.cache \ --without-bash-malloc \ --with-installed-readline make make \ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \ htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2 \ install ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh cd .. rm -rf bash-4.2 popd
The variables listed in the file config.cache are used in order to avoid that the configure script evaluate their values: otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
Option --without-bash-malloc tells the configure script not to use the malloc
function shipped with Bash. Glibc's version will be used instead.
Option --with-installed-readline tells the configure script to use the installed readline library instead of the one shipped with Bash.
‘ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh’ creates a symlink sh to bash.
Bzip2 is a package that contains utilities to compress and decompress files with a better original size/compressed size ratio than gzip.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6 sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile make \ -f Makefile-libbz2_so \ CC="${CC}" \ AR="${AR}" \ RANLIB="${RANLIB}" make clean make \ CC="${CC}" \ AR="${AR}" \ RANLIB="${RANLIB}" make \ PREFIX=${TARGET_DIR}/usr \ install cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2 cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2} ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2 ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat cd .. rm -rf bzip2-1.0.6 popd
‘sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile’ is used to skip tests when building.
‘sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile’ is used in order to have relative path symlinks instead of absolute ones.
Option -f Makefile-libbz2_so is used to build shared libraries.
Flags CC, AR and RANLIB are used so that bzip2 is built using cross-compilation tools instead of the host's ones.
‘make clean’ is used to clean up temporary files.
The second build commands are used to build static libraries.
DHCPCD is a wrapper for the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) client daemon.
# 3 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/dhcpcd-5.6.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/dhcpcd-5.6.2 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/sbin \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd \ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf dhcpcd-5.6.2 popd
GNU Diffutils is a package of several programs related to finding differences between files.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/diffutils-3.2 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf diffutils-3.2 popd
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.11.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.11 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf file-5.11 popd
The GNU Find Utilities are typically used to provide directory search and file locating capabilities.
# 7 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2 cat > config.cache << EOF gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes gl_cv_header_working_fcntl_h=yes ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate \ --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \ --cache-file=config.cache make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/find ${TARGET_DIR}/bin #sed -i.orig 's@find:=${BINDIR}@find:=/bin@' \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/updatedb cd .. rm -rf findutils-4.4.2 popd
Flex is a tool for generating scanners. A scanner, sometimes called a tokenizer, is a program which recognizes lexical patterns in text.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --cache-file=config.cache make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install ln -sv libfl.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libl.a cd .. rm -r flex-2.5.37 popd cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex << "EOF" #!/bin/sh exec /usr/bin/flex -l "$@" EOF chmod -v 755 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex
For compatibility issues, we create the symlink libl.a.
We then create target system's /usr/bin/lex that will execute flex with option -l in order to behave with maximal compatibility like lex.
GNU awk (Gawk) is a program used to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gawk-4.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gawk-4.0.1 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --libexecdir=/usr/lib make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -r gawk-4.0.1 popd
GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provides a framework to help packages produce multi-lingual messages.
# 1 hour tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.1.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.1.1 cat > config.cache << EOF am_cv_func_iconv_works=yes gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes gt_cv_func_printf_posix=yes gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --cache-file=config.cache make #cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i} #cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i} make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf gettext-0.18.1.1 popd
GNU grep command searches one or more input files for lines containing a match to a specified pattern.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grep-2.14.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/grep-2.14 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --disable-perl-regexp make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf grep-2.14 popd
Option --disable-perl-regexp disables support of Perl-style regular expressions (regexp).
# 15 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.21.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.21 patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.21-cross-compilation.patch PAGE=A4 \ ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make \ TROFFBIN=troff \ GROFFBIN=groff \ GROFF_BIN_PATH= make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install ln -sv soelim ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/zsoelim ln -sv eqn ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/geqn ln -sv tbl ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/gtbl cd .. rm -rf groff-1.21 popd
The patch groff-1.21-cross-compilation.patch fixes a bug in groff' Makefile.in that prevents the cross-compilation build.
The variables TROFFBIN=troff and GROFFBIN=groff tell make to use troff and groff commands installed in the Building Cross-Compilation Tools to build documentation.
The variable GROFF_BIN_PATH before PATH is checked for programs groff is calling (preprocessors, troff, and output devices). If not set, it defaults to the directory where the groff binary is located.
