山东大学计算机文化复习纲要_计算机中表示某些事实、对象和思想符号的是
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考纲 目录：https://blog.csdn.net/dkbnull/article/details/87933295
《计算机文化课程》复习纲要
(一) 概念和术语
Computer，hardware, CPU ， Memory ，software,operating system ，compiler,LAN, WAN,Wi-Fi, Internet，e-mail， POP，SMTP, Ethernet，wireless ，clock cycle，instruction，s olid state storage，USB port，peripheral devices，Windows , reserved word ，UI，partitions ，folders，virtualmemory，hard disc， clusters，HTTP，Web server，HTML document， VoIP，RAM, ROM，EPROM, SDRAM, Bit,ByteKB,MB,GB,TB, USB, programming languages,high-level languages,machine language,source code, interpreter , Keyboard, Pointingdevice, mouse, pointing stick, Touch screen, IP address ，Application Software，Utility Software，Device Drivers，Document Production Software，Spreadsheet Software，“Number Crunching” Software，Database，Graphics Software，software suite， Shareware，Freeware，Open source，Computer virus，worm， Trojan，Spyware，Operating System ，proceeding，threading，Multithreading，Multi-core，Multitasking，Multithreading， Multiprocessing，Single-user operating system，Multiuser operating system，Server operating system，Desktop operating system，User Interfaces，Menus, submenus, dialog boxes， Network Devices，Clients, Servers, Packetswitching，Network protocols， Network topology ，Peer-to-peer，Personal Area Network (PAN) LAN， MAN， WAN，WLAN，ARCnet，Token Ring，FDDI，Ethernet，Star，Ring，Broadband，Circuit-switching，Packet switching，MAC address,Internet Protocols ，IP address, router, Bluetooth,TCP, IP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, Domain, dial-upconnection, modem, Cable Internet service, Wi-Fi Hotspots, Portable and MobileWiMAX , Real-Time Messaging , Instant messaging (IM), Grid Computing, Filesharing, Web, Search Engines, E-commerce, E-mail, HTML, XHTML, DHTML,XML,WebBrowsers,Cookies, Web Page , Web 2.0, URL, A Web crawler, Online Shopping,Online Auctions, Online Payment, B2C ,C2C ,B2B, B2G
（二）判断复习题（T/F）
1. A bit is a binary digit, such as a 1 or 0. T
2. A computer can work without a memory. F
3. 211.87.225.127 is a valid IP address. T
4. A computer network is a group of computers linked bywired or wireless technology to share data and resources. T
5. Digital technologies and communications networks make iteasy to cross cultural and geographic boundaries T
6. A WAN provides connectivity within a limited geographicalarea, usually spread over several buildings. F 80miles
7. A compiler converts and executes one statement at a timewhile the program is running. F
8. A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed toprocess instructions T
9. Word processing software and operating systems areexamples of application software. F
10. The Web is a collection of linked documents, graphics,and sounds that can be accessed over the Internet T
11. A computer’s operating system is a type of applicationsoftware. F
12. The Internet backbone is a network of high-capacitycommunications links that provides the main routes for data traffic across theInternet. T
13. The computers and software that store and distribute Webpages are called Web clients. F
14. For many client-based e-mail systems, a POP serverhandles incoming mail, and a SMTP server handles outgoing mail. T
15. Ethernet simultaneously broadcasts datapackets to all network devices. T
16. Wireless networks are more safe than wired networks. F
17. IP breaks a message or file into packets. F
18. A clock cycle is the smallest unit oftime in a microprocessor’s universe, and each instruction requiresexactly one clock cycle. F
19. Solid state storage is a technology thatstores data in erasable, rewritable circuitry. T
20. Today, most peripheral devicesare connected to a computer by USB port. T
21. When using Windows, you cannot use a reservedword, such as Aux, as a file name. T
22. In a hard disk, partitions are the same thing as folders. F
23. Too much dependence on virtual memory can have a negativeeffect on your computer's performance because getting data from a mechanicaldevice is much slower than getting data from an electronic device. T
24. When a file is deleted, the clusters that contain thefile are erased immediately. F
25. Wi-Fi is not compatible with Ethernet. F
26. In an HTTP communication, your browseropens a socket, connects to a similar open socket atthe Web server, and issues a command, such as"send me an HTML document". T
27. Today’s VoIP systems allow you to use astandard telephone handset to make or receive calls. T
28. Most people are aware of theprivacy issues associated with location-enabled devices. F
29. Public key encryption uses a public key to encryptmessages, but a private key is required to decrypt messages. T
30. Downloaded software is usuallyzipped to decrease download time. T
31. A software worm can replicateitself. T
32. Utility software is a type ofapplication software. F
33. Database software providestools for specifying fields for a series of records. T
34. Security software is designedto protect computers from various forms of destructive software andunauthorized intrusions T
35. TCP, IP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP are examples of protocolsused on the Internet. T
36. In a network, a server is a computer that providesservices to other computers called peersa.
37. Wireless networks are less secure than wired networks. T
38. http://www.sdu.edu.cn is an example of a URL. T
39. A Web page is the product oroutput of one or more Web-based files displayed in a format similar to a pagein a book. T
40. Portable Internet accessincludes Mobile WiMAX and Wi-Fi. F
（三）、名词解释复习
1. Digitization: Digitization is the process of converting text, numbers, sound,photos, and video into data that can be processed by digital devices.
数字化是指将文本、数字、声音、照片和视频转化为数字设备可处理的数据的过程。
2. DBMS：DatabaseManagement System数据库管理系统
3. Data: Data refersto the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas.
数据是指那些能够表示某些事实、对象和思想的符号
4. Memory: Memory is an area of a computer thattemporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output.
内存是计算机中临时存放正等待处理、存储或输出的数据地方。
5. Motherboard：The motherboard is the computer's maincircuit board and it houses all essential chips and provides connectingcircuitry between them
主板是计算机的主电路板，掌控着所有必须的芯片并提供他们之间的电路连接。
6. Smartphone: A smartphone now is defined as a personal digital device that inaddition to voice communication, includes features such as full qwerty keypad,text messaging, e-mail, Web access, removable storage, camera, FM radio,digital music player, and many software options, financial management, personalorganizer, GPS, and maps,etc..
智能手机是有包括语音通讯在内，标准袖珍键盘、文本信息、电子邮件、Web接入、移动存储、摄像头、无线调频广播、数字音乐播放器，以及游戏、财务管理、个人 记事本、GPS和电子地图等软件功能的数字设备。
7. TCP/IP is the primary protocolsuite responsible for message transmission on the Internet. TCP (TransmissionControl Protocol) breaks a message or file into packets. IP (Internet Protocol)is responsible for addressing packets so they can be routed to theirdestination.
TCP/IP 是指负责因特网上消息传输的主协议组。TCP能够将消息或文件分成包，IP负责各种包加上地址以便它们能够路由到各自目的地。
8. Application software Application software is a set of computerprograms that helps a person carry out a task.
实用程序软件是用来帮助用户监视计算机系统设备、操作系统或应用软件并为之配置设置的。
9. Source code: Source code is a kind ofhuman-readable version of a program created in a high-level language by aprogrammer.
源代码是一种用高级语言编写程序的程序的人可读版本。
10. User ID: A user ID isa series of characters—letters and possibly numbers or special symbols—thatbecomes a person’s unique identifier.
一个用户ID是指用字母、数字和特殊符号组成的独一无二的个人标示符。
11. Graphics software: A kind ofsoftware designed to help you create, manipulate, and print, normally includespaint software, photo editing software, drawing software,3-D graphics software,CAD software, presentation software.
