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行锁(Record Locks)
间隙锁(Gap Locks)
临键锁(Next-key Locks)
共享锁/排他锁(Shared and Exclusive Locks)
意向共享锁/意向排他锁(Intention Shared and Exclusive Locks)
插入意向锁(Insert Intention Locks)
自增锁(Auto-inc Locks)
实际上,MySQL官网中还提到了一种预测锁,这种锁主要用于存储了空间数据的空间索引,本文暂不讨论。
这MySQL的官方文档中有以下描述:
A record lock is a lock on an index record. Record locks always lock index records, even if a table is defined with no indexes. For such cases, InnoDB creates a hidden clustered index and uses this index for record locking.
这句话说明行锁一定是作用在索引上的。
在MySQL的官方文档中有以下描述:
A gap lock is a lock on a gap between index records, or a lock on the gap before the first or after the last index record。
这句话表明间隙锁一定是开区间,比如(3,5)或者。在MySQL官网上还有一段非常关键的描述:
Gap locks in InnoDB are “purely inhibitive”, which means that their only purpose is to prevent other transactions from inserting to the gap. Gap locks can co-exist. A gap lock taken by one transaction does not prevent another transaction from taking a gap lock on the same gap. There is no difference between shared and exclusive gap locks. They do not conflict with each other, and they perform the same function.
这段话表明间隙锁在本质上是不区分共享间隙锁或互斥间隙锁的,而且间隙锁是不互斥的,即两个事务可以同时持有包含共同间隙的间隙锁。这里的共同间隙包括两种场景:其一是两个间隙锁的间隙区间完全一样;其二是一个间隙锁包含的间隙区间是另一个间隙锁包含间隙区间的子集。间隙锁本质上是用于阻止其他事务在该间隙内插入新记录,而自身事务是允许在该间隙内插入数据的。也就是说间隙锁的应用场景包括并发读取、并发更新、并发删除和并发插入。
在MySQL官网上关于间隙锁还有一段重要描述:
Gap locking can be disabled explicitly. This occurs if you change the transaction isolation level to READ COMMITTED. Under these circumstances, gap locking is disabled for searches and index scans and is used only for foreign-key constraint checking and duplicate-key checking.
这段话表明,在RU和RC两种隔离级别下,即使你使用select ... in share mode或select ... for update,也无法防止幻读(读后写的场景)。
虽然Gap锁只作用在隔离级别为RR及以上的数据库上,但是不意味着隔离等级为RC级别的不会使用,在RC级别,在进行外键约束检测和唯一键约束检测的时候,会使用到Gap锁,而正是这个duplicate-key checking导致了上文出现的死锁发生。
在MySQL的官方文档中有以下描述:
A next-key lock is a combination of a record lock on the index record and a gap lock on the gap before the index record.
这句话表明临键锁是行锁+间隙锁,即临键锁是是一个左开右闭的区间,比如(3,5]。
在MySQL的官方文档中还有以下重要描述:
By default, InnoDB operates in REPEATABLE READ transaction isolation level. In this case, InnoDB uses next-key locks for searches and index scans, which prevents phantom rows.
个人觉得这段话描述得不够好,很容易引起误解。这里更正如下:InnoDB的默认事务隔离级别是RR,在这种级别下,如果你使用select ... in share mode或者select ... for update语句,那么InnoDB会在必要情况下使用临键锁,因而可以防止幻读;但即使你的隔离级别是RR,如果你这是使用普通的select语句,那么InnoDB将是快照读,不会使用任何锁,因而还是无法防止幻读。
在MySQL的官方文档中有以下描述:
InnoDB implements standard row-level locking where there are two types of locks, shared (S) locks and exclusive (X) locks。
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