The symlinks are used for compatibility.
GNU Gzip is a data compression program.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gzip-1.5.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gzip-1.5 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/z{egrep,cmp,diff,fgrep,force,grep,less,more} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/znew \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin cd .. rm -rf gzip-1.5 popd
The iputils package is a set of small utilities for networking.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iputils-s20071127.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iputils-s20071127 patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iputils-s20071127-fixes-2.patch make CC="${CC}" install -v -m755 ping{,6} ${TARGET_DIR}/bin install -v -m755 arping ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin install -v -m755 clockdiff ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin install -v -m755 rdisc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin install -v -m755 tracepath ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin install -v -m755 trace{path,route}6 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin cd .. rm -rf iputils-s20071127 popd
Iproute2 is a collection of utilities for controlling TCP and UDP IP networking and traffic.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iproute2-3.5.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iproute2-3.5.1 sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile make \ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \ CC="${CC}" \ DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \ MANDIR=/usr/share/man make \ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \ DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \ MANDIR=/usr/share/man \ install cd .. rm -rf iproute2-3.5.1 popd
‘sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile’ is used to disable the build of arpd as it requires Berkeley DB to be installed.
DOCDIR and MANDIR indicate the location in which the documentation and the manual pages will be installed, respectively. Those are no absolute paths but use the value of DESTDIR as a prefix.
Kbd contains keytable files and keyboard utilities.
# 3 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.3.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.3 patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-1.15.3-es.po-fix-1.patch cat > config.cache << EOF ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --cache-file=config.cache make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install # For FHS compatibility #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{kbd_mode,dumpkeys,loadkeys,openvt} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/setfont \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin cd .. rm -rf kbd-1.15.3 popd
The patch kbd-1.15.3-es.po-fix-1.patch fixes a bug in po/es.po.
Kmod (previously known as module-init-tools) provide userspace-side assistance in loading kernel modules and their dependencies.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kmod-10.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kmod-10 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --sbindir=/sbin \ --with-zlib make make \ DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \ INSTALL=install \ install cd .. rm -rf kmod-10 popd
--with-zlib enables support for modules compressed with zlib.
By default, installation uses INSTALL=install-with-care which checks if old utilities have not been destroyed. To avoid this check, we use INSTALL=install.
Less is a file pager. A file pager is used to view the content of a text file.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/less-451.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/less-451 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --sysconfdir=/etc make make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/less ${TARGET_DIR}/bin cd .. rm -rf less-451 popd
GNU make utility determines automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to recompile them.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/make-3.82.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/make-3.82 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf make-3.82 popd
Man is an interface to the on-line reference manuals.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-1.6g.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-1.6g sed -i.orig -e "/PREPATH=/s@=.*@=\"$(eval echo \ ${TARGET_DIR}/{,usr/}{sbin,bin})\"@g" -e 's@-is@&Rc@g' configure sed -i.orig -e 's@MANPATH./usr/man@#&@g' \ -e 's@MANPATH./usr/local/man@#&@g' src/man.conf.in ./configure \ -confdir=/etc sed -i.orig "s@${TARGET_DIR}@@" conf_script gcc src/makemsg.c -o src/makemsg make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf man-1.6g popd
In the first use of sed, the first part replaces PREPATH default value ‘/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/local/bin:$PATH’ with ‘${TARGET_DIR}/{,usr/}{sbin,bin}’. The variable TARGET_DIR is used to avoid errors when running the configure script.
The second part is used to replace default options of the man pager -is with -isRc. Option -c will cause less to display man pages faster as this option disables scrolling.
The second call of sed tells man where the cat pages corresponding to given man pages should not be stored:/usr/man and /usr/local/man.
Option -confdir is used to define configuration files location to target system's /etc.
The third call of sed is used in order to remove the presence of TARGET_DIR on the target system's programs.
makemsg will be used during the build, but because using the cross-compiler may make its build fail, we use the host's compiler.
GNU nano is a lightweight text editor.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.1 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf nano-2.3.1 popd
Note: commands in nano are displayed as in `^X'. The `^' character means <CTRL> key, so `^X' means CTRL-X.
GNU patch takes a patch file containing a difference listing produced by the diff program and applies those differences to one or more original files, producing patched versions.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1 cat > config.cache << EOF ac_cv_path_ed_PROGRAM=ed ac_cv_func_strnlen_working=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --cache-file=config.cache make make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install cd .. rm -rf patch-2.7.1 popd
This package contains utilities that use the proc filesystem.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20 cat > config.cache << EOF ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --exec-prefix="" \ --cache-file=config.cache make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pstree* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin #ln -sv killall ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/pidof cd .. rm -rf psmisc-22.20 popd
Rsyslog is an utility creating log messages.
# 10 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6 cat > config.cache << EOF ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes EOF PKG_CONFIG_PATH="${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/pkgconfig" \ ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --sbindir=/sbin \ --cache-file=config.cache make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.d cd .. rm -rf rsyslog-5.8.6 popd cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.conf << "EOF" $ModLoad imuxsock.so $ModLoad imklog.so $ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat $FileOwner root $FileGroup root $FileCreateMode 0640 $DirCreateMode 0755 $ModLoad imudp $UDPServerRun 514 $RepeatedMsgReduction on $IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf auth,authpriv.* /var/log/auth.log *.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/syslog daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log kern.* -/var/log/kern.log lpr.* -/var/log/lpr.log mail.* -/var/log/mail.log user.* -/var/log/user.log # Catch All Logs *.=debug;\ auth,authpriv.none;\ news.none;mail.none -/var/log/debug *.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\ auth,authpriv.none;\ cron,daemon.none;\ mail,news.none -/var/log/messages # Emergency are shown to everyone *.emerg * EOF
‘install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.d’ is used to create target system's /etc/rsyslog.d directory. Rsyslog looks for user-defined configuration files in this directory. The line ‘$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf’ in the target system's configuration file /etc/rsyslog.conf has this purpose.
We then create the target system's configuration file /etc/rsyslog.conf.
# 7 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3 patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch automake-1.11 echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --libdir=/lib \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --enable-shared \ --without-audit \ --without-libpam \ --without-selinux \ --cache-file=config.cache \ --enable-man sed -i.orig 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile for mkf in $(find man -name Makefile) do sed -i.orig -e '/groups.1.xml/d' -e 's/groups.1 //' ${mkf} done make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install sed -i.orig -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \ -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \ ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/login.defs # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/passwd ${TARGET_DIR}/bin ${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv ${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv ${CROSS_TARGET}-passwd root cd .. rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3 popd
The patch shadow-4.1.4.3-man-ru.patch contains a fix to man/ru/Makefile.am preventing ‘make install’ to complete.automake-1.11 is then run to update the makefile prototype Makefile.in.
The option --enable-man is used to generate man pages.
The first call of sed disables the build of command groups, as coreutils already installed it.
The second call of sed enables support for MD5 encrypted passwords and changes the mail default directory from/var/spool/mail to /var/mail.
The pwconv command creates shadow file from file passwd and an optionally existing shadow file.
The grpconv command creates gshadow file from file group and an optionally existing gshadow file.
The command ‘passwd root’ will create the password for the root user, you will need it when logging in as root on your new system.
Sysvinit is the system-V style init process. Init is the first process started during booting. It is started by the kernel. Init continues running as a daemon until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes.
# 2 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf sed -i.orig -e 's@/dev/initctl@$(ROOT)&@g' \ -e 's@\(mknod \)-m \([0-9]* \)\(.* \)p@\1\3p; chmod \2\3@g' \ -e '/^ifeq/s/$(ROOT)//' \ -e 's@/usr/lib@$(ROOT)&@' \ src/Makefile make -C src clobber make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} CC="${CC}" make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} INSTALL="install" install cd .. rm -rf sysvinit-2.88dsf popd cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inittab << "EOF" # Begin /etc/inittab id:3:initdefault: si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinit l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0 l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1 l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2 l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3 l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4 l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5 l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6 ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin 1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty1 9600 2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600 3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600 4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600 5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600 6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600 #c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100 # End /etc/inittab EOF
The first call of sed replaces /dev/initctl with $(ROOT)/dev/initctl, and /usr/lib with $(ROOT)/usr/lib among other things in order to install sysvinit on the target system.
