User Guide
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The VyOS User Guide is focused on providing a general overview of the installation, configuration, and operation of the VyOS network operating system.
Introduction
VyOS is a Linux-based network operating system that provides software-based network routing, firewall, and VPN functionality.
The VyOS project was started in late 2013 as a community fork of the GPL portions of Vyatta Core 6.6R1 with the goal of maintaining a free and open source network operating system in response to the decision to discontinue the community edition of Vyatta.
VyOS is primarily based on Debian GNU/Linux and the Quagga routing engine. Its configuration syntax and command-line interface are loosely derived from Juniper JUNOS as modeled by the XORP project (which was the original routing engine Vyatta was based upon). Vyatta changed to the Quagga routing engine for release 4.0.
Installation
The latest ISO image for VyOS can be downloaded at www.vyos.net.
The recommended system requirements are 512MB RAM and 2GB storage.
The VyOS ISO is a Live CD and will boot to a functional VyOS image. To login to the system, use the default username:password of: vyos:vyos
Linux vyatta 3.3.8-1-amd64-vyatta #1 SMP Wed Oct 30 22:54:40 CET 2013 x86_64
Welcome to VyOS.
This system is open-source software. The exact distribution terms for
each module comprising the full system are described in the individual
files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Last login: Wed Dec 11 17:33:09 2013
vyos@vyos:~$
There are two installation options: install image and install system.
The system install mirrors a traditional Linux installation and installs VyOS on the storage device selected.
The image install is the recommended installation method for VyOS. Using the image-based install, each VyOS release is self-contained within a directory on the selected storage device. Allowing multiple images to be installed on the same system, providing a predictable environment upon boot, and allowing for the quick rollback of an upgrade to a new release.
Typing either command will initiate the appropriate installer:
vyos@vyos:~$ install image
Welcome to the VyOS install program. This script
will walk you through the process of installing the
VyOS image to a local hard drive.
Would you like to continue? (Yes/No) [Yes]: [return]
Probing drives: OK
Looking for pre-existing RAID groups...none found.
The VyOS image will require a minimum 1000MB root.
Would you like me to try to partition a drive automatically
or would you rather partition it manually with parted? If
you have already setup your partitions, you may skip this step
Partition (Auto/Parted/Skip) [Auto]: [return]
I found the following drives on your system:
sda 2147MB
Install the image on? [sda]: [return]
This will destroy all data on /dev/sda.
Continue? (Yes/No) [No]: Yes
How big of a root partition should I create? (1000MB - 2147MB) [2147]MB: [return]
Creating filesystem on /dev/sda1: OK
Done!
Mounting /dev/sda1...
What would you like to name this image? [VyOS_999.hydrogen.11291501]:
OK. This image will be named: VyOS_999.hydrogen.11291501
Copying squashfs image...
Copying kernel and initrd images...
Done!
I found the following configuration files:
/config/config.boot
/opt/vyatta/etc/config.boot.default
Which one should I copy to sda? [/config/config.boot]: [return]
Copying /config/config.boot to sda.
Enter password for administrator account
Enter password for user 'vyos': <removed>
Retype password for user 'vyos': <removed>
I need to install the GRUB boot loader.
I found the following drives on your system:
sda 2147MB
Which drive should GRUB modify the boot partition on? [sda]: [return]
Setting up grub: OK
Done!
vyos@vyos:~$
After the installation is complete, remove the Live CD and reboot the system:
vyos@vyos:~$ reboot
Proceed with reboot? (Yes/No) [No] Yes
vyos@vyos:~$
Using the Command-Line Interface
The VyOS CLI is comprised of an operational mode and a configuration mode.
Operational mode allows for commands to perform operational system tasks and view system and service status, while configuration mode allows for the modification of system configuration.
The CLI provides a built-in help system. In the CLI the [?] key may be used to display available commands. The [tab] key can be used to auto-complete commands and will present the help system upon a conflict or unknown value.
For example typing sh followed by the [tab] key will complete to show. Pressing [tab] a second time will display the possible sub-commands of the show command.
vyos@vyos:~$ s[tab]
set show
vyos@vyos:~$
Example showing possible show commands:
vyos@vyos:~$ show [tab]
Possible completions:
arp Show Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) information
bridge Show bridging information
cluster Show clustering information
configuration Show running configuration
conntrack Show conntrack entries in the conntrack table
conntrack-sync
Show connection syncing information
date Show system date and time
dhcp Show Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) information
dhcpv6 Show status related to DHCPv6
disk Show status of disk device
dns Show Domain Name Server (DNS) information
file Show files for a particular image
firewall Show firewall information
flow-accounting
Show flow accounting statistics
hardware Show system hardware details
history show command history
host Show host information
incoming Show ethernet input-policy information
: q
vyos@vyos:~$
When the output of a command results in more lines than can be displayed on the terminal screen the output is paginated as indicated by a : prompt.
When viewing in page mode the following commands are available:
- [q] key can be used to cancel output
- [space] will scroll down one page
- [b] will scroll back one page
- [return] will scroll down one line
- [up-arrow] and [down-arrow] will scroll up or down one line at a time respectively
- [left-arrow] and [right-arrow] can be used to scroll left or right in the event that the output has lines which exceed the terminal size.
To enter configuration mode use the configure command:
vyos@vyos:~$ configure
[edit]
vyos@vyos:~#
Note that the prompt changes from $ to #. To exit configuration mode, type exit.
vyos@vyos:~# exit
exit
vyos@vyos:~$
See the configuration section of this document for more information on configuration mode.
Quick Start Guide
Below is a very basic configuration example that will provide a NAT gateway for a device with two interfaces.
Enter configuration mode:
vyos@vyos$ configure
vyos@vyos#
Configure network interfaces:
set interfaces ethernet eth0 address dhcp
set interfaces ethernet eth0 description 'OUTSIDE'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '192.168.0.1/24'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 description 'INSIDE'
Enable SSH for remote management:
set service ssh port '22'
Configure Source NAT for our "Inside" network.
set nat source rule 100 outbound-interface 'eth0'
set nat source rule 100 source address '192.168.0.0/24'
set nat source rule 100 translation address masquerade
Configure a DHCP Server:
set service dhcp-server disabled 'false'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name LAN subnet 192.168.0.0/24 default-router '192.168.0.1'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name LAN subnet 192.168.0.0/24 dns-server '192.168.0.1'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name LAN subnet 192.168.0.0/24 domain-name 'internal-network'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name LAN subnet 192.168.0.0/24 lease '86400'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name LAN subnet 192.168.0.0/24 start 192.168.0.9 stop '192.168.0.254'
And a DNS forwarder:
set service dns forwarding cache-size '0'
set service dns forwarding listen-on 'eth1'
set service dns forwarding name-server '8.8.8.8'
set service dns forwarding name-server '8.8.4.4'
Add a set of firewall policies for our "Outside" interface:
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN default-action 'drop'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 10 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 10 state established 'enable'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 10 state related 'enable'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL default-action 'drop'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 10 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 10 state established 'enable'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 10 state related 'enable'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 20 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 20 icmp type-name 'echo-request'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 20 protocol 'icmp'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 20 state new 'enable'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 30 action 'drop'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 30 destination port '22'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 30 protocol 'tcp'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 30 recent count '4'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 30 recent time '60'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 30 state new 'enable'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 31 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 31 destination port '22'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 31 protocol 'tcp'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 31 state new 'enable'
Apply the firewall policies:
set interfaces ethernet eth0 firewall in name 'OUTSIDE-IN'
set interfaces ethernet eth0 firewall local name 'OUTSIDE-LOCAL'
Commit changes, save the configuration, and exit configuration mode:
vyos@vyos# commit
vyos@vyos# save
Saving configuration to '/config/config.boot'...
Done
vyos@vyos# exit
vyos@vyos$
Configuration
VyOS makes use of a unified configuration file for all system configuration: config.boot. This allows for easy template creation, backup, and replication of system configuration.
The current configuration can be viewed using the show configuration command.
vyos@vyos:~$ show configuration
interfaces {
ethernet eth0 {
address dhcp
hw-id 00:0c:29:44:3b:0f
}
loopback lo {
}
}
service {
ssh {
port 22
}
}
system {
config-management {
commit-revisions 20
}
console {
device ttyS0 {
speed 9600
}
}
login {
user vyos {
authentication {
encrypted-password ****************
}
level admin
}
}
ntp {
server 0.pool.ntp.org {
}
server 1.pool.ntp.org {
}
server 2.pool.ntp.org {
}
}
package {
repository community {
components main
distribution hydrogen
url http://packages.vyos.net/vyos
}
}
syslog {
global {
facility all {
level notice
}
facility protocols {
level debug
}
}
}
}
vyos@vyos:~$
Because configuration changes are made using set and delete commands, the commands to generate the active configuration can also be displayed using the show configuration commands command.
vyos@vyos:~$ show configuration commands
set interfaces ethernet eth0 address 'dhcp'
set interfaces ethernet eth0 hw-id '00:0c:29:44:3b:0f'
set interfaces loopback 'lo'
set service ssh port '22'
set system config-management commit-revisions '20'
set system console device ttyS0 speed '9600'
set system login user vyos authentication encrypted-password '<removed>'
set system login user vyos level 'admin'
set system ntp server '0.pool.ntp.org'
set system ntp server '1.pool.ntp.org'
set system ntp server '2.pool.ntp.org'
set system package repository community components 'main'
set system package repository community distribution 'stable'
set system package repository community url 'http://packages.vyos.net/vyos'
set system syslog global facility all level 'notice'
set system syslog global facility protocols level 'debug'
vyos@vyos:~$
Configuration changes made do not take effect until committed using the commit command in configuration mode.
vyos@vyos# commit
[edit]
vyos@vyos# exit
Warning: configuration changes have not been saved.
exit
vyos@vyos:~$
In order to preserve configuration changes upon reboot, the configuration must also be saved once applied. This is done using the save command in configuration mode.
vyos@vyos# save
Saving configuration to '/config/config.boot'...
Done
[edit]
vyos@vyos#
The show command within configuration mode will show the current configuration indicating line changes with a + for additions and a - for deletions.
vyos@vyos:~$ configure
[edit]
vyos@vyos# show interfaces
ethernet eth0 {
address dhcp
hw-id 00:0c:29:44:3b:0f
}
loopback lo {
}
[edit]
vyos@vyos# set interfaces ethernet eth0 description 'OUTSIDE'
[edit]
vyos@vyos# show interfaces
ethernet eth0 {
address dhcp
+ description OUTSIDE
hw-id 00:0c:29:44:3b:0f
}
loopback lo {
}
[edit]
vyos@vyos#
Configuration mode can not be exited while uncommitted changes exist. To exit configuration mode without applying changes, the exit discard command can be used.
vyos@vyos# exit
Cannot exit: configuration modified.
Use 'exit discard' to discard the changes and exit.
[edit]
vyos@vyos# exit discard
exit
vyos@vyos:~$
VyOS also maintains backups of previous configurations. To compare configuration revisions in configuration mode, use the compare command:
vyos@vyos# compare [tab]
Possible completions:
<Enter> Compare working & active configurations
saved Compare working & saved configurations
<N> Compare working with revision N
<N> <M> Compare revision N with M
Revisions:
0 2013-12-17 20:01:37 root by boot-config-loader
1 2013-12-13 15:59:31 root by boot-config-loader
2 2013-12-12 21:56:22 vyos by cli
3 2013-12-12 21:55:11 vyos by cli
4 2013-12-12 21:27:54 vyos by cli
5 2013-12-12 21:23:29 vyos by cli
6 2013-12-12 21:13:59 root by boot-config-loader
7 2013-12-12 16:25:19 vyos by cli
8 2013-12-12 15:44:36 vyos by cli
9 2013-12-12 15:42:07 root by boot-config-loader
10 2013-12-12 15:42:06 root by init
[edit]
vyos@vyos#
You can rollback configuration using the rollback command, however this command will currently trigger a system reboot.
vyos@vyos# compare 1
[edit system]
>host-name vyos-1
[edit]
vyos@vyos# rollback 1
Proceed with reboot? [confirm][y]
Broadcast message from root@vyos-1 (pts/0) (Tue Dec 17 21:07:45 2013):
The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[edit]
vyos@vyos#
VyOS also supports saving and loading configuration remotely using SCP, FTP, or TFTP.
vyos@vyos# save [tab]
Possible completions:
<Enter> Save to system config file
<file> Save to file on local machine
scp://<user>:<passwd>@<host>/<file> Save to file on remote machine
ftp://<user>:<passwd>@<host>/<file> Save to file on remote machine
tftp://<host>/<file> Save to file on remote machine
vyos@vyos# save tftp://192.168.0.100/vyos-test.config.boot
Saving configuration to 'tftp://192.168.0.100/vyos-test.config.boot'...
######################################################################## 100.0%
Done
Network Interfaces
Configured interfaces on a VyOS system can be displayed using the show interfaces command.
vyos@vyos:~$ show interfaces
Codes: S - State, L - Link, u - Up, D - Down, A - Admin Down
Interface IP Address S/L Description
--------- ---------- --- -----------
eth0 172.16.51.129/24 u/u OUTSIDE
eth1 192.168.0.1/24 u/u INSIDE
lo 127.0.0.1/8 u/u
::1/128
vyos@vyos:~$
A specific interface can be shown using the show interfaces <type> <name> command.
vyos@vyos:~$ show interfaces ethernet eth0
eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:44:3b:0f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.51.129/24 brd 172.16.51.255 scope global eth0
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe44:3b0f/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Description: OUTSIDE
RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast
274397 3064 0 0 0 0
TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collisions
257276 1890 0 0 0 0
vyos@vyos:~$
Each interface can be configured with a description and address.
set interfaces ethernet eth0 description 'OUTSIDE'
set interfaces ethernet eth0 address 'dhcp'
Different network interfaces provide type-specific configuration. Ethernet interfaces, for example, allow the configuration of speed and duplex.
Many services, such as network routing, firewall, and traffic policy also maintain interface-specific configuration. These will be covered in their respective sections.
Physical Ethernet Interfaces
Ethernet interfaces allow for the configuration of speed, duplex, and hw-id (MAC address). Below is an example configuration:
set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '192.168.0.1/24'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 description 'INSIDE'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 duplex 'auto'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 speed 'auto'
Resulting in:
ethernet eth1 {
address 192.168.0.1/24
description INSIDE
duplex auto
hw-id 00:0c:29:44:3b:19
smp_affinity auto
speed auto
}
In addition, Ethernet interfaces provide the extended operational commands show interfaces ethernet <name> physical and show interfaces ethernet <name> statistics. Statistics available are driver dependent.
vyos@vyos:~$ show interfaces ethernet eth0 physical
Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ TP ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Speed: 1000Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: Twisted Pair
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
MDI-X: Unknown
Supports Wake-on: d
Wake-on: d
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes
driver: e1000
version: 7.3.21-k8-NAPI
firmware-version:
bus-info: 0000:02:01.0
vyos@vyos:~$
vyos@vyos:~$ show interfaces ethernet eth0 statistics
NIC statistics:
rx_packets: 3530
tx_packets: 2179
[...]
802.1Q VLAN Interfaces
802.1Q VLAN interfaces are represented as virtual sub-interfaces in VyOS. The term used for this is vif. Configuration of a tagged sub-interface is accomplished using the configuration command set interfaces ethernet <name> vif <vlan-id>.
set interfaces ethernet eth1 vif 100 description 'VLAN 100'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 vif 100 address '192.168.100.1/24'
Resulting:
ethernet eth1 {
address 192.168.0.1/24
description INSIDE
duplex auto
hw-id 00:0c:29:44:3b:19
smp_affinity auto
speed auto
vif 100 {
address 192.168.100.1/24
description "VLAN 100"
}
}
VLAN interfaces are shown as <name>.<vlan-id>, e.g. eth1.100:
vyos@vyos:~$ show interfaces
Codes: S - State, L - Link, u - Up, D - Down, A - Admin Down
Interface IP Address S/L Description
--------- ---------- --- -----------
eth0 172.16.51.129/24 u/u OUTSIDE
eth1 192.168.0.1/24 u/u INSIDE
eth1.100 192.168.100.1/24 u/u VLAN 100
lo 127.0.0.1/8 u/u
::1/128
vyos@vyos:~$
Bridging
Interfaces in VyOS can be bridged together to provide software switching of Layer-2 traffic.
A bridge is created when a bridge interface is defined. In the example below we will be creating a bridge for VLAN 100 and assigning a VIF to the bridge.
set interfaces bridge 'br100'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 vif 100 bridge-group bridge br100
Interfaces assigned to a bridge-group do not have address configuration. An IP address can be assigned to the bridge interface itself, however, like any normal interface.
set interfaces bridge br100 address '192.168.100.1/24'
Example Result:
bridge br100 {
address 192.168.100.1/24
}
[...]
ethernet eth1 {
[...]
vif 100 {
bridge-group {
bridge br100
}
}
}
In addition to normal IP interface configuration, bridge interfaces support Spanning-Tree Protocol. STP is disabled by default.
NOTE: Please use caution when introducing spanning-tree protocol on a network as it may result in topology changes.
To enable spanning-tree use the set interfaces bridge <name> stp true command:
set interfaces bridge br100 stp true
STP priority, forwarding-delay, hello-time, and max-age can be configured for the bridge-group. The MAC aging time can also be configured using the aging directive.
For member interfaces, the bridge-group priority and cost can be configured.
