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详情参考 https://flutter.dev/docs/development/ui/widgets-intro
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import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
void main() {
runApp(
new Center(
child: new Text(
'Hello, world!',
textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
),
),
);
}
main函数是入口函数,Center和Text都是是Widget。
Flutter有一套丰富、强大的基础widget,其中以下是很常用的:
import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; class MyAppBar extends StatelessWidget { MyAppBar({this.title}); // Widget子类中的字段往往都会定义为"final" final Widget title; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return new Container( height: 56.0, // 单位是逻辑上的像素(并非真实的像素,类似于浏览器中的像素) padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8.0), decoration: new BoxDecoration(color: Colors.blue[500]), // Row 是水平方向的线性布局(linear layout) child: new Row( //列表项的类型是 <Widget> children: <Widget>[ new IconButton( icon: new Icon(Icons.menu), tooltip: 'Navigation menu', onPressed: null, // null 会禁用 button ), // Expanded expands its child to fill the available space. new Expanded( child: title, ), new IconButton( icon: new Icon(Icons.search), tooltip: 'Search', onPressed: null, ), ], ), ); } } class MyScaffold extends StatelessWidget { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { // Material 是UI呈现的“一张纸” return new Material( // Column is 垂直方向的线性布局. child: new Column( children: <Widget>[ new MyAppBar( title: new Text( 'Example title', style: Theme.of(context).primaryTextTheme.title, ), ), new Expanded( child: new Center( child: new Text('Hello, world!'), ), ), ], ), ); } } void main() { runApp(new MaterialApp( title: 'My app', // used by the OS task switcher home: new MyScaffold(), )); }
该GestureDetector
widget并不具有显示效果,而是检测由用户做出的手势。 当用户点击Container时, GestureDetector
会调用它的onTap回调, 在回调中,将消息打印到控制台。可以使用GestureDetector
来检测各种输入手势,包括点击、拖动和缩放。
许多widget都会使用一个GestureDetector
为其他widget提供可选的回调。 例如,IconButton
、 RaisedButton
、 和FloatingActionButton
,它们都有一个onPressed回调,它会在用户点击该widget时被触发。
class MyButton extends StatelessWidget { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return new GestureDetector( onTap: () { print('MyButton was tapped!'); }, child: new Container( height: 36.0, padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0), margin: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8.0), decoration: new BoxDecoration( borderRadius: new BorderRadius.circular(5.0), color: Colors.lightGreen[500], ), child: new Center( child: new Text('Engage'), ), ), ); } }
Widget分为StatelessWidget
和StatefulWidget
,
无状态widget从它们的父widget接收参数, 它们被存储在final型的成员变量中。 当一个widget被要求构建时,它使用这些存储的值作为参数来构建widget。
Flutter使用StatefulWidgets
来满足这种需求。StatefulWidgets
是特殊的widget,它知道如何生成State对象,然后用它来保持状态。
在Flutter中,事件流是“向上”传递的,而状态流是“向下”传递的(译者语:这类似于React/Vue中父子组件通信的方式:子widget到父widget是通过事件通信,而父到子是通过状态),重定向这一流程的共同父元素是State。
import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; class Product { const Product({this.name}); final String name; } typedef void CartChangedCallback(Product product, bool inCart); class ShoppingListItem extends StatelessWidget { ShoppingListItem({Product product, this.inCart, this.onCartChanged}) : product = product, super(key: new ObjectKey(product)); final Product product; final bool inCart; final CartChangedCallback onCartChanged; Color _getColor(BuildContext context) { // The theme depends on the BuildContext because different parts of the tree // can have different themes. The BuildContext indicates where the build is // taking place and therefore which theme to use. return inCart ? Colors.black54 : Theme.of(context).primaryColor; } TextStyle _getTextStyle(BuildContext context) { if (!inCart) return null; return new TextStyle( color: Colors.black54, decoration: TextDecoration.lineThrough, ); } @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return new ListTile( onTap: () { onCartChanged(product, !inCart); }, leading: new CircleAvatar( backgroundColor: _getColor(context), child: new Text(product.name[0]), ), title: new Text(product.name, style: _getTextStyle(context)), ); } } class ShoppingList extends StatefulWidget { ShoppingList({Key key, this.products}) : super(key: key); final List<Product> products; // The framework calls createState the first time a widget appears at a given // location in the tree. If the parent rebuilds and uses the same type of // widget (with the same key), the framework will re-use the State object // instead of creating a new State object. @override _ShoppingListState createState() => new _ShoppingListState(); } class _ShoppingListState extends State<ShoppingList> { Set<Product> _shoppingCart = new Set<Product>(); void _handleCartChanged(Product product, bool inCart) { setState(() { // When user changes what is in the cart, we need to change _shoppingCart // inside a setState call to trigger a rebuild. The framework then calls // build, below, which updates the visual appearance of the app. if (inCart) _shoppingCart.add(product); else _shoppingCart.remove(product); }); } @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return new Scaffold( appBar: new AppBar( title: new Text('Shopping List'), ), body: new ListView( padding: new EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 8.0), children: widget.products.map((Product product) { return new ShoppingListItem( product: product, inCart: _shoppingCart.contains(product), onCartChanged: _handleCartChanged, ); }).toList(), ), ); } } void main() { runApp(new MaterialApp( title: 'Shopping App', home: new ShoppingList( products: <Product>[ new Product(name: 'Eggs'), new Product(name: 'Flour'), new Product(name: 'Chocolate chips'), ], ), )); }
在StatefulWidget
调用createState
之后,框架将新的状态对象插入树中,然后调用状态对象的initState
。 子类化State
可以重写initState
,以完成仅需要执行一次的工作。 例如,您可以重写initState
以配置动画或订阅platform services。initState
的实现中需要调用super.initState
。
当一个状态对象不再需要时,框架调用状态对象的dispose。 您可以覆盖该dispose方法来执行清理工作。例如,您可以覆盖dispose取消定时器或取消订阅platform services。 dispose典型的实现是直接调用super.dispose。
下面是生命周期简要说明:
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