‘make -C src clobber’ is used to clean up the src directory.
Then, we create the inittab file that describes which processes are started at bootup and during normal operation.
The line ‘#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100’ is commented out (with #
) in order to avoid the message: ‘INIT: Id "c0" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes’ on the target system.
GNU tar is an archiving utility: it stores and extracts files from a tape or disk archive.
# 8 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.26.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/tar-1.26 cat > config.cache << EOF gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes EOF ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --libexecdir=/usr/sbin \ --cache-file=config.cache make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf tar-1.26 popd
GNU Texinfo is a documentation system that can produce both online information and a printed manual from a single source.
# 15 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make -C tools/gnulib/lib make -C tools make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install cd .. rm -rf texinfo-4.13 popd pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/share/info rm dir for f in * do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null done popd
The first three calls of make make it possible to build Texinfo by cross-compilation.
For Info to work, the info directory must contain a file that serves as a top level directory for the Info system. By convention, this file is called dir. We update this file for the target system.
Udev is the dynamic device management of the kernel Linux.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/udev-175.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/udev-175 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --sbindir=/sbin \ --with-rootlibdir=/lib \ --libexecdir=/lib/udev \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-175 \ --disable-introspection \ --with-pci-ids-path=no \ --with-usb-ids-path=no \ --disable-gudev make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware ln -sv ../lib/udev/udevd ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/udevd cd .. rm -rf udev-175 popd
util-linux is a random collection of utilities for use with the kernel Linux.
# 10 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.19.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.19.1 sed -i.orig 's@etc/adjtime@var/lib/hwclock/adjtime@g' \ hwclock/hwclock.c mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/var/lib/hwclock ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --enable-arch \ --enable-partx \ --disable-wall \ --enable-write \ --disable-makeinstall-chown make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/logger ${TARGET_DIR}/bin cd .. rm -r util-linux-2.19.1 popd
The sed command modifies the location of adjtime from the target system's /etc directory to its /lib/hwclock/adjtime to comply with FHS.
Option --enable-arch enables the build and installation of the arch command.
Option --enable-partx enables the build and installation of the addpart, delpart and partx commands.
Option --disable-wall disables the build of the wall command which is already provided by sysvinit.
Option --enable-write enables the build and installation of the write command.
Option --disable-makeinstall-chown disables the change of owner to root for installed programs.
XZ Utils is a general-purpose data compression software with high compression ratio.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.4 ./configure \ --build=${CROSS_HOST} \ --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \ --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install # For FHS compatibility: #mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{xz,lzma,lzcat,unlzma,unxz,xzcat} \ # ${TARGET_DIR}/bin cd .. rm -rf xz-5.0.4 popd
The bootscript archive contains scripts that manage services during system's bootup and shutdown.
# 5 minutes tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11.tar.bz2 \ -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11 make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-bootscripts make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-network cd .. rm -rf bootscripts-cross-lfs-1.2-pre11 popd
This installs basic bootscripts required for bootup and shutdown, and network-related bootscripts.
To avoid potential kernel lockup on Loongson 2F machines, we need to add the option -mfix-loongson2f-jump to the environment variable CFLAGS26:
sed -i.orig \ "/CFLAGS/s/-mfix-loongson2f-nop/& -Wa,-mfix-loongson2f-jump/" \ ~/.bashrc source ~/.bash_profile
Then:
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-libre-3.5.4-gnu.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR} pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-3.5.4 make mrproper
Then, if you are compiling the kernel for an Yeeloong ‘2f’ netbook:
cp arch/mips/configs/lemote2f_defconfig .config patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/100gnu+freedo.patch
Then, if you want to change the configuration:
#make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- config make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- menuconfig
To know the CPU model you have on a given computer, type ‘cat /proc/cpuinfo’ inside a terminal.
Machine selection System type (X) Loongson family of machines Machine type (X) Lemote Loongson 2F family machines
As you will discover when you type ‘lspci | grep CS5536’ in a terminal, AMD CS5536 is used for a variety of things on the Yeeloong: ISA bridge, IDE interface, Multimedia audio controller and two USB Controllers. In order to get the correct time, we need to enable the following option:
[*] CS5536 MFGPT Timer
Note: MFGPT stands for Multi-Function General Purpose Timer.
