hasattr、getattr、setattr

在Python中，hasattr()、getattr()和setattr()是一组内置函数，用于对对象的属性进行操作和查询。这些函数提供了一种方便的方式来检查对象是否具有特定属性，获取属性的值，以及设置属性的值。

1. hasattr

hasattr()函数是一种重要的工具，用于判断对象是否具有指定的属性或方法。

1.1 语法

hasattr(object, name)
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• object – 对象。
• name – 字符串，属性名或方法名。
• 如果对象有该属性返回 True，否则返回 False。

1.2 案例

• 案例1

   gs = max(int(self.model.stride.max() if hasattr(self.model, "stride") else 32), 32)  # grid size (max stride)
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• 案例2

if not hasattr(model, "names"):
   model.names = default_class_names()
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• 案例3

data = model.args["data"] if hasattr(model, "args") and isinstance(model.args, dict) else ""
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if prompts and hasattr(self.predictor, "set_prompts"):  # for SAM-type models
     self.predictor.set_prompts(prompts)
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• 案例4

@property
 def names(self):
      """Returns class names of the loaded model."""
      return self.model.names if hasattr(self.model, "names") else None
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• 案例5

  def _close_dataloader_mosaic(self):
       """Update dataloaders to stop using mosaic augmentation."""
       if hasattr(self.train_loader.dataset, "mosaic"):
           self.train_loader.dataset.mosaic = False
       if hasattr(self.train_loader.dataset, "close_mosaic"):
           LOGGER.info("Closing dataloader mosaic")
           self.train_loader.dataset.close_mosaic(hyp=self.args)

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• 案例6

  names = model.module.names if hasattr(model, "module") else model.names
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• 案例7

 if not self.is_fused():
           for m in self.model.modules():
               if isinstance(m, (Conv, Conv2, DWConv)) and hasattr(m, "bn"):
                   if isinstance(m, Conv2):
                       m.fuse_convs()
                   m.conv = fuse_conv_and_bn(m.conv, m.bn)  # update conv
                   delattr(m, "bn")  # remove batchnorm
                   m.forward = m.forward_fuse  # update forward
               if isinstance(m, ConvTranspose) and hasattr(m, "bn"):
                   m.conv_transpose = fuse_deconv_and_bn(m.conv_transpose, m.bn)
                   delattr(m, "bn")  # remove batchnorm
                   m.forward = m.forward_fuse  # update forward
               if isinstance(m, RepConv):
                   m.fuse_convs()
                   m.forward = m.forward_fuse  # update forward
           self.info(verbose=verbose)
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• 案例7

name, m = list((model.model if hasattr(model, "model") else model).named_children())[-1]
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• 案例8

if not hasattr(model, "stride"):
       model.stride = torch.tensor([32.0])
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• 案例9

 model = model.fuse().eval() if fuse and hasattr(model, "fuse") else model.eval()  # model in eval mode
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 if hasattr(self, "nm"):
           self.__delattr__("nm")
       if hasattr(self, "bn"):
           self.__delattr__("bn")
       if hasattr(self, "id_tensor"):
           self.__delattr__("id_tensor")
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2. getattr

获取object对象的属性的值，如果存在则返回属性值，如果不存在分为两种情况，一种是没有default参数时，会直接报错；给定了default参数，若对象本身没有name属性，则会返回给定的default值；如果给定的属性name是对象的方法，则返回的是函数对象。需要调用函数对象来获得函数的返回值；调用的话就是函数对象后面加括号，如func之于func()

2.1 语法

getattr(object, name[, default])
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• object – 对象。
• name – 字符串，对象属性或方法。
• default – 默认返回值，如果不提供该参数，在没有对应属性时，将触发 AttributeError。

2.2 案例

• 案例1

 file = Path(
            getattr(model, "pt_path", None) or getattr(model, "yaml_file", None) or model.yaml.get("yaml_file", "")
        )
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• 案例2

  nc = getattr(model, "nc", 10)  # number of classes
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• 案例3
  本例中，给定的name是一个方法，通过getattr返回一个函数对象，调用的话就是函数对象后面加括号，然后传入相关的函数参数。

 if name in ("Adam", "Adamax", "AdamW", "NAdam", "RAdam"):
            optimizer = getattr(optim, name, optim.Adam)(g[2], lr=lr, betas=(momentum, 0.999), weight_decay=0.0)
        elif name == "RMSProp":
            optimizer = optim.RMSprop(g[2], lr=lr, momentum=momentum)
        elif name == "SGD":
            optimizer = optim.SGD(g[2], lr=lr, momentum=momentum, nesterov=True)
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError(
                f"Optimizer '{name}' not found in list of available optimizers "
                f"[Adam, AdamW, NAdam, RAdam, RMSProp, SGD, auto]."
                "To request support for addition optimizers please visit https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics."
            )

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• 案例4

  if getattr(dataset, "rect", False) and shuffle:
            LOGGER.warning("WARNING ⚠️ 'rect=True' is incompatible with DataLoader shuffle, setting shuffle=False")
            shuffle = False
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3. setattr

setattr() 函数的功能相对比较复杂，它最基础的功能是修改类实例对象中的属性值。其次，它还可以实现为实例对象动态添加属性或者方法, 设置属性值时，该属性不一定是存在。

3.1 语法

setattr(object, name, value)
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3.2 案例

• 案例1

r = self.new()
for k in self._keys:
   v = getattr(self, k)
   if v is not None:
       setattr(r, k, getattr(v, fn)(*args, **kwargs))
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• 案例2

for k in "imgsz", "batch":  # allow arg updates to reduce memory on resume if crashed due to CUDA OOM
    if k in overrides:
        setattr(self.args, k, overrides[k])

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• 案例3

def reshape_outputs(model, nc):
        """Update a TorchVision classification model to class count 'n' if required."""
        name, m = list((model.model if hasattr(model, "model") else model).named_children())[-1]  # last module
        if isinstance(m, Classify):  # YOLO Classify() head
            if m.linear.out_features != nc:
                m.linear = nn.Linear(m.linear.in_features, nc)
        elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear):  # ResNet, EfficientNet
            if m.out_features != nc:
                setattr(model, name, nn.Linear(m.in_features, nc))
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• 案例4
  通过setattr，实现将b的所有属性和方法，copy给a

def copy_attr(a, b, include=(), exclude=()):
    """Copies attributes from object 'b' to object 'a', with options to include/exclude certain attributes."""
    for k, v in b.__dict__.items():
        if (len(include) and k not in include) or k.startswith("_") or k in exclude:
            continue
        else:
            setattr(a, k, v)
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代码参考：https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics