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YOLOV7详解

yolov7

参考自:

 源码下载:https://github.com/bubbliiiing/yolov7-pytorch

睿智的目标检测61——Pytorch搭建YoloV7目标检测平台_yolov7 bubbliiiing、_Bubbliiiing的博客-CSDN博客

(1条消息) YOLOV7详细解读(一)网络架构解读_江小皮不皮的博客-CSDN博客

视频讲解:Backbone-主干网络构建_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

初学者哈,这个博客主要是用来记录学习过程用的,有些不是特别清楚的地方我就直接搬运大佬的博客了,参考的博客都写在上面了。

一、整体结构解析 

在这里插入图片描述

我看了一下大佬Bubbliiiing的代码啊,发现上面stage4中Transition_Block(40,40,1024)应该改为Transition_Block(40,40,512),如果是我理解错了,请在评论区提醒我。

YoloV7分为三个部分,分别是BackboneFPN以及Yolo Head

Backbone是YoloV7的主干特征提取网络,输入的图片首先会在主干网络里面进行特征提取,提取到的特征可以被称作特征层,是输入图片的特征集合。在主干部分,我们获取了三个特征层进行下一步网络的构建,这三个特征层我称它为有效特征层。

FPN是YoloV7的加强特征提取网络,在主干部分获得的三个有效特征层会在这一部分进行特征融合,特征融合的目的是结合不同尺度的特征信息。在FPN部分,已经获得的有效特征层被用于继续提取特征。在YoloV7里依然使用到了Panet的结构,我们不仅会对特征进行上采样实现特征融合,还会对特征再次进行下采样实现特征融合。

Yolo Head是YoloV7的分类器与回归器,通过Backbone和FPN,我们已经可以获得三个加强过的有效特征层。每一个特征层都有宽、高和通道数,此时我们可以将特征图看作一个又一个特征点的集合,每个特征点上有三个先验框,每一个先验框都有通道数个特征。Yolo Head实际上所做的工作就是对特征点进行判断,判断特征点上的先验框是否有物体与其对应。与以前版本的Yolo一样,YoloV7所用的解耦头是一起的,也就是分类和回归在一个1X1卷积里实现。

因此,整个YoloV7网络所作的工作就是 特征提取-特征加强-预测先验框对应的物体情况。

二、网络结构解析

1、主干网络Backbone介绍

在这里插入图片描述

 Multi_Concat_Block

在该模块中,最终堆叠模块的输入包含多个分支,左一为一个卷积标准化激活函数,左二为一个卷积标准化激活函数,右二为三个卷积标准化激活函数,右一为五个卷积标准化激活函数。四个特征层在堆叠后会再次进行一个卷积标准化激活函数来特征整合。

代码有点抽象,主要是ids不好理解,如上图,将[-1,-3,-5,-6]转化为正序就是[5,3,1,0],其中cv1、cv2对应上图中的0、1,cv3包含4个卷积_归一化_激活函数,对应上图中2、3、4、5。

代码为

class Multi_Concat_Block(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, c3, n=4, e=1, ids=[0]):
        super(Multi_Concat_Block, self).__init__()
        c_ = int(c2 * e)
        
        self.ids = ids
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv3 = nn.ModuleList(
            [Conv(c_ if i ==0 else c2, c2, 3, 1) for i in range(n)]
        )
        self.cv4 = Conv(c_ * 2 + c2 * (len(ids) - 2), c3, 1, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        x_1 = self.cv1(x)
        x_2 = self.cv2(x)
        
        x_all = [x_1, x_2]
        # ids = [-1, -3, -5, -6] => [5, 3, 1, 0]
        for i in range(len(self.cv3)):
            x_2 = self.cv3[i](x_2)
            x_all.append(x_2)
            
        out = self.cv4(torch.cat([x_all[id] for id in self.ids], 1))
        return out

 Transition_Block

在卷积神经网络中,常见的用于下采样的过渡模块是一个卷积核大小为3x3、步长为2x2的卷积或者一个步长为2x2的最大池化。在YoloV7中,作者将两种过渡模块进行了集合,一个过渡模块存在两个分支,如图所示。左分支是一个步长为2x2的最大池化+一个1x1卷积,右分支是一个1x1卷积+一个卷积核大小为3x3、步长为2x2的卷积,两个分支的结果在输出时会进行堆叠。

在这里插入图片描述

代码解读:左分支对输入进来的数据进行一个步长为2x2的最大池化,输入特征图被压缩为原来的1/2,再通过一个1x1卷积将通道数调整为输入的1/2;右分支对输入进来的数据进行一个1x1卷积将通道数调整为输入的1/2,再通过一个卷积核大小为3x3、步长为2x2的卷积提取特征,将输入特征图压缩为原来的1/2。

代码:

class MP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, k=2):
        super(MP, self).__init__()
        self.m = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=k, stride=k)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.m(x)
    
class Transition_Block(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, c1, c2):
        super(Transition_Block, self).__init__()
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c2, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c2, 1, 1)
        self.cv3 = Conv(c2, c2, 3, 2)
        
        self.mp  = MP()

    def forward(self, x):
        # 160, 160, 256 => 80, 80, 256 => 80, 80, 128
        x_1 = self.mp(x)
        x_1 = self.cv1(x_1)
        