MIPS architecture exists in two flavours: big endian and little endian. The difference resides in the order in which the Bytes are stored in the hardware: little endian's first Byte is the least significant one while big endian's first Byte is the most significant one. In our case, we have a little endian architecture, so:
Endianess selection (X) Little endian CPU selection CPU type (X) Loongson 2F
If your version of Binutils is 2.20.2 or later, select the following option:
CPU selection [*] Loongson 2F Workarounds
It fixes some issues with the Loongson 2F processors27.
Then, whatever your version of Binutils is:
Kernel type Kernel code model (X) 64-bit kernel
If you want higher performance but with increased memory consumption, select a Kernel page size of 16kB:
Kernel type Kernel page size (X) 16kB
Then, if you want to reduce the size of your kernel (this may increase decompression time at bootup though):
General setup Kernel compression mode (X) Bzip2
Then, whatever your choice:
General setup [*] Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap)
To be able to copy your kernel configuration through kernel versions, you may want to select the following options:
General setup <*> Kernel .config support [*] Enable access to .config through /proc/config.gz
If you want to optimize your kernel for size (but not necessarily for speed), select the following option:
General setup [*] Optimize for size
Selecting this option will use option -Os of GCC instead of the default -O2.
ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) is a common standard file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps.
Executable file formats [*] Kernel support for ELF binaries [*] Kernel support for Linux/MIPS 32-bit binary compatibility [*] Kernel support for o32 binaries [*] Kernel support for n32 binaries
Power management is a feature that turns off the power or switches the system to a low-power state when inactive.
Power management options [*] Power Management support [*] Power Management Debug Support [*] Verbose Power Management debugging [*] Suspend to RAM and standby [*] Hibernation (aka 'suspend to disk')
To be able to get information on your battery status, select the following option:
Device Drivers <*> Power supply class support [*] Power supply debug
The network card is the component of your computer that lets you browse the internet and receive emails, among other things. This section covers both wired and wireless network cards.
To know which ethernet controller you have, type in a terminal:
lspci | grep Ethernet
In order to build the driver for the RTL-8139 ethernet controller:
Device Drivers [*] Network device support [*] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) <*> Realtek RTL-8129/8130/8139 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support
To know which wireless card is connected to your USB port, in a terminal, type:
lsusb | grep Wireless
To be able to build the option cfg80211, which is the current wireless configuration API, not as a module inside the kernel, you will have to select the following option first:
[*] Networking support <*> RF Switch subsystem support
Then:
[*] Networking support -*- Wireless <*> cfg80211 -wireless configuration API [*] cfg80211 wireless extensions compatibility <*> Wireless extensions sysfs files <*> Common routines for IEEE802.11 drivers [*] lib80211 debugging messages
mac80211 is a framework which driver developers can use to write drivers for SoftMAC wireless devices28.
The following option needs to be built not as a module in order for the option Realtek 8187 and 8187B USB support to be built inside the kernel not as a module:
[*] Networking support -*- Wireless <*> Generic IEEE 802.11 Networking stack (mac80211)
Enabling EEPROM 93CX6 is required in order to build option Realtek 8187 and 8187B USB support inside the kernel:
Device Drivers [*] Misc devices EEPROM support -*- EEPROM 93CX6 support
If you want built-in support for Realtek 8187 and 8187B:
Device Drivers Network device support [*] Wireless LAN <*> Realtek 8187 and 8187B USB support
Then:
Device Drivers [*] USB support {*} Enable Wireless USB extensions (EXPERIMENTAL)
To know which driver to enable in the kernel, type ‘lsusb | grep multicard’ in a terminal.
If you want to enable support for USB keys and SDcard:
Device Drivers SCSI device support <*> SCSI device support <*> SCSI disk support [*] USB support <M> USB Mass Storage support <*> MMC/SD/SDIO card support <*> USB SD Host Controller (USHC) support
By default, we recommend using Ext3 filesystem:
File systems <*> Ext3 journalling file system support
If you don't need support for RAID or LVM:
Device Drivers [ ] Multiple devices driver support (RAID and LVM)
To configure Keyboard:
Device Drivers Input device support [*] Keyboards <*> AT keyboard [*] Mice <*> PS/2 mouse <*> Synaptics PS/2 mouse protocol extension
To know your VGA (Video Graphics Array) controller model (VGA refers to display hardware), type ‘lspci | grep VGA’ in a terminal. A framebuffer is a video output device that drives a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data29.