The show bridge operational command can be used to display configured bridges:
vyos@vyos:~$ show bridge
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br100 0000.000c29443b19 yes eth1.100
vyos@vyos:~$
If spanning-tree is enabled, the show bridge <name> spanning-tree command can be used to show STP configuration:
vyos@vyos:~$ show bridge br100 spanning-tree
br100
bridge id 0000.000c29443b19
designated root 0000.000c29443b19
root port 0 path cost 0
max age 20.00 bridge max age 20.00
hello time 2.00 bridge hello time 2.00
forward delay 15.00 bridge forward delay 15.00
ageing time 300.00
hello timer 0.47 tcn timer 0.00
topology change timer 0.00 gc timer 64.63
flags
eth1.100 (1)
port id 8001 state forwarding
designated root 0000.000c29443b19 path cost 4
designated bridge 0000.000c29443b19 message age timer 0.00
designated port 8001 forward delay timer 0.00
designated cost 0 hold timer 0.00
flags
vyos@vyos:~$
The MAC address-table for a bridge can be displayed using the show bridge <name> macs command:
vyos@vyos:~$ show bridge br100 macs
port no mac addr is local? ageing timer
1 00:0c:29:44:3b:19 yes 0.00
vyos@vyos:~$
Bonding
You can combine (aggregate) 2 or more physical interfaces into a single logical one. It's called bonding, or LAG, or etherchannel, or portchannel.
Create interface bondX, where X is just a number:
set interfaces bonding bond0 description 'my-sw1 int 23 and 24'
You are able to choose a hash policy:
vyos@vyos# set interfaces bonding bond0 hash-policy
Possible completions:
layer2 use MAC addresses to generate the hash (802.3ad)
layer2+3 combine MAC address and IP address to make hash
layer3+4 combine IP address and port to make hash
For example:
set interfaces bonding bond0 hash-policy 'layer2'
You may want to set IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation (802.3ad) AKA LACP (don't forget to setup it on the other end of these links):
set interfaces bonding bond0 mode '802.3ad'
or some other modes:
vyos@vyos# set interfaces bonding bond0 mode
Possible completions:
802.3ad IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation (Default)
active-backup
Fault tolerant: only one slave in the bond is active
broadcast Fault tolerant: transmits everything on all slave interfaces
round-robin Load balance: transmit packets in sequential order
transmit-load-balance
Load balance: adapts based on transmit load and speed
adaptive-load-balance
Load balance: adapts based on transmit and receive plus ARP
xor-hash Load balance: distribute based on MAC address
Now bond some physical interfaces into bond0:
set interfaces ethernet eth0 bond-group 'bond0'
set interfaces ethernet eth0 description 'member of bond0'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 bond-group 'bond0'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 description 'member of bond0'
After a commit you may treat bond0 as almost a physical interface (you can't change its` duplex, for example) and assign IPs or VIFs on it.
You may check the result:
vyos@vyos# run sh interfaces bonding
Codes: S - State, L - Link, u - Up, D - Down, A - Admin Down
Interface IP Address S/L Description
--------- ---------- --- -----------
bond0 - u/u my-sw1 int 23 and 24
bond0.10 192.168.0.1/24 u/u office-net
bond0.100 10.10.10.1/24 u/u management-net
Tunnel Interfaces
Set Virtual Tunnel interface
set interfaces vti vti0 address 192.168.2.249/30
vyos@vyos# show interfaces vti
vti vti0 {
address 192.168.2.249/30
description "Description"
}
[edit]
Routing
Routing is simple sending a packet from one network to another.
Static
Static routes are manually configured network routes.
A typical use for a static route is a static default route for systems that do not make use of DHCP or dynamic routing protocols:
set protocols static route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop 203.0.113.1 distance '1'
Producing the following configuration:
static {
route 0.0.0.0/0 {
next-hop 203.0.113.1 {
distance 1
}
}
}
Another common use of static routes is to blackhole (drop) traffic. In the example below, RFC 1918 private IP networks are set as blackhole routes. This does not prevent networks within these segments from being used, since the most specific route is always used. It does, however, prevent traffic to unknown private networks from leaving the router. Commonly refereed to as leaking.
set protocols static route 10.0.0.0/8 blackhole distance '254'
set protocols static route 172.16.0.0/12 blackhole distance '254'
set protocols static route 192.168.0.0/16 blackhole distance '254'
Resulting configuration:
route 10.0.0.0/8 {
blackhole {
distance 254
}
}
route 172.16.0.0/12 {
blackhole {
distance 254
}
}
route 192.168.0.0/16 {
blackhole {
distance 254
}
}
Note that routes with a distance of 255 are effectively disabled and not installed into the kernel.
RIP
Simple RIP configuration using 2 nodes and redistributing connected interfaces.