        # 160, 160, 256 => 160, 160, 128 => 80, 80, 128
        x_2 = self.cv2(x)
        x_2 = self.cv3(x_2)
        
        # 80, 80, 128 cat 80, 80, 128 => 80, 80, 256
        return torch.cat([x_2, x_1], 1)

 主干网络完整代码为

import torch
import torch.nn as nn


def autopad(k, p=None):
    if p is None:
        p = k // 2 if isinstance(k, int) else [x // 2 for x in k] 
    return p

class SiLU(nn.Module):  
    @staticmethod
    def forward(x):
        return x * torch.sigmoid(x)
    
class Conv(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, k=1, s=1, p=None, g=1, act=SiLU()):  # ch_in, ch_out, kernel, stride, padding, groups
        super(Conv, self).__init__()
        self.conv   = nn.Conv2d(c1, c2, k, s, autopad(k, p), groups=g, bias=False)
        self.bn     = nn.BatchNorm2d(c2, eps=0.001, momentum=0.03)
        self.act    = nn.LeakyReLU(0.1, inplace=True) if act is True else (act if isinstance(act, nn.Module) else nn.Identity())

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.act(self.bn(self.conv(x)))

    def fuseforward(self, x):
        return self.act(self.conv(x))
    
class Multi_Concat_Block(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, c3, n=4, e=1, ids=[0]):
        super(Multi_Concat_Block, self).__init__()
        c_ = int(c2 * e)
        
        self.ids = ids
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv3 = nn.ModuleList(
            [Conv(c_ if i ==0 else c2, c2, 3, 1) for i in range(n)]
        )
        self.cv4 = Conv(c_ * 2 + c2 * (len(ids) - 2), c3, 1, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        x_1 = self.cv1(x)
        x_2 = self.cv2(x)
        
        x_all = [x_1, x_2]
        # ids = [-1, -3, -5, -6] => [5, 3, 1, 0]
        for i in range(len(self.cv3)):
            x_2 = self.cv3[i](x_2)
            x_all.append(x_2)
            
        out = self.cv4(torch.cat([x_all[id] for id in self.ids], 1))
        return out

class MP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, k=2):
        super(MP, self).__init__()
        self.m = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=k, stride=k)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.m(x)
    
class Transition_Block(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, c1, c2):
        super(Transition_Block, self).__init__()
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c2, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c2, 1, 1)
        self.cv3 = Conv(c2, c2, 3, 2)
        
        self.mp  = MP()

    def forward(self, x):
        # 160, 160, 256 => 80, 80, 256 => 80, 80, 128
        x_1 = self.mp(x)
        x_1 = self.cv1(x_1)
        
        # 160, 160, 256 => 160, 160, 128 => 80, 80, 128
        x_2 = self.cv2(x)
        x_2 = self.cv3(x_2)
        
        # 80, 80, 128 cat 80, 80, 128 => 80, 80, 256
        return torch.cat([x_2, x_1], 1)
    
class Backbone(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, transition_channels, block_channels, n, phi, pretrained=False):
        super().__init__()
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   输入图片是640, 640, 3
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        ids = {
            'l' : [-1, -3, -5, -6],
            'x' : [-1, -3, -5, -7, -8], 
        }[phi]
        # 640, 640, 3 => 640, 640, 32 => 320, 320, 64
        self.stem = nn.Sequential(
            Conv(3, transition_channels, 3, 1),
            Conv(transition_channels, transition_channels * 2, 3, 2),
            Conv(transition_channels * 2, transition_channels * 2, 3, 1),
        )
        # 320, 320, 64 => 160, 160, 128 => 160, 160, 256
        self.dark2 = nn.Sequential(
            Conv(transition_channels * 2, transition_channels * 4, 3, 2),
            Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 4, block_channels * 2, transition_channels * 8, n=n, ids=ids),
        )
        # 160, 160, 256 => 80, 80, 256 => 80, 80, 512
        self.dark3 = nn.Sequential(
            Transition_Block(transition_channels * 8, transition_channels * 4),
            Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 8, block_channels * 4, transition_channels * 16, n=n, ids=ids),
        )
        # 80, 80, 512 => 40, 40, 512 => 40, 40, 1024
        self.dark4 = nn.Sequential(
            Transition_Block(transition_channels * 16, transition_channels * 8),
            Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 16, block_channels * 8, transition_channels * 32, n=n, ids=ids),
        )
        # 40, 40, 1024 => 20, 20, 1024 => 20, 20, 1024
        self.dark5 = nn.Sequential(
            Transition_Block(transition_channels * 32, transition_channels * 16),
            Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 32, block_channels * 8, transition_channels * 32, n=n, ids=ids),
        )
        
        if pretrained:
            url = {
                "l" : 'https://github.com/bubbliiiing/yolov7-pytorch/releases/download/v1.0/yolov7_backbone_weights.pth',
                "x" : 'https://github.com/bubbliiiing/yolov7-pytorch/releases/download/v1.0/yolov7_x_backbone_weights.pth',
            }[phi]
            checkpoint = torch.hub.load_state_dict_from_url(url=url, map_location="cpu", model_dir="./model_data")
            self.load_state_dict(checkpoint, strict=False)
            print("Load weights from " + url.split('/')[-1])

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.stem(x)
        x = self.dark2(x)
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   dark3的输出为80, 80, 512,是一个有效特征层
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        x = self.dark3(x)
        feat1 = x
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   dark4的输出为40, 40, 1024,是一个有效特征层
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        x = self.dark4(x)
        feat2 = x
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   dark5的输出为20, 20, 1024,是一个有效特征层
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        x = self.dark5(x)
        feat3 = x
        return feat1, feat2, feat3