Device Drivers Graphics support <*> Support for frame buffer devices <M> Userspace VESA VGA graphics support Console display driver support <*> Framebuffer Console support -*- VGA 8x16 font [*] Staging drivers <*> Silicon Motion SM7XX Frame Buffer Support
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems30.
File systems -*- Native language support <*> NLS UTF-8
# 2 hours and 40 minutes make \ ARCH=mips \ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- make \ ARCH=mips \ CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- \ INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${TARGET_DIR} \ modules_install cp vmlinuz ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz cp System.map ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/System.map cp .config ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/config cd .. popd
Tip: because future compilation may need kernel sources, the compilation directory of the kernel should be preserved.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF" # Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock UTC=1 # End /etc/sysconfig/clock EOF
Readline default configuration file is set:
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inputrc << "EOF" set bell-style none set convert-meta Off set horizontal-scroll-mode Off set input-meta On set output-meta On "\eOd": backward-word "\eOc": forward-word "\e[1~": beginning-of-line "\e[4~": end-of-line "\e[5~": beginning-of-history "\e[6~": end-of-history "\e[3~": delete-char "\e[2~": quoted-insert "\eOH": beginning-of-line "\eOF": end-of-line "\e[H": beginning-of-line "\e[F": end-of-line EOF
If convert-meta is set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ascii key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
horizontal-scroll-mode set to ‘off’ means that the text of the lines being edited will be wrapped onto a new screen line when they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of being scrolled horizontally on a single screen line.
input-meta If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
If output-meta is set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/profile << "EOF" # Begin /etc/profile export LANG=en_US.UTF-8 export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc export PS1='\[\e[31m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ ' # End /etc/profile EOF
The environement variable LANG defines the default language that should be used on the system. ‘en_US.UTF-8’ means “english” language, country “US” and UTF-8 (UCS Transformation Format—8-bit) encoding (Unicode).
For explanations on PS1, see Environment Variables Setup.
echo "HOSTNAME=gllfsc" > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/hosts << "EOF" # Begin /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 gllfsc localhost # End /etc/hosts EOF
You can choose to have a network static or dynamic address.
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0 cat > ifconfig.eth0/ipv4 << "EOF" ONBOOT=yes SERVICE=ipv4-static IP=192.168.1.1 GATEWAY=192.168.1.2 PREFIX=24 BROADCAST=192.168.1.255 EOF popd
Warning:IP
,GATEWAY
,BROADCAST
addresses are set up according to one's situation.
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0 cat > ifconfig.eth0/ip << "EOF" ONBOOT=yes SERVICE=dhcpcd DHCP_START="-t10" DHCP_STOP="-k" EOF popd
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/resolv.conf << "EOF" # Begin /etc/resolv.conf nameserver your-main-DNS-address nameserver your-secondary-DNS-address # End /etc/resolv.conf EOF
The file /etc/fstab is used at boot to mount partitions under the requested directories.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/fstab << "EOF" # Begin /etc/fstab # file system mount-point type options dump fsck order /dev/hda4 / ext3 defaults 1 1 /dev/hda3 swap swap pri=1 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=4,mode=620 0 0 shm /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 # End /etc/fstab EOF
Warning: the name of the hard drive and the name of filesystem used here have to be modified to reflect your real situation.
After the system has been completed, we use the command exit to logout as the gllfsc user.
Now, login as the root user.
Then fix the permissions on the new system:
export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc pushd ${TARGET_DIR} mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1 mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3 cp -a dev/{console,null} lib/udev/devices/ chown -R root:root *
We archive the entire system by using the following command:
# 20 minutes without kernel sources nor cross-tools tar -cjf gllfsc-20121006.tar.bz2 bin boot dev etc home lib* media \ mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var # 60 minutes with kernel sources + cross-tools #tar -cjf gllfsc-20121006.tar.bz2 *
It is then easy to copy the archive to the target machine and extract.