Node 1:
set interfaces loopback address 1.1.1.1/32
set protocols rip network 192.168.0.0/24
set protocols rip redistribute connected
Node 2:
set interfaces loopback address 2.2.2.2/32
set protocols rip network 192.168.0.0/24
set protocols rip redistribute connected
Resulting configuration:
Node 1:
rip{
network 192.168.1.0/24
redistribute {
connected {
}
}
}
Node 2:
rip{
network 192.168.1.0/24
redistribute {
connected {
}
}
}
OSPF
A typical configuration using 2 nodes, redistribute loopback address and the node 1 sending the default route:
Node 1:
set interfaces loopback lo address 1.1.1.1/32
set protocols ospf area 0 network 192.168.0.0/24
set protocols ospf default-information originate always
set protocols ospf default-information originate metric 10
set protocols ospf default-information originate metric-type 2
set protocols ospf log-adjacency-changes
set protocols ospf parameters router-id 1.1.1.1
set protocols ospf redistribute connected metric-type 2
set protocols ospf redistribute connected route-map CONNECT
set policy route-map CONNECT rule 10 action permit
set policy route-map CONNECT rule 10 match interface lo
Node 2:
set interfaces loopback lo address 2.2.2.2/32
set protocols ospf area 0 network 192.168.0.0/24
set protocols ospf log-adjacency-changes
set protocols ospf parameters router-id 2.2.2.2
set protocols ospf redistribute connected metric-type 2
set protocols ospf redistribute connected route-map CONNECT
set policy route-map CONNECT rule 10 action permit
set policy route-map CONNECT rule 10 match interface lo
Resulting configuration:
Node 1:
ospf {
area 0 {
network 192.168.0.0/24
}
default-information {
originate {
always
metric 10
metric-type 2
}
}
log-adjacency-changes {
}
parameters {
router-id 1.1.1.1
}
redistribute {
connected {
metric-type 2
route-map CONNECT
}
}
}
route-map CONNECT {
rule 10 {
action permit
match {
interface lo
}
}
}
Node 2:
ospf {
area 0 {
network 192.168.0.0/24
}
log-adjacency-changes {
}
parameters {
router-id 2.2.2.2
}
redistribute {
connected {
metric-type 2
route-map CONNECT
}
}
}
route-map CONNECT {
rule 10 {
action permit
match {
interface lo
}
}
}
BGP
IPv4
A simple eBGP configuration:
Node 1:
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 192.168.0.2 ebgp-multihop '2'
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 192.168.0.2 remote-as '65537'
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 192.168.0.2 update-source ‘192.168.0.1
set protocols bgp 65536 network '1.0.0.0/16'
set protocols bgp 65536 parameters router-id ‘192.168.0.1
Node 2:
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 192.168.0.1 ebgp-multihop '2'
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 192.168.0.1 remote-as '65536’
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 192.168.0.1 update-source ‘192.168.0.2
set protocols bgp 65537 network 2.0.0.0/16'
set protocols bgp 65537 parameters router-id ‘192.168.0.2
Don’t forget, the CIDR declared in the network statement MUST exist in your routing table (dynamic or static), the best way to make sure that is true is creating a static route:
Node 1:
set protocols static route 1.0.0.0/16 blackhole distance '254'
Node 2:
set protocols static route 2.0.0.0/16 blackhole distance '254'
Resulting configuration:
Node 1:
bgp 65536 {
neighbor 192.168.0.2 {
ebgp-multihop 2
remote-as 65537
update-source 192.168.0.1
}
network 1.0.0.0/16 {
}
parameters {
router-id 192.168.0.1
}
}
static {
route 1.0.0.0/16 {
blackhole {
distance 254
}
}
Node 2:
bgp 65537 {
neighbor 192.168.0.1 {
ebgp-multihop 2
remote-as 65536
update-source 192.168.0.2
}
network 2.0.0.0/16 {
}
parameters {
router-id 192.168.0.2
}
}
static {
route 2.0.0.0/16 {
blackhole {
distance 254
}
}
IPv6
A simple BGP configuration, but over IPv6.
Node 1:
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 2a00:100::2 ebgp-multihop '2'
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 2a00:100::2 remote-as '65537'
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 2a00:100::2 update-source ‘2a00:100::1
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 2a00:100::2 address-family ipv6-unicast
set protocols bgp 65536 address-family ipv6-unicast network '2a00:100:1::/48'
set protocols bgp 65536 parameters router-id ‘2a00:100::1
Node 2:
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 2a00:100::1 ebgp-multihop '2'
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 2a00:100::1 remote-as '65536’
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 2a00:100::1 update-source ‘2a00:100::2
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 2a00:100::1 address-family ipv6-unicast
set protocols bgp 65537 address-family ipv6-unicast network '2a00:100:2::/48'
set protocols bgp 65537 parameters router-id ‘2a00:100::2
Don’t forget, the CIDR declared in the network statement MUST exist in your routing table (dynamic or static), the best way to make sure that is true is creating a static route:
Node 1:
set protocols static route6 2a001:100:1::/48 blackhole distance '254'
Node 2:
set protocols static route6 2a00:100:2::/48 blackhole distance '254'
Resulting configuration:
Node 1:
bgp 65536 {
neighbor 2a00:100::2 {
address-family {
ipv6-unicast {
}
}
ebgp-multihop 2
remote-as 65537
update-source 2a00:100::1
}
network 2a00:100:1::/48 {
}
parameters {
router-id 2a00:100::1
}
}
static {
route6 2a00:100:1::/48 {
blackhole {
distance 254
}
}
Node 2:
bgp 65537 {
neighbor 2a00:100::1 {
address-family {
ipv6-unicast {
}
}
ebgp-multihop 2
remote-as 65536
update-source 2a00:100::2
}
network 2a00:100:2::/48 {
}
parameters {
router-id 2a00:100::2
}
}
static {
route6 2a00:100:2::/48 {
blackhole {
distance 254
}
}
Route-map
If you also want remote-map this is fairly simple to implement.
Node1:
set policy prefix-list AS65537-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
set policy prefix-list AS65537-IN rule 10 prefix '2.0.0.0/16'
set policy prefix-list AS65537-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
set policy prefix-list AS65537-OUT rule 10 prefix '2.0.0.0/16'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65537-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65537-IN rule 10 prefix '2a00:100:2::/48'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65537-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65537-OUT rule 10 prefix '2a00:100:2::/48'
set policy route-map AS65537-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
set policy route-map AS65537-IN rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65537-IN'
set policy route-map AS65537-IN rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65537-IN'
set policy route-map AS65537-IN rule 20 action 'deny'
set policy route-map AS65537-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
set policy route-map AS65537-OUT rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65537-OUT'
set policy route-map AS65537-OUT rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65537-OUT'
set policy route-map AS65537-OUT rule 20 action 'permit'
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 2a00:100::2 route-map export 'AS65537-OUT'
set protocols bgp 65536 neighbor 2a00:100::2 route-map import 'AS65537-IN'
Node2:
set policy prefix-list AS65536-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
set policy prefix-list AS65536-IN rule 10 prefix '1.0.0.0/16'
set policy prefix-list AS65536-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
set policy prefix-list AS65536-OUT rule 10 prefix '1.0.0.0/16'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65536-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65536-IN rule 10 prefix '2a00:100:1::/48'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65536-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
set policy prefix-list6 AS65536-OUT rule 10 prefix '2a00:100:1::/48'
set policy route-map AS65536-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
set policy route-map AS65536-IN rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65536-IN'
set policy route-map AS65536-IN rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65536-IN'
set policy route-map AS65536-IN rule 20 action 'deny'
set policy route-map AS65536-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
set policy route-map AS65536-OUT rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65536-OUT'
set policy route-map AS65536-OUT rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65536-OUT'
set policy route-map AS65536-OUT rule 20 action 'permit'
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 2a00:100::1 route-map export 'AS65536-OUT'
set protocols bgp 65537 neighbor 2a00:100::1 route-map import 'AS65536-IN'
We could expand on this and also deny link local and multicast in the rule 20 action deny.
Route Redistribution and Policy Engine
Firewall
VyOS makes use of Linux netfilter for packet filtering.
The firewall supports the creation of groups for ports, addresses, and networks (implemented using netfilter ipset) and the option of interface or zone based firewall policy.
Important note on usage of terms: The firewall makes use of the terms in, out, and local for firewall policy. Users experienced with netfilter often confuse in to be a reference to the INPUT chain, and out the OUTPUT chain from netfilter. This is not the case. These instead indicate the use of the FORWARD chain and either the input or output interface. The INPUT chain, which is used for local traffic to the OS, is a reference to as local with respect to its input interface.
Groups
Firewall groups represent collections of IP addresses, networks, or ports. Once created, a group can be referenced by firewall rules as either a source or destination. Members can be added or removed from a group without changes to or the need to reload individual firewall rules. Note that groups can also be referenced by NAT configuration.
While network groups accept IP networks in CIDR notation, specific IP addresses can be added as a 32-bit prefix. If you foresee the need to add a mix of addresses and networks, the network group is recommended.
Here is an example of a network group for the IP networks that make up the internal network:
set firewall group network-group NET-INSIDE network 192.168.0.0/24
set firewall group network-group NET-INSIDE network 192.168.1.0/24
A port group represents only port numbers, not the protocol. Port groups can be referenced for either TCP or UDP. It is recommended that TCP and UDP groups are created separately to avoid accidentally filtering unnecessary ports. Ranges of ports can be specified by using a -.
Here is an example of a port group a server:
set firewall group port-group PORT-TCP-SERVER1 port 80
set firewall group port-group PORT-TCP-SERVER1 port 443
set firewall group port-group PORT-TCP-SERVER1 port 5000-5010
Rule-Sets
A rule-set is a named collection of firewall rules that can be applied to an interface or zone. Each rule is numbered, has an action to apply if the rule is matched, and the ability to specify the criteria to match.
Example of a rule-set to filter traffic to the internal network:
set firewall name INSIDE-OUT default-action drop
set firewall name INSIDE-OUT rule 1010 action accept
set firewall name INSIDE-OUT rule 1010 state established enable
set firewall name INSIDE-OUT rule 1010 state related enable
set firewall name INSIDE-OUT rule 1020 action drop
set firewall name INSIDE-OUT rule 1020 state invalid enable
Applying a Rule-Set to an Interface
Once a rule-set is created, it can be applied to an interface. Note only one rule-set can be applied to each interface for in, out, or local traffic for each protocol (IPv4 and IPv6).
set interfaces ethernet eth1 firewall out name INSIDE-OUT
Applying a Rule-Set to a Zone
A named rule-set can also be applied to a zone relationship (note, zones must first be created):
set zone-policy zone INSIDE from OUTSIDE firewall name INSIDE-OUT
Zone-based Firewall Policy
As an alternative to applying policy to an interface directly, a zone-based firewall can be created to simplify configuration when multiple interfaces belong to the same security zone.
NAT
Source NAT
Source NAT is typically referred to simply as NAT. To be more correct, what most people refer to as NAT is actually the process of Port Address Translation (PAT), or NAT Overload: The process of having many internal host systems communicate to the Internet using a single or subset of IP addresses.
To setup SNAT, we need to know:
- The internal IP addresses we want to translate
- The outgoing interface to perform the translation on
- The external IP address to translate to
In the example used for the Quick Start configuration above, we demonstrate the following configuration:
set nat source rule 100 outbound-interface 'eth0'
set nat source rule 100 source address '192.168.0.0/24'
set nat source rule 100 translation address 'masquerade'
Which generates the following configuration:
rule 100 {
outbound-interface eth0
source {
address 192.168.0.0/24
}
translation {
address masquerade
}
}
In this example, we use masquerade as the translation address instead of an IP address. The masquerade target is effectively an alias to say "use whatever IP address is on the outgoing interface", rather than a statically configured IP address. This is useful if you use DHCP for your outgoing interface and do not know what the external address will be.
When using NAT for a large number of host systems it recommended that a minimum of 1 IP address is used to NAT every 256 host systems. This is due to the limit of 65,000 port numbers available for unique translations and a reserving an average of 200-300 sessions per host system.
Example: For an ~ 8,000 host network a source NAT pool of 32 IP addresses is recommended.
A pool of addresses can be defined by using a - in the set nat source rule [n] translation address statement.
set nat source rule 100 translation address '203.0.113.32-203.0.113.63'
Note: Avoiding NAT breakage in the absence of split-DNS
A typical problem with using NAT and hosting public servers is the ability for internal systems to reach an internal server using it's external IP address. The solution to this is usually the use of split-DNS to correctly point host systems to the internal address when requests are made internally. Because many smaller networks lack DNS infrastructure, a work-around is commonly deployed to facilitate the traffic by NATing the request from internal hosts to the source address of the internal interface on the firewall. This technique is commonly reffered to as NAT Reflection, or Hairpin NAT.
In this example, we will be using the example Quick Start configuration above as a starting point.
To setup a NAT reflection rule, we need to create a rule to NAT connections from the internal network to the same internal network to use the source address of the internal interface.
set nat source rule 110 description 'NAT Reflection: INSIDE'
set nat source rule 110 destination address '192.168.0.0/24'
set nat source rule 110 outbound-interface 'eth1'
set nat source rule 110 source address '192.168.0.0/24'
set nat source rule 110 translation address 'masquerade'
Which results in a configuration of:
rule 110 {
description "NAT Reflection: INSIDE"
destination {
address 192.168.0.0/24
}
outbound-interface eth1
source {
address 192.168.0.0/24
}
translation {
address masquerade
}
}
Destination NAT
DNAT is typically referred to as a Port Forward. When using VyOS as a NAT router and firewall, a common configuration task is to redirect incoming traffic to a system behind the firewall.
In this example, we will be using the example Quick Start configuration above as a starting point.
To setup a destination NAT rule we need to gather:
- The interface traffic will be coming in on
- The protocol and port we wish to forward
- The IP address of the internal system we wish to forward traffic to
In our example, we will be forwarding web server traffic to an internal web server on 192.168.0.100.
HTTP traffic makes use of the TCP protocol on port 80.
For other common port numbers, see: [1]
Our configuration commands would be:
set nat destination rule 10 description 'Port Forward: HTTP to 192.168.0.100'
set nat destination rule 10 destination port '80'
set nat destination rule 10 inbound-interface 'eth0'
set nat destination rule 10 protocol 'tcp'
set nat destination rule 10 translation address '192.168.0.100'
Which would generate the following NAT destination configuration:
nat {
destination {
rule 10 {
description "Port Forward: HTTP to 192.168.0.100"
destination {
port 80
}
inbound-interface eth0
protocol tcp
translation {
address 192.168.0.100
}
}
}
}
Note that if forwarding traffic to a different port than it is arriving on, you may also configure the translation port using set nat destination rule [n] translation port.
This establishes our Port Forward rule, but if we created a firewall policy it will likely block the traffic.
It is important to note that when creating firewall rules that the DNAT translation occurs before traffic traverses the firewall. In other words, the destination address has already been translated to 192.168.0.100.
So in our firewall policy, we want to allow traffic coming in on the outside interface, destined for TCP port 80 and the IP address of 192.168.0.100.
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 destination address '192.168.0.100'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 destination port '80'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 protocol 'tcp'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 state new 'enable'
This would generate the following configuration:
rule 20 {
action accept
destination {
address 192.168.0.100
port 80
}
protocol tcp
state {
new enable
}
}
1-to-1 NAT
Another term often used for DNAT is 1-to-1 NAT.
For a 1-to-1 NAT configuration, both DNAT and SNAT are used to NAT all traffic from an external IP address to an internal IP address and vice-versa.
Typically, a 1-to-1 NAT rule omits the destination port (all ports) and replaces the protocol with either all or ip.
Then a corresponding SNAT rule is created to NAT outgoing traffic for the internal IP to a reserved external IP. This dedicates an external IP address to an internal IP address and is useful for protocols which don't have the notion of ports, such as GRE.
1-to-1 NAT example
Here's an extract of a simple 1-to-1 NAT configuration with one internal and one external interface:
set interfaces ethernet eth0 address '192.168.1.1/24'
set interfaces ethernet eth0 description 'Inside interface'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '1.2.3.4/24'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 description 'Outside interface'
set nat destination rule 2000 description '1-to-1 NAT example'
set nat destination rule 2000 destination address '1.2.3.4'
set nat destination rule 2000 inbound-interface 'eth1'
set nat destination rule 2000 translation address '192.168.1.10'
set nat source rule 2000 description '1-to-1 NAT example'
set nat source rule 2000 outbound-interface 'eth1'
set nat source rule 2000 source address '192.168.1.10'
set nat source rule 2000 translation address '1.2.3.4'
Firewall rules are written as normal, using the internal IP address as the source of outbound rules and the destination of inbound rules.
NPTv6 (RFC6296)
See here : How_to_do_NPTv6
VPN
Example for configuring a simple L2TP over IPsec VPN for remote access (works with native Windows and Mac VPN clients):
set vpn ipsec ipsec-interfaces interface eth0
set vpn ipsec nat-traversal enable
set vpn ipsec nat-networks allowed-network 0.0.0.0/0
set vpn l2tp remote-access outside-address 203.0.113.2
set vpn l2tp remote-access client-ip-pool start 192.168.255.1
set vpn l2tp remote-access client-ip-pool stop 192.168.255.255
set vpn l2tp remote-access ipsec-settings authentication mode pre-shared-secret
set vpn l2tp remote-access ipsec-settings authentication pre-shared-secret <secret>
set vpn l2tp remote-access authentication mode local
set vpn l2tp remote-access authentication local-users username <username> password <password>
In the example above an external IP of 203.0.113.2 is assumed.
If a local firewall policy is in place on your external interface you will need to open:
- UDP port 500 (IKE)
- IP protocol number 50 (ESP)
- UDP port 1701 for IPsec
In addition when NAT is detected by the VPN client ESP is encapsulated in UDP for NAT-traversal:
- UDP port 4500 (NAT-T)
Example:
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 40 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 40 protocol 'esp'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 41 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 41 destination port '500'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 41 protocol 'udp'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 42 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 42 destination port '4500'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 42 protocol 'udp'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 43 action 'accept'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 43 destination port '1701'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 43 ipsec 'match-ipsec'
set firewall name OUTSIDE-LOCAL rule 43 protocol 'udp'
Also note that if you wish to allow the VPN to be used for external access you will need to add the appropriate source NAT rules to your configuration.
set nat source rule 110 outbound-interface 'eth0'
set nat source rule 110 source address '192.168.255.0/24'
set nat source rule 110 translation address masquerade
Established sessions can be viewed using the show vpn remote-access operational command.
vyos@vyos:~$ show vpn remote-access
Active remote access VPN sessions:
User Proto Iface Tunnel IP TX byte RX byte Time
---- ----- ----- --------- ------- ------- ----
vyos L2TP l2tp0 192.168.255.1 3.2K 8.0K 00h06m13s
Traffic Policy
The traffic policy subsystem provides an interface to Linux traffic control.