 2、构建FPN特征金字塔进行加强特征提取

 SPPCSPC

 下面这张图我觉得挺不错的,参数很清晰,就搬过来了。

SPPCSPC的作用是能够增大感受野,使得算法适应不同的分辨率图像,它是通过最大池化来获得不同感受野。

我们可以看到在第一条分支中,经历了maxpool的有四条分支。分别是5,9,13,1,这四个不同的maxpool就代表着他能够处理不同的对象,也就是说,它这四个不同尺度的最大池化有四种感受野,用来区别于大目标和小目标。

比如一张照片中的狗和行人以及车,他们的尺度是不一样的,通过不同的maxpool,这样子就能够更好的区别小目标和大目标。

代码为

class SPPCSPC(nn.Module):
    # CSP https://github.com/WongKinYiu/CrossStagePartialNetworks
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, n=1, shortcut=False, g=1, e=0.5, k=(5, 9, 13)):
        super(SPPCSPC, self).__init__()
        c_ = int(2 * c2 * e)  # hidden channels
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv3 = Conv(c_, c_, 3, 1)
        self.cv4 = Conv(c_, c_, 1, 1)
        self.m = nn.ModuleList([nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=x, stride=1, padding=x // 2) for x in k])
        self.cv5 = Conv(4 * c_, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv6 = Conv(c_, c_, 3, 1)
        # 输出通道数为c2
        self.cv7 = Conv(2 * c_, c2, 1, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        x1 = self.cv4(self.cv3(self.cv1(x)))
        y1 = self.cv6(self.cv5(torch.cat([x1] + [m(x1) for m in self.m], 1)))
        y2 = self.cv2(x)
        return self.cv7(torch.cat((y1, y2), dim=1))

 特征提取

在这里插入图片描述

 在特征利用部分,YoloV7提取多特征层进行目标检测,一共提取三个特征层。

三个特征层位于主干部分的不同位置,分别位于中间层,中下层,底层,当输入为(640,640,3)的时候,三个特征层的shape分别为feat1=(80,80,512)、feat2=(40,40,1024)、feat3=(20,20,1024)。

在获得三个有效特征层后,我们利用这三个有效特征层进行FPN层的构建,构建方式为(在本文中,将SPPCSPC结构归于FPN中):

1.feat3=(20,20,1024)的特征层首先利用SPPCSPC进行特征提取,该结构可以提高YoloV7的感受野,获得P5。

2.对P5先进行1次1X1卷积调整通道,然后进行上采样UmSampling2d后与feat2=(40,40,1024)进行一次卷积后的特征层进行结合,然后使用Multi_Concat_Block进行特征提取获得P4,此时获得的特征层为(40,40,256)。

3.对P4先进行1次1X1卷积调整通道,然后进行上采样UmSampling2d后与feat1=(80,80,512)进行一次卷积后的特征层进行结合,然后使用Multi_Concat_Block进行特征提取获得P3_out,此时获得的特征层为(80,80,128)。

4.P3_out=(80,80,128)的特征层进行一次Transition_Block卷积进行下采样,下采样后与P4堆叠,然后使用Multi_Concat_Block进行特征提取P4_out,此时获得的特征层为(40,40,256)。

5.P4_out=(40,40,256)的特征层进行一次Transition_Block卷积进行下采样,下采样后与P5堆叠,然后使用Multi_Concat_Block进行特征提取P5_out,此时获得的特征层为(20,20,512)。

特征金字塔可以将不同shape的特征层进行特征融合,有利于提取出更好的特征。

代码为

class YoloBody(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, anchors_mask, num_classes, phi, pretrained=False):
        super(YoloBody, self).__init__()
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   定义了不同yolov7版本的参数
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        transition_channels = {'l' : 32, 'x' : 40}[phi]
        block_channels      = 32
        panet_channels      = {'l' : 32, 'x' : 64}[phi]
        e       = {'l' : 2, 'x' : 1}[phi]
        n       = {'l' : 4, 'x' : 6}[phi]
        ids     = {'l' : [-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6], 'x' : [-1, -3, -5, -7, -8]}[phi]
        conv    = {'l' : RepConv, 'x' : Conv}[phi]
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   输入图片是640, 640, 3
        #-----------------------------------------------#

        #---------------------------------------------------#   
        #   生成主干模型
        #   获得三个有效特征层,他们的shape分别是:
        #   80, 80, 512
        #   40, 40, 1024
        #   20, 20, 1024
        #---------------------------------------------------#
        self.backbone   = Backbone(transition_channels, block_channels, n, phi, pretrained=pretrained)

        #------------------------加强特征提取网络------------------------# 
        self.upsample   = nn.Upsample(scale_factor=2, mode="nearest")

        # 20, 20, 1024 => 20, 20, 512
        self.sppcspc                = SPPCSPC(transition_channels * 32, transition_channels * 16)
        # 20, 20, 512 => 20, 20, 256 => 40, 40, 256
        self.conv_for_P5            = Conv(transition_channels * 16, transition_channels * 8)
        # 40, 40, 1024 => 40, 40, 256
        self.conv_for_feat2         = Conv(transition_channels * 32, transition_channels * 8)
        # 40, 40, 512 => 40, 40, 256
        self.conv3_for_upsample1    = Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 16, panet_channels * 4, transition_channels * 8, e=e, n=n, ids=ids)