图形软件是指用来创建、处理和打印图形的软件。通常包括绘图软件、照片编辑软件、画图软件、三维图形软件、CAD软件和演示软件。
12. Save As: It is an fileoperation option that allows you to select a name and storage device for afile, whereas the Save option simply displays the latest version of a fileunder its current name and at its current location.
另存为选项允许为这个要保存的文件选择名称与存储设备，而保存选项则是简单地将文件的最新版本以当前名称保存在当前位置。
13. Computer program A computer program is refer to as the seriesof instructions that tells a computer how to carry out processing tasks.
计算机程序是指一系列控制计算机处理任务的指令
14. E-commerce : Electronic Commerce，business of buyingand selling products online.
电子商务是指在线购买销售产品的商业活动
15. peer-to-peer: A peer-to-peer network (sometimes called P2P)treats every computer as an “equal” so that workstations can store network data, which can betransported directly to other workstations without passing through a centralserver.
将每一台计算机视为对等的，一个工作站可以存储数据，它可以直接将数据输送到其他工作站而不许通过中央服务器
16. executablefile：An executable file contains the programs or instructionsthat tell a computer how to perform a specific task.
一个可执行文件包含了程序或指令，告诉计算机怎样完成一系列的工作
17. Computer: Acomputer is a multipurpose device that accepts input, processes data, storesdata, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions计算机是一种在储存的指令集的控制下，接受输入、处理数据、存储数据并产生输出的多用途设备。
18. Searchengine：A search engine contains four components: a Web crawler,an indexing utility, a database, and a query processor.
搜索引擎包括四个部分：爬网程序、索引程序、数据库、查询处理器
19. ROM BIOS：Basic Input OutputSystem stored on ROM chip, tellthe computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and loadit into RAM
储存在ROM芯片上的基本输入输出系统，告诉计算机如何访问硬盘，找到操作系统并加载到内存
20. Boot：Power-onself-test、Identify peripheral devices andoperating system loading
启动程序是指电源自检程序、识别外围设备和载入操作系统。
（四）、简要回答问题复习
1. What is the digital revolution? How it happens?
数字革命是由数字技术（如计算机和因特网）所引发的社会、政治和经济改变的发展过程。多如繁星的技术（如数字电子技术、计算机、通信网络、Web和数字化）正推动数字革命。
ANS: The digital revolution is anongoing process of social, political, and economic change brought about bydigital technology, such as computers and the Internet. And it revolvesaround a constellation of technologies, including digital electronics, computers,communications networks, the Web, and digitization
2. What are the differences between RAMand hard-disk storage?
RAM把数据存放在与主板直接相连的线路中，而硬盘存储器把数据存放在磁介质上。RAM是临时性存储，而硬盘存储相对而言是永久性存储。
3. Describe the HTML .
HTML超文本标记语言，是指创建HTML文档需要遵循的一组规范，这些文档可以在浏览器中显示为网页。创建者可以通过插入HTML标记来标记文档。
4. What is the difference between vertical market softwareand horizontal market software? Provide at least one example of each kind ofsoftware.
纵向市场软件用来自动完成特定的市场或企业中的特定工作。横向市场软件是几乎所有企业都能使用的软件。
Eg.student recordmanagement software
Accounting software
5. Why do ASCII and Extended ASCII provide codes for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9? Are’nt these numbers represented by the binarynumber system?
计算机使用的字符码表示1,2,3等并不是用来计算数字，而是把它们当做字符数据。
6. Describe the characteristics of viruses, Trojan horses,worms, and Denial of Service attacks.
计算机病毒是一种程序指令集，他可以将自身附加到文件中，然后自我复制，传播到其他文件。可以自我复制，与产生有效负荷。
特洛伊木马是一种看似执行某一功能其实在执行其他功能的计算机程序。不会向其他计算机传播，不会自我复制，但可以记录用户键盘信息，或有后门功能。
蠕虫病毒指一种用来在受害者计算机上从事未授权活动的、能进行自我复制的程序。
拒绝服务攻击能在网络上产生大量的活动，使服务器被无用的流量所淹没，这些流量完全超出服务器的处理能力并基本上可以使所有通信和服务中断。
7. How many E-commerce forms are there? 4
B2B B2C C2C B2G
8. What should you consider if your network stops working?
电缆：确保所有网络电缆连接牢固。
信号强度：无线网络检查信号强度。
安全：网络需要密码时，确保密码正确且未过期。
干扰：出现过间歇性断网时，找出干扰源。
网络设备：确保网络设备（网络集线器、交换机、路由器或无线接入点）连接正常且正常工作
9. Describe the E-mail technology.
电子邮件是基于“存储-转发”技术发展而来的，该通信技术能把不能直接发送到其目的地的数据先临时存储起来，等数据传输可以进行时再将其发出去。这种技术使得电子邮件在转发到下一服务器或个人的电子邮箱之前，能够先被并存放到一个服务器上。
10. What is an always-onconnection? Why is it convenient?
持续在线连接会连接ISP，并且只要计算机和调制解调器开着，就会一直在线，并且可以拥有静态或动态的IP地址。若使用该方式，在不关闭调制解调器的情况下动态IP地址可能一直不变，不过也可能服务提供商会不时地随机改变用户的IP地址。
持续在线连接是很方便的，用户在使用浏览器或发送电子邮件前不需要等待建立连接。
11. What is the user interface?
用户界面是用来帮助用户与计算机相互通信的软件与硬件的结合。
12. List at least 5protocols used on the Internet and their function.
TCP：创建连接并交换数据包
IP：为设备提供唯一的地址
HTTP:在Web上交换信息。
VoIP:在因特网上传送语音会话
FTP:在本地计算机和远程主机之间传输文件
POP：将电子邮件从电子邮件服务器传送到客户端收件箱
SMTP:将电子邮件从客户端计算机传送到电子邮件服务器
13. What is the Web 2.0?
Web 2.0是指代一些新兴的对Web的创造性使用方式。
14. Discuss the use ofsupport programs and data files as a component of software.
支持程序是计算机运行时所需要的支持程序，可根据主程序的需要被调用或被激活。
数据文件包含完成任务所必须的但不由用户提供的各种数据。
15. What is the Web Browser ? Plsease list atleast 5 web browsers you know.
Web浏览器是一种能够显示网页元素并处理页面之间连接的客户端软件。
IE Firefox Google Chrome 搜狗浏览器 360安全浏览器
16. Describe how Search Engine works .搜素引擎包括四个部分：爬网程序、索引程序、数据库和查询器。爬网程序可以遍寻Web以收集网页内容的数据。索引程序会处理爬网程序收集的信息，将其转换成储存在数据库中关键字列表和URL列表。查询器允许用户通过关键字访问数据库并产生一个网页列表，列表包含查询的相关内容。
17. Describe a typical shopping session.
In a typical shopping session,you connect to an online storefront and usenavigation controls to browse through the merchant’s catalog. As you browse,youcan drop items into your electronicshopping cart. At the checkout counter ,you enter the information necessary topay for the items you selected.
18. How thedial-up connection works in Internet?
使用拨号连接时，调制解调器对ISP拨打一个普通电话，ISP的计算机在应答电话后建立了一个专用电路，在呼叫期间一直连接并在用户计算机与ISP计算机间产生一条能够传输数据的通信链路，当用户信息到达ISP时，路由器可以将它转发到因特网上。
19. What isthe difference between portable Internet access and mobile Internet access?便携式因特网接入是指能够方便地将因特网设备从一个位置移动到另一个位置；移动互联网接入是指用户在走动或者乘坐交通工具时可为用户提供不间断因特网连接。
20. Compare storage devices using four criteria:versatility, durability, speed, and capacity.比较存储设备一般使用4个指标：通用性，耐用性，存储速度，存储容量。
