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definition:债务工具
basic features
issuer
Par value/ face value/ maturity value
Maturity date/ tenor (time to maturity)
coupon rate/ nominal rate(名义票息率)
c o u p o n = c o u p o n r a t e × p a r v a l u e coupon=coupon~rate\times par~value coupon=coupon rate×par value
currency denomination 计价货币
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计算公式
P = ∑ t = 1 n C t ( 1 + r ) t + F V ( 1 + r ) n \mathcal{P=\sum\limits_{t=1}^n\frac{C_t}{(1+r)^t}+\frac{FV}{(1+r)^n}} P=t=1∑n(1+r)tCt+(1+r)nFV
By type of issuer
By original maturity
By interest rate
fixed-rate bonds 固定利率债券:在债券的存续期内利率不变
zero-coupon bonds 零息债券:折价发行
floating-rate bonds 浮动利率(floating-rate notes/variable rate bonds):参考利率(如 LIBOR-伦敦银行同业拆借利率)
c o u p o n r a t e = r e f e r e n c e r a t e ( f l o a t i n g ) + s p r e a d ( f i x e d ) \mathrm{coupon~rate=reference~rate_{(floating)}+spread_{(fixed)}} coupon rate=reference rate(floating)+spread(fixed)
By collateral(抵押品)
collateral:用以规避credit risk。在清算或重组时帮助债券持有者降低信用风险。
covenant 条款:在新债券发行时提前制定的法律条文
debt early retirement (if any)
call provisions(callable bond)可召回债券
make-whole call provision
put provisions (putable bond)可回售债券
convertible bond 可转债
sinking fund 偿债基金/沉淀资金池
maintenance and replacement funds 维修与替代基金
selling property
tender offer 邀约收购
market risk (e.g. interest rate)
liquidity risk 流动性风险
credit risk 信用风险
default risk:credit ratings 评级机构 measure default risk
credit spread risk 利差风险
R b o n d = R f + C r e d i t s p r e a d \mathcal{R_{bond}=R_f+Credit~spread} Rbond=Rf+Credit spread
credit spread:有风险债权的利率对于无风险利率的额外补偿
credit migration risk/ downgrade risk: 虽然没有违约, 但是导致信用降级的风险
rating agencies (e.g. Moody’s, S&P 标普, Fitch): 针对发行人或债项对违约风险进行评级
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以上为***投资级别*** 债券, 以下为***投机级别/高收益级别/ 垃圾债券***
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High yield bond 的发行原因:
High yield bond 的特点:
event risk 事件风险
短期融资债券
零息债券折价发行
OTC交易,需要做市商dealer,存在bid-ask spread
C = 100 − n 360 × Q \mathcal{C=100-\frac n{360}\times Q} C=100−360n×Q
其中,Q:quoted price 报价(折扣率),C:cash price,n:剩余到期天数
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有时将所有≥1year 的债券都统称为Treasury Bonds
32nds quotation convention
e.g. A bond quoted 83-5 ⇒ ******face value: ( 83 + 5 32 ) % (83+\frac5{32})\% (83+325)%
accrued interest ( AI ) 应计支付:若债券在票息支付的区间发生了交易,则在交易时债券交易的买方应将卖方距离上次付息之后的票息支付给卖方
A I = t T × c \mathcal{AI=\frac tT\times c} AI=Tt×c
其中,t: 交易时距离上次付息经过的时;T: 付息间隔;c: coupon
C a s h p r i c e ( D i r t y p r i c e ) = Q u o t e p r i c e ( C l e a n ) + A c c r u e d I n t e r e s t \mathrm{Cash~price_{(Dirty~price)}=Quote~price_{(Clean)}+Accrued~Interest} Cash price(Dirty price)=Quote price(Clean)+Accrued Interest
时间的处理:
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