        # 40, 40, 256 => 40, 40, 128 => 80, 80, 128
        self.conv_for_P4            = Conv(transition_channels * 8, transition_channels * 4)
        # 80, 80, 512 => 80, 80, 128
        self.conv_for_feat1         = Conv(transition_channels * 16, transition_channels * 4)
        # 80, 80, 256 => 80, 80, 128
        self.conv3_for_upsample2    = Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 8, panet_channels * 2, transition_channels * 4, e=e, n=n, ids=ids)

        # 80, 80, 128 => 40, 40, 256
        self.down_sample1           = Transition_Block(transition_channels * 4, transition_channels * 4)
        # 40, 40, 512 => 40, 40, 256
        self.conv3_for_downsample1  = Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 16, panet_channels * 4, transition_channels * 8, e=e, n=n, ids=ids)

        # 40, 40, 256 => 20, 20, 512
        self.down_sample2           = Transition_Block(transition_channels * 8, transition_channels * 8)
        # 20, 20, 1024 => 20, 20, 512
        self.conv3_for_downsample2  = Multi_Concat_Block(transition_channels * 32, panet_channels * 8, transition_channels * 16, e=e, n=n, ids=ids)
        #------------------------加强特征提取网络------------------------# 

        # 80, 80, 128 => 80, 80, 256
        self.rep_conv_1 = conv(transition_channels * 4, transition_channels * 8, 3, 1)
        # 40, 40, 256 => 40, 40, 512
        self.rep_conv_2 = conv(transition_channels * 8, transition_channels * 16, 3, 1)
        # 20, 20, 512 => 20, 20, 1024
        self.rep_conv_3 = conv(transition_channels * 16, transition_channels * 32, 3, 1)

        # 4 + 1 + num_classes
        # 80, 80, 256 => 80, 80, 3 * 25 (4 + 1 + 20) & 85 (4 + 1 + 80)
        self.yolo_head_P3 = nn.Conv2d(transition_channels * 8, len(anchors_mask[2]) * (5 + num_classes), 1)
        # 40, 40, 512 => 40, 40, 3 * 25 & 85
        self.yolo_head_P4 = nn.Conv2d(transition_channels * 16, len(anchors_mask[1]) * (5 + num_classes), 1)
        # 20, 20, 512 => 20, 20, 3 * 25 & 85
        self.yolo_head_P5 = nn.Conv2d(transition_channels * 32, len(anchors_mask[0]) * (5 + num_classes), 1)

    def fuse(self):
        print('Fusing layers... ')
        for m in self.modules():
            if isinstance(m, RepConv):
                m.fuse_repvgg_block()
            elif type(m) is Conv and hasattr(m, 'bn'):
                m.conv = fuse_conv_and_bn(m.conv, m.bn)
                delattr(m, 'bn')
                m.forward = m.fuseforward
        return self
    
    def forward(self, x):
        #  backbone
        feat1, feat2, feat3 = self.backbone.forward(x)
        
        #------------------------加强特征提取网络------------------------# 
        # 20, 20, 1024 => 20, 20, 512
        P5          = self.sppcspc(feat3)
        # 20, 20, 512 => 20, 20, 256
        P5_conv     = self.conv_for_P5(P5)
        # 20, 20, 256 => 40, 40, 256
        P5_upsample = self.upsample(P5_conv)
        # 40, 40, 256 cat 40, 40, 256 => 40, 40, 512
        P4          = torch.cat([self.conv_for_feat2(feat2), P5_upsample], 1)
        # 40, 40, 512 => 40, 40, 256
        P4          = self.conv3_for_upsample1(P4)

        # 40, 40, 256 => 40, 40, 128
        P4_conv     = self.conv_for_P4(P4)
        # 40, 40, 128 => 80, 80, 128
        P4_upsample = self.upsample(P4_conv)
        # 80, 80, 128 cat 80, 80, 128 => 80, 80, 256
        P3          = torch.cat([self.conv_for_feat1(feat1), P4_upsample], 1)
        # 80, 80, 256 => 80, 80, 128
        P3          = self.conv3_for_upsample2(P3)

        # 80, 80, 128 => 40, 40, 256
        P3_downsample = self.down_sample1(P3)
        # 40, 40, 256 cat 40, 40, 256 => 40, 40, 512
        P4 = torch.cat([P3_downsample, P4], 1)
        # 40, 40, 512 => 40, 40, 256
        P4 = self.conv3_for_downsample1(P4)

        # 40, 40, 256 => 20, 20, 512
        P4_downsample = self.down_sample2(P4)
        # 20, 20, 512 cat 20, 20, 512 => 20, 20, 1024
        P5 = torch.cat([P4_downsample, P5], 1)
        # 20, 20, 1024 => 20, 20, 512
        P5 = self.conv3_for_downsample2(P5)
        #------------------------加强特征提取网络------------------------# 
        # P3 80, 80, 128 
        # P4 40, 40, 256
        # P5 20, 20, 512
        
        P3 = self.rep_conv_1(P3)
        P4 = self.rep_conv_2(P4)
        P5 = self.rep_conv_3(P5)
        #---------------------------------------------------#
        #   第三个特征层
        #   y3=(batch_size, 75, 80, 80)
        #---------------------------------------------------#
        out2 = self.yolo_head_P3(P3)
        #---------------------------------------------------#
        #   第二个特征层
        #   y2=(batch_size, 75, 40, 40)
        #---------------------------------------------------#
        out1 = self.yolo_head_P4(P4)
        #---------------------------------------------------#
        #   第一个特征层
        #   y1=(batch_size, 75, 20, 20)
        #---------------------------------------------------#
        out0 = self.yolo_head_P5(P5)

        return [out0, out1, out2]

利用Yolo Head获得预测结果 

在这里插入图片描述

利用FPN特征金字塔,我们可以获得三个加强特征,这三个加强特征的shape分别为(20,20,512)、(40,40,256)、(80,80,128),然后我们利用这三个shape的特征层传入Yolo Head获得预测结果。

与之前Yolo系列不同的是,YoloV7在Yolo Head前使用了一个RepConv的结构,这个RepConv的思想取自于RepVGG,基本思想就是在训练的时候引入特殊的残差结构辅助训练,这个残差结构是经过独特设计的,在实际预测的时候,可以将复杂的残差结构等效于一个普通的3x3卷积,这个时候网络的复杂度就下降了,但网络的预测性能却没有下降。

对输入进来的数据分别进行 3x3卷积+归一化、1x1卷积+归一化、归一化,将三者相加再使用激活函数。(这是deploy=False时的思路,代码里deploy=False)

然后利用一个1x1卷积调整通道数,最终的通道数和需要区分的种类个数相关,在YoloV7里,每一个特征层上每一个特征点存在3个先验框。

如果使用的是voc训练集,类则为20种,最后的维度应该为75 = 3x25,三个特征层的shape为(20,20,75),(40,40,75),(80,80,75)。

最后的75可以拆分成3个25,对应3个先验框的25个参数,25可以拆分成4+1+20。

前4个参数用于判断每一个特征点的回归参数,回归参数调整后可以获得预测框;

第5个参数用于判断每一个特征点是否包含物体;

最后20个参数用于判断每一个特征点所包含的物体种类。

如果使用的是coco训练集,类则为80种,最后的维度应该为255 = 3x85,三个特征层的shape为(20,20,255),(40,40,255),(80,80,255)

最后的255可以拆分成3个85,对应3个先验框的85个参数,85可以拆分成4+1+80。

前4个参数用于判断每一个特征点的回归参数,回归参数调整后可以获得预测框;

第5个参数用于判断每一个特征点是否包含物体;

最后80个参数用于判断每一个特征点所包含的物体种类。

 代码为

class RepConv(nn.Module):
    # Represented convolution
    # https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03697
    def __init__(self, c1, c2, k=3, s=1, p=None, g=1, act=SiLU(), deploy=False):
        super(RepConv, self).__init__()
        self.deploy         = deploy
        self.groups         = g
        self.in_channels    = c1
        self.out_channels   = c2
        
        assert k == 3
        assert autopad(k, p) == 1

        padding_11  = autopad(k, p) - k // 2
        self.act    = nn.LeakyReLU(0.1, inplace=True) if act is True else (act if isinstance(act, nn.Module) else nn.Identity())

        if deploy:
            self.rbr_reparam    = nn.Conv2d(c1, c2, k, s, autopad(k, p), groups=g, bias=True)
        else:
            self.rbr_identity   = (nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=c1, eps=0.001, momentum=0.03) if c2 == c1 and s == 1 else None)
            self.rbr_dense      = nn.Sequential(
                nn.Conv2d(c1, c2, k, s, autopad(k, p), groups=g, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=c2, eps=0.001, momentum=0.03),
            )
            self.rbr_1x1        = nn.Sequential(
                nn.Conv2d( c1, c2, 1, s, padding_11, groups=g, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=c2, eps=0.001, momentum=0.03),
            )

    def forward(self, inputs):
        if hasattr(self, "rbr_reparam"):
            return self.act(self.rbr_reparam(inputs))
        if self.rbr_identity is None:
            id_out = 0
        else:
            id_out = self.rbr_identity(inputs)
        return self.act(self.rbr_dense(inputs) + self.rbr_1x1(inputs) + id_out)
    
    def get_equivalent_kernel_bias(self):
        kernel3x3, bias3x3  = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.rbr_dense)
        kernel1x1, bias1x1  = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.rbr_1x1)
        kernelid, biasid    = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.rbr_identity)
        return (
            kernel3x3 + self._pad_1x1_to_3x3_tensor(kernel1x1) + kernelid,
            bias3x3 + bias1x1 + biasid,
        )

    def _pad_1x1_to_3x3_tensor(self, kernel1x1):
        if kernel1x1 is None:
            return 0
        else:
            return nn.functional.pad(kernel1x1, [1, 1, 1, 1])

    def _fuse_bn_tensor(self, branch):
        if branch is None:
            return 0, 0
        if isinstance(branch, nn.Sequential):
            kernel      = branch[0].weight
            running_mean = branch[1].running_mean
            running_var = branch[1].running_var
            gamma       = branch[1].weight
            beta        = branch[1].bias
            eps         = branch[1].eps
        else:
            assert isinstance(branch, nn.BatchNorm2d)
            if not hasattr(self, "id_tensor"):
                input_dim = self.in_channels // self.groups
                kernel_value = np.zeros(
                    (self.in_channels, input_dim, 3, 3), dtype=np.float32
                )
                for i in range(self.in_channels):
                    kernel_value[i, i % input_dim, 1, 1] = 1
                self.id_tensor = torch.from_numpy(kernel_value).to(branch.weight.device)
            kernel      = self.id_tensor
            running_mean = branch.running_mean
            running_var = branch.running_var
            gamma       = branch.weight
            beta        = branch.bias
            eps         = branch.eps
        std = (running_var + eps).sqrt()
        t   = (gamma / std).reshape(-1, 1, 1, 1)
        return kernel * t, beta - running_mean * gamma / std