We recommend extracting the system to an empty partition. Moreover, the filesystem of the chosen partition has to be a filesystem supported by the kernel you compiled. Finally, this partition has to be consistent with the system description in the file /etc/fstab you created during setup (see fstab File Creation).
Then, you will have to edit the PMON BIOS configuration file of the target machine: /boot.cfg. This file has to be put on the first partition of the hard drive31. A minimal /boot.cfg could be:
default 0 timeout 2 showmenu 1 title GLLFSC kernel (wd0,3)/boot/vmlinuz args console=tty no_auto_cmd root=/dev/hda4 rootdelay=8 machtype=8.9
Haiyong Sun's website (in Chinese): http://youbest.cublog.cn. It includes documents on building a GNU/Linux system for Loongson and a GNU/Hurd system for x86.
Cross [GNU/]Linux from scratch: http://www.cross-lfs.org. Includes a lot of documentation to build a GNU/Linux system by cross-compilation on a variety of hardware, no information (yet) for cross-compiling with sysroot on MIPS though. There is also a Community-driven Beyond [GNU/]Linux From Scratch on http://cblfs.cross-lfs.org. It documents the building of Xorg and TeXLive among other things.
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt documents an interesting way of managing packages. Quotation from the file:
DESCRIPTION:
- You want to know which packages your files belong to?
- You want to deinstall software that doesn't have make uninstall?
- You are bothered by programs installed setuid root behind your back?
- You don't like packages quietly overwriting files from other packages?
- You don't like package managers like RPM?
- YOU WANT TOTAL CONTROL USING ONLY UNIX BUILTINS?
The suckless team32 is a group of programmers that share the following philosophy33:
Focus on simplicity, clarity and frugality. Our philosophy is about keeping things simple, minimal and usable. We believe this should become the mainstream philosophy in the IT sector. Unfortunately, the tendency for complex, error-prone and slow software seems to be prevalent in the present-day software industry. We intend to prove the opposite with our software projects.
The simple and lightweight programs released by this team are interesting for machines based on Loongson 2F processor as performance is limited compared to current x86 processors.
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THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does. Copyright (C) year name of author This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
program Copyright (C) year name of author This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, seehttp://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.
[1] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
[2] http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html
[3] http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
[5] For more information about the presence of proprietary firmware in the kernel Linux, readhttp://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en and http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html#nonfree-firmware.
[6] http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html
[7] For a full list of free as in freedom GNU/Linux distributions, see http://www.gnu.org/distros.
[9] Note: in this document, we use the term “GNU/Linux” to name the entire system and “Linux” to name the kernel. For more information, read http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html.
[10] https://parabolagnulinux.org
[11] At the time of writing (september 2012), the site http://zdbr.net.cn/ does not exist anymore. The author of this document was Haiyong Sun (孙海勇), and his (interesting) blog is on http://youbest.cublog.cn.
[12] See Further Readings section for more details
[13] http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolchain
[14] For more information about the issue, see http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bdand http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html.
[15] The kernel Linux is shipped with proprietary firmware. The version called Linux-Libre exists without them, it is available for download at http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/.
[17] The patches to use with version 3.5 of the kernel are the first four on http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/cjktty.git/shortlog/refs/heads/3.5-utf8.
[18] See http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_33 for more information.
[19] See http://lwn.net/Articles/386986/ for more information.
[20] http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/3.5.4-gnu/deblob-main
[21] http://gmplib.org/#STATUS
[22] Such as different ABI, for instance n32 and 64.
[23] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOP for more information
[24] For more information about the issue, see http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bdand http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html.
[25] http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/
[26] For more information about the issue, see http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bdand http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html.
[27] For more information about the issue, see http://groups.google.com/group/loongson-dev/browse_thread/thread/d9103283141c00fb/e9a8830b01cc1913?hide_quotes=no#msg_d44adf83639fb0bdand http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2009-11/msg00387.html.
[28] See http://www.linuxwireless.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211/ for more information.
[29] For more information, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framebuffer.
[30] For more information, read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode.
[31] http://gnewsense.org/Projects/Lemote#Updating_of_the_PMON_configuration
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