One common use of traffic policy is to limit bandwidth for an interface. In the example below we limit bandwidth for our LAN connection to 200M download and out WAN connection to 50M upload:
set traffic-policy shaper WAN-OUT bandwidth '50Mbit'
set traffic-policy shaper WAN-OUT default bandwidth '50%'
set traffic-policy shaper WAN-OUT default ceiling '100%'
set traffic-policy shaper WAN-OUT default queue-type 'fair-queue'
set traffic-policy shaper LAN-OUT bandwidth '200Mbit'
set traffic-policy shaper LAN-OUT default bandwidth '50%'
set traffic-policy shaper LAN-OUT default ceiling '100%'
set traffic-policy shaper LAN-OUT default queue-type 'fair-queue'
Resulting in the following configuration:
traffic-policy {
shaper WAN-OUT {
bandwidth 50Mbit
default {
bandwidth 50%
ceiling 100%
queue-type fair-queue
}
}
shaper LAN-OUT {
bandwidth 200Mbit
default {
bandwidth 50%
ceiling 100%
queue-type fair-queue
}
}
}
Once defined, a traffic policy can be applied to each interface using the interface-level traffic-policy directive:
set interfaces ethernet eth0 traffic-policy out 'WAN-OUT'
set interfaces ethernet eth1 traffic-policy out 'LAN-OUT'
Note that a traffic policy can also be defined to match specific traffic flows using class statements.
VyOS also supports HFSC (included in Lithium).
set traffic-policy shaper-hfsc
See further information on the QoS page.
DHCP Server
Configure a DHCP server on eth0:
set service dhcp-server disabled false
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name 'yournetwork' subnet '192.168.0.0/24'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name 'yournetwork' subnet '192.168.0.0/24' start '192.168.0.5' stop '192.168.0.253'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name 'yournetwork' subnet '192.168.0.0/24' default-router '192.168.0.1'
set service dhcp-server shared-network-name 'yournetwork' subnet '192.168.0.0/24' dns-server '8.8.8.8'
The DNS server parameter is what will be configured on the devices utilising DHCP. This can also be set to the router address, if for example DNS server or forwarding functionality is enabled.
The DHCP server can also be kept configured but disabled, by using:
set service dhcp-server disabled true
DHCP Relay
Configure a DHCP relay in eth0 with the DHCP server 192.168.10.1 (attached to eth1):
set service dhcp‐relay interface eth0
set service dhcp-relay interface eth1
set service dhcp‐relay server 192.168.10.1
Currently dhcp-relay requires also specifying the interface the DHCP server replies come from. An upstream bug exists for this: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=648401
DNS Forwarder
Dynamic DNS Updater
set services dns dynamic interface eth0
More information here : Dynamic_DNS
System Configuration
System Users
VyOS supports two levels of users: admin and operator.
The operator level restricts a user to operational commands and prevents changes to system configuration. This is useful for gathering information about the state of the system (dhcp leases, vpn connections, routing tables, etc...) and for manipulating state of the system, such as resetting connections, clearing counters and bringing up and taking down connection oriented interfaces.
The admin level has all of the capabilities of the operator level, plus the ability to change system configuration. The admin level also enables a user to use the sudo command, which essentially means the user has root access to the system.
Creating Login User Accounts
Create user account jsmith, with admin level access and the password "mypassword"
set system login user jsmith full-name "Johan Smith"
set system login user jsmith authentication plaintext-password mypassword
set system login user jsmith level admin
commit
The command:
show system login
will show the contents of the system login configuration node:
user jsmith {
authentication {
encrypted-password $6$0OQHjuQ8M$AYXVn7jufdfqPrSk4/XXsDBw99JBtNsETkQKDgVLptXogHA2bU9BWlvViOFPBoFxIi.iqjqrvsQdQ./cfiiPT.
plaintext-password ""
}
full-name "Johan Smith"
level admin
}
Configuring for SSH Access using Shared Public Keys
The following command will load the public key dev.pub for user jsmith
loadkey jsmith dev.pub
Note: this requires uploading the dev.pub public key to the vyos firewall first. As an alternative you can also load the ssh public key directly from a remote system:
loadkey jsmith scp://devuser@dev001.vyos.net/home/devuser/.ssh/dev.pub
IPv6
Advanced IPv6 configuration examples are available on the IPv6 page.
System Image Management
The VyOS image-based installation is implemented by creating a directory for each image on the storage device selected during the install process.
The directory structure of the boot device:
/
/boot
/boot/grub
/boot/VyOS_999.hydrogen.11291501
The image directory contains the system kernel, a compressed image of the root filesystem for the OS, and a directory for persistent storage, such as configuration.
On boot, the system will extract the OS image into memory and mount the appropriate live-rw sub-directories to provide persistent storage system configuration.
This process allows for a system to always boot to a known working state, as the OS image is fixed and non-persistent. It also allows for multiple releases of VyOS to be installed on the same storage device.
The image can be selected manually at boot if needed, but the system will otherwise boot the image configured to be the default.
The default boot image can be set using the set system image default-boot command in operational mode.
A list of available images can be shown using the show system image command in operational mode.
vyos@vyos:~$ show system image
The system currently has the following image(s) installed:
1: 999.hydrogen.12130649 (default boot) (running image)
2: 999.hydrogen.12100644
vyos@vyos:~$
Images no longer needed can be removed using the delete system image command.
Finally, new system images can be added using the add system image command. The add image command will extract the image from the release ISO (either on the local filesystem or remotely if a URL is provided). The image install process will prompt you to use the current system configuration and SSH security keys, allowing for the new image to boot using the current configuration.
Note that configuration is associated to each image, and each image has a unique copy of its configuration. This is different than a traditional network router where the configuration is shared across all images.
If you need some files from a previous images - take a look inside a /live directory.