    def repvgg_convert(self):
        kernel, bias = self.get_equivalent_kernel_bias()
        return (
            kernel.detach().cpu().numpy(),
            bias.detach().cpu().numpy(),
        )

    def fuse_conv_bn(self, conv, bn):
        std     = (bn.running_var + bn.eps).sqrt()
        bias    = bn.bias - bn.running_mean * bn.weight / std

        t       = (bn.weight / std).reshape(-1, 1, 1, 1)
        weights = conv.weight * t

        bn      = nn.Identity()
        conv    = nn.Conv2d(in_channels = conv.in_channels,
                              out_channels = conv.out_channels,
                              kernel_size = conv.kernel_size,
                              stride=conv.stride,
                              padding = conv.padding,
                              dilation = conv.dilation,
                              groups = conv.groups,
                              bias = True,
                              padding_mode = conv.padding_mode)

        conv.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(weights)
        conv.bias   = torch.nn.Parameter(bias)
        return conv

    def fuse_repvgg_block(self):    
        if self.deploy:
            return
        print(f"RepConv.fuse_repvgg_block")
        self.rbr_dense  = self.fuse_conv_bn(self.rbr_dense[0], self.rbr_dense[1])
        
        self.rbr_1x1    = self.fuse_conv_bn(self.rbr_1x1[0], self.rbr_1x1[1])
        rbr_1x1_bias    = self.rbr_1x1.bias
        weight_1x1_expanded = torch.nn.functional.pad(self.rbr_1x1.weight, [1, 1, 1, 1])
        
        # Fuse self.rbr_identity
        if (isinstance(self.rbr_identity, nn.BatchNorm2d) or isinstance(self.rbr_identity, nn.modules.batchnorm.SyncBatchNorm)):
            identity_conv_1x1 = nn.Conv2d(
                    in_channels=self.in_channels,
                    out_channels=self.out_channels,
                    kernel_size=1,
                    stride=1,
                    padding=0,
                    groups=self.groups, 
                    bias=False)
            identity_conv_1x1.weight.data = identity_conv_1x1.weight.data.to(self.rbr_1x1.weight.data.device)
            identity_conv_1x1.weight.data = identity_conv_1x1.weight.data.squeeze().squeeze()
            identity_conv_1x1.weight.data.fill_(0.0)
            identity_conv_1x1.weight.data.fill_diagonal_(1.0)
            identity_conv_1x1.weight.data = identity_conv_1x1.weight.data.unsqueeze(2).unsqueeze(3)

            identity_conv_1x1           = self.fuse_conv_bn(identity_conv_1x1, self.rbr_identity)
            bias_identity_expanded      = identity_conv_1x1.bias
            weight_identity_expanded    = torch.nn.functional.pad(identity_conv_1x1.weight, [1, 1, 1, 1])            
        else:
            bias_identity_expanded      = torch.nn.Parameter( torch.zeros_like(rbr_1x1_bias) )
            weight_identity_expanded    = torch.nn.Parameter( torch.zeros_like(weight_1x1_expanded) )            
        
        self.rbr_dense.weight   = torch.nn.Parameter(self.rbr_dense.weight + weight_1x1_expanded + weight_identity_expanded)
        self.rbr_dense.bias     = torch.nn.Parameter(self.rbr_dense.bias + rbr_1x1_bias + bias_identity_expanded)
                
        self.rbr_reparam    = self.rbr_dense
        self.deploy         = True

        if self.rbr_identity is not None:
            del self.rbr_identity
            self.rbr_identity = None

        if self.rbr_1x1 is not None:
            del self.rbr_1x1
            self.rbr_1x1 = None

        if self.rbr_dense is not None:
            del self.rbr_dense
            self.rbr_dense = None

三、预测结果的解码 

1、获得预测框与得分

由第二步我们可以获得三个特征层的预测结果,shape分别为(N,20,20,75),(N,40,40,75),(N,20,20,75)的数据。

但是这个预测结果并不对应着最终的预测框在图片上的位置,还需要解码才可以完成。在YoloV7里,每一个特征层上每一个特征点存在3个先验框。

每个特征层最后的75可以拆分成3个25,对应3个先验框的25个参数,我们先将其reshape一下,其结果为(N,20,20,3,25),(N,40.40,3,25),(N,20,20,3,25)。

其中的25可以拆分成4+1+20。

前4个参数用于判断每一个特征点的回归参数,回归参数调整后可以获得预测框;

第5个参数用于判断每一个特征点是否包含物体;

最后20个参数用于判断每一个特征点所包含的物体种类。

以(N,20,20,3,25)这个特征层为例,该特征层相当于将图像划分成20x20个特征点,如果某个特征点落在物体的对应框内,就用于预测该物体。

如图所示,蓝色的点为20x20的特征点,此时我们对左图黑色点的三个先验框进行解码操作演示:

1、进行中心预测点的计算,利用Regression预测结果前两个序号的内容对特征点的三个先验框中心坐标进行偏移,偏移后是右图红色的三个点;

2、进行预测框宽高的计算,利用Regression预测结果后两个序号的内容求指数后获得预测框的宽高;

3、此时获得的预测框就可以绘制在图片上了。

在这里插入图片描述

代码解读(以(N,20,20,75)为例) 

生成网格,先验框中心和网格左上角,按照网格格式生成先验框的宽高(如上图)

grid_x为网格坐标点,x.data * 2. - 0.5为调整因子,调整范围:x :0 ~ 1 => 0 ~ 2 => -0.5, 1.5 => 负责一定范围的目标的预测。(y与x一样)

anchor_w, anchor_h以第一个框为例,即上图(3.625,2.8125),(w.data * 2) ** 2为调整因子,调整范围:w 0 ~ 1 => 0 ~ 2 => 0 ~ 4 => 先验框的宽高调节范围为0~4倍。(h类似)

 pred_boxes为[...,(x,y,w,h)],(x,y,w,h为调整后的x,y,w,h) 

_scale为[20.0,20.0,20.0,20.0] ,目的是将[x,y,w,h]调整到[0,1]。

outputs为[1,3,20,20,(x,y,w,h,conf,pred_cls)] 。

def decode_box(self, inputs):
    outputs = []
    for i, input in enumerate(inputs):
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   输入的input一共有三个,他们的shape分别是
        #   batch_size = 1
        #   batch_size, 3 * (4 + 1 + 80), 20, 20
        #   batch_size, 255, 40, 40
        #   batch_size, 255, 80, 80
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        batch_size      = input.size(0)
        input_height    = input.size(2)
        input_width     = input.size(3)

        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   输入为640x640时
        #   stride_h = stride_w = 32、16、8
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        stride_h = self.input_shape[0] / input_height
        stride_w = self.input_shape[1] / input_width
        #-------------------------------------------------#
        #   此时获得的scaled_anchors大小是相对于特征层的
        #-------------------------------------------------#
        scaled_anchors = [(anchor_width / stride_w, anchor_height / stride_h) for anchor_width, anchor_height in self.anchors[self.anchors_mask[i]]]

        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   输入的input一共有三个,他们的shape分别是
        #   batch_size, 3, 20, 20, 85
        #   batch_size, 3, 40, 40, 85
        #   batch_size, 3, 80, 80, 85
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        prediction = input.view(batch_size, len(self.anchors_mask[i]),
                                self.bbox_attrs, input_height, input_width).permute(0, 1, 3, 4, 2).contiguous()

        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   先验框的中心位置的调整参数
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        x = torch.sigmoid(prediction[..., 0])  
        y = torch.sigmoid(prediction[..., 1])
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   先验框的宽高调整参数
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        w = torch.sigmoid(prediction[..., 2]) 
        h = torch.sigmoid(prediction[..., 3]) 
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   获得置信度,是否有物体
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        conf        = torch.sigmoid(prediction[..., 4])
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        #   种类置信度
        #-----------------------------------------------#
        pred_cls    = torch.sigmoid(prediction[..., 5:])

        FloatTensor = torch.cuda.FloatTensor if x.is_cuda else torch.FloatTensor
        LongTensor  = torch.cuda.LongTensor if x.is_cuda else torch.LongTensor

        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        #   生成网格,先验框中心,网格左上角 
        #   batch_size,3,20,20
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        grid_x = torch.linspace(0, input_width - 1, input_width).repeat(input_height, 1).repeat(
            batch_size * len(self.anchors_mask[i]), 1, 1).view(x.shape).type(FloatTensor)
        grid_y = torch.linspace(0, input_height - 1, input_height).repeat(input_width, 1).t().repeat(
            batch_size * len(self.anchors_mask[i]), 1, 1).view(y.shape).type(FloatTensor)

        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        #   按照网格格式生成先验框的宽高
        #   batch_size,3,20,20
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        anchor_w = FloatTensor(scaled_anchors).index_select(1, LongTensor([0]))
        anchor_h = FloatTensor(scaled_anchors).index_select(1, LongTensor([1]))
        anchor_w = anchor_w.repeat(batch_size, 1).repeat(1, 1, input_height * input_width).view(w.shape)
        anchor_h = anchor_h.repeat(batch_size, 1).repeat(1, 1, input_height * input_width).view(h.shape)

        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        #   利用预测结果对先验框进行调整
        #   首先调整先验框的中心,从先验框中心向右下角偏移
        #   再调整先验框的宽高。
        #   x 0 ~ 1 => 0 ~ 2 => -0.5, 1.5 => 负责一定范围的目标的预测
        #   y 0 ~ 1 => 0 ~ 2 => -0.5, 1.5 => 负责一定范围的目标的预测
        #   w 0 ~ 1 => 0 ~ 2 => 0 ~ 4 => 先验框的宽高调节范围为0~4倍
        #   h 0 ~ 1 => 0 ~ 2 => 0 ~ 4 => 先验框的宽高调节范围为0~4倍
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        pred_boxes          = FloatTensor(prediction[..., :4].shape)
        pred_boxes[..., 0]  = x.data * 2. - 0.5 + grid_x
        pred_boxes[..., 1]  = y.data * 2. - 0.5 + grid_y
        pred_boxes[..., 2]  = (w.data * 2) ** 2 * anchor_w
        pred_boxes[..., 3]  = (h.data * 2) ** 2 * anchor_h

        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        #   将输出结果归一化成小数的形式
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        _scale = torch.Tensor([input_width, input_height, input_width, input_height]).type(FloatTensor)
        output = torch.cat((pred_boxes.view(batch_size, -1, 4) / _scale,
                            conf.view(batch_size, -1, 1), pred_cls.view(batch_size, -1, self.num_classes)), -1)
        outputs.append(output.data)
    return outputs

2、得分筛选与非极大抑制

得到最终的预测结果后还要进行得分排序与非极大抑制筛选。

得分筛选就是筛选出得分满足confidence置信度的预测框。

非极大抑制就是筛选出一定区域内属于同一种类得分最大的框。

得分筛选与非极大抑制的过程可以概括如下:

1、找出该图片中得分大于门限函数的框。在进行重合框筛选前就进行得分的筛选可以大幅度减少框的数量。

2、对种类进行循环,非极大抑制的作用是筛选出一定区域内属于同一种类得分最大的框,对种类进行循环可以帮助我们对每一个类分别进行非极大抑制。

3、根据得分对该种类进行从大到小排序。

4、每次取出得分最大的框,计算其与其它所有预测框的重合程度,重合程度过大的则剔除。

得分筛选与非极大抑制后的结果就可以用于绘制预测框了。

下图是经过非极大抑制的。 

下图是未经过非极大抑制的。

在这里插入图片描述

代码为 

def non_max_suppression(self, prediction, num_classes, input_shape, image_shape, letterbox_image, conf_thres=0.5, nms_thres=0.4):
    #----------------------------------------------------------#
    #   将预测结果的格式转换成左上角右下角的格式。
    #   prediction  [batch_size, num_anchors, 85]
    #----------------------------------------------------------#
    box_corner          = prediction.new(prediction.shape)
    box_corner[:, :, 0] = prediction[:, :, 0] - prediction[:, :, 2] / 2
    box_corner[:, :, 1] = prediction[:, :, 1] - prediction[:, :, 3] / 2
    box_corner[:, :, 2] = prediction[:, :, 0] + prediction[:, :, 2] / 2
    box_corner[:, :, 3] = prediction[:, :, 1] + prediction[:, :, 3] / 2
    prediction[:, :, :4] = box_corner[:, :, :4]

    output = [None for _ in range(len(prediction))]
    for i, image_pred in enumerate(prediction):
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        #   对种类预测部分取max。
        #   class_conf  [num_anchors, 1]    种类置信度
        #   class_pred  [num_anchors, 1]    种类
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        class_conf, class_pred = torch.max(image_pred[:, 5:5 + num_classes], 1, keepdim=True)

        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        #   利用置信度进行第一轮筛选
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        conf_mask = (image_pred[:, 4] * class_conf[:, 0] >= conf_thres).squeeze()

        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        #   根据置信度进行预测结果的筛选
        #----------------------------------------------------------#
        image_pred = image_pred[conf_mask]
        class_conf = class_conf[conf_mask]
        class_pred = class_pred[conf_mask]
        if not image_pred.size(0):
            continue
        #-------------------------------------------------------------------------#
        #   detections  [num_anchors, 7]
        #   7的内容为:x1, y1, x2, y2, obj_conf, class_conf, class_pred
        #-------------------------------------------------------------------------#
        detections = torch.cat((image_pred[:, :5], class_conf.float(), class_pred.float()), 1)

        #------------------------------------------#
        #   获得预测结果中包含的所有种类
        #------------------------------------------#
        unique_labels = detections[:, -1].cpu().unique()

        if prediction.is_cuda:
            unique_labels = unique_labels.cuda()
            detections = detections.cuda()

        for c in unique_labels:
            #------------------------------------------#
            #   获得某一类得分筛选后全部的预测结果
            #------------------------------------------#
            detections_class = detections[detections[:, -1] == c]

            #------------------------------------------#
            #   使用官方自带的非极大抑制会速度更快一些!
            #   筛选出一定区域内,属于同一种类得分最大的框
            #------------------------------------------#
            keep = nms(
                detections_class[:, :4],
                detections_class[:, 4] * detections_class[:, 5],
                nms_thres
            )
            max_detections = detections_class[keep]
            
            # # 按照存在物体的置信度排序
            # _, conf_sort_index = torch.sort(detections_class[:, 4]*detections_class[:, 5], descending=True)
            # detections_class = detections_class[conf_sort_index]
            # # 进行非极大抑制
            # max_detections = []
            # while detections_class.size(0):
            #     # 取出这一类置信度最高的,一步一步往下判断,判断重合程度是否大于nms_thres,如果是则去除掉
            #     max_detections.append(detections_class[0].unsqueeze(0))
            #     if len(detections_class) == 1:
            #         break
            #     ious = bbox_iou(max_detections[-1], detections_class[1:])
            #     detections_class = detections_class[1:][ious < nms_thres]
            # # 堆叠
            # max_detections = torch.cat(max_detections).data
            
            # Add max detections to outputs
            output[i] = max_detections if output[i] is None else torch.cat((output[i], max_detections))
        
        if output[i] is not None:
            output[i]           = output[i].cpu().numpy()
            box_xy, box_wh      = (output[i][:, 0:2] + output[i][:, 2:4])/2, output[i][:, 2:4] - output[i][:, 0:2]
            output[i][:, :4]    = self.yolo_correct_boxes(box_xy, box_wh, input_shape, image_shape, letterbox_image)
    